ࡱ>  ^Ebjbj bb8=%xxxxx4h$8l/":"/!/!/!/!/!/!/,1|4M/xM/xxb/xx//C(h) I$( /x/0/(@5@5 )x)M/M//@5 >:   Topics in Philosophy of Law (Phil 405) Pennsylvania State University, University Park Willard Building 067 Tuesday and Thursday 3.054.20p, 21 Aug 06 Dec 2018 Instructor: Christopher Moore Department of Philosophy Office: 240E Sparks Building Email: c.moore@psu.edu Phone: 814-863-5514 Office Hours: Thursday 13p, and by appointment Required Texts Ronald Dworkin, Justice in Robes Linda Greenhouse, The US Supreme Court: A Very Short Introduction H.L.A. Hart, Law, Liberty, and Morality Martha Nussbaum, From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation & Constitutional Law Other texts will be found on the courses Canvas page Course This course addresses the essential philosophical questions connected to constitutional interpretation, among the crucial issue for both law and our democratic life (other key issues, not discussed here, include penal sentencing and administrative regulations). We will focus on the US Constitution and Supreme Court, with close attention to the arguments and justifications articulated in the course of US current affairs. The basic problem is the following: if state and federal laws are valid only if they conform to the US Constitution, how is one to know what counts as conforming to the US Constitution? Three principal philosophical questions arise in this context; all are normative rather than merely descriptive, concerned with publicly-acceptable reasons in favor of doing something rather than the fact whether something is done. (i) What are the sources of the Constitutions continued normative force that is, how can contemporary legal validity depend on a short text from several centuries ago? (ii) What kinds of considerations may judges appeal to deciding what the UC Constitution says about any matter proposed by a problematic case that is, to what extent may they appeal to history, linguistics, personal feelings and moral judgments, political sentiments and ideological vision, economic facts and social mores, and US legal precedent and non-US parallels? (iii) What precisely can we make of the so-called law-making vs. law-discovering dichotomy, especially in the context of the separation of powers and the necessarily abstract formulation of any legislated law that is, how creative is interpretation? In answering these and other questions, the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment will provide special points of focus, given their centrality to morally and socially urgent jurisprudence. Texts from leading philosophers of law will guide us, but not to the exclusion of the concrete reality of constitutional interpretation: we will spend much time reading and analyzing a range of provocative recent Supreme Court arguments and decisions, as well as philosophical, legal, and journalistic commentary on the Supreme Court. Thus this class, with its deep and rigorous study of foundational legal reasoning, has the particular goal of helping students think philosophically and speak thoughtfully about the most challenging legal and thus also political and cultural problems today. Class time Most classes will involve general conversation about the reading, relevant concepts, current events connected to constitutional interpretation, and student work. Sometimes students will engage in small-group directed-reading assignments. On occasion there may be lecture. At all moments, every student should be engaged by talking, listening, taking notes, and being otherwise visibly attentive. Graded assignments Memos [100 points possible] For every class-session before Thanksgiving (excluding the first day and exam days) you will submit, in hardcopy, a memo that responds to the prompt including under the day it is due. Memos are <300 words, and formatted in Times New Roman, 12 point font, 1 margins, 1.5 spacing, with a title and full heading information (name, course, assignment, date), on exactly one side of one sheet of paper. None will be accepted late. Twenty-three are assigned, and the lowest three are dropped. They will be scored check [excellent work], check-minus [mediocre work], or 0 [none or trivial]. The top several memos each day may receive an additional + (which raises a check-minus to a check, or a 0 to a check-minus). Twenty checks provides 100 points; every minus subtracts two points; every 0 subtracts five points. Exams [50 points possible] On two occasions, you will take an in-class exam; the second is cumulative. You will receive sample questions beforehand. The goal of these exams include (i) giving an opportunity to synthesize lectures and readings, (ii) reward careful reading, note-taking, and personal reflection, (iii) allow me to diagnose your strengths and weaknesses, and (iv) reveal your semesters progress. Case Presentation [20 points possible] In early November, you will be assigned to pairs to present on your choice of October 2018 Supreme Court case; presentations will occur in the days following Thanksgiving. You and your partner will have 15 minutes to present the philosophically relevant and interesting aspects of the case, drawing from all submitted materials and transcripts; you will also have 10 minutes to answer questions. Before your session you will circulate your choice of five pages of relevant reading material to the class, to prepare them for your presentation. Final Paper [30 points possible] You will choose an October 2017 case. Discuss the reasoning in the opinion and/or the concurrences and dissents, along with any adjunct material, as you wish, such that our readings this semester are illuminating but otherwise with your choice of thesis, approach, and intention. The paper should be about 810pp, though it may be longer if your thesis supports it. Administrative details Grades A 190-200 Extraordinary A- 180-189 B+ 173-179 B 166-172 Good B- 160-165 C+ 153-159 C 140-152 Acceptable D 120-139 Minimal pass F 000-149 Fail Technology Please send emails to my university email,  HYPERLINK "mailto:c.moore@psu.edu" c.moore@psu.edu, rather than to Canvas, which I cannot check as often. Please check your university email each weekday, and respond within a day. At no point may you look at or touch your phone or other electronic device unless asked to do so. Failure to follow this policy may result in lowering your course grade by two letters. You must silence such devices; vibrate mode is not acceptable. I may also restrict use of computers and tablets, as necessary, unless we individually discuss good-faith reasons for their use; there is zero tolerance for their use for anything but note-taking. Absences and lateness Because the value of the course depends largely on the conversations during the seminars, attendance is required. Repeated failure to attend may result in lowering your grade by up to two letters. Any tardiness is unacceptably disruptive and limits your learning. Continued lateness will lower your grade by up to two letters. Accessibility Penn State welcomes students with disabilities into the Universitys educational programs. If you have a disability-related need for reasonable academic adjustments in this course, contact the Office for Disability Services (ODS) located in Boucke Building Room 116 at 814-863-1807(V/TTY). For further information regarding ODS, please visit their web site at  HYPERLINK "http://www.equity.psu.edu/ods/" www.equity.psu.edu/ods/. I should be notified as early in the semester as possible regarding the need for reasonable academic adjustments. Cheating Academic dishonesty in any portion of the academic work for this course shall be grounds for failing the entire course and communication of dishonesty to the College. This includes, but is not restricted to, plagiarism or cheating on any homework, quiz, or paper. Please ask about any case youre concerned about. For details on the PSU policy, see  HYPERLINK "http://www.psu.edu/oue/aappm/G-9.html" www.psu.edu/oue/aappm/G-9.html. Discussion and Reading Schedule I. Introduction Aug Tu 21 Inventory. Syllabus. Introductions. Bill of Rights exercise. Th 23 Life, law, and constitutional interpretation: the case of privacy Read: Menand, Nowhere to Hide; Carpenter v. US (Roberts opinion) Memo: What help if any would a philosophical analysis of the concept privacy provide in the contexts of the two assigned readings? Tu 28 The nature and history of the Supreme Court Read: Greenhouse, The U.S. Supreme Court, chs. 18 Memo: What aspects of the nature or history of the SCOTUS seem (i) best and (ii) worst for issuing judgments that represent the highest standards of morally-praiseworthy judgment? Th 30 The Supreme Court today Read: Scotusblog.com: all entries on home page (including Continue reading on posts); familiarity with all tabs on webpage; the one-sentence descriptions of each October 2018 term cases (under Merit Cases tab). Memo: Which upcoming SCOTUS case do you think will be most provocative, challenging, or rewarding from the perspective specifically of a philosopher? II. Law, Morality, and Sex Sep Tu 04 Background debate: law and morality: social cohesion and the harm principle Read: Hart, Law, Liberty, and Morality, secs. III Memo: Briefly list (i) three arguments of Harts that you judge most important, and (ii) three questions about confusing or uncertain matters from the reading that youd like our class to discuss. Th 06 What again is morality? Read: Hart, Law, Liberty, and Morality, sec. III Memo: State precisely Harts central argument against Devlin; suggest whether, from your perspective, a Devlin has any avenues of response open; and offer one ongoing controversy that Harts lectures might help us resolve. Tu 11 The US context: introduction to law and the moral emotions Read: Nussbaum, From Disgust to Humanity, preface & chs. 12 Memo: Compare Nussbaums treatment of Devlin with Harts; and then indicate, from Nussbaums perspective, what Kass adds to the story. Th 13 Sex, privacy, and personal choice Read: Nussbaum, From Disgust to Humanity, ch. 3 Task: Re-read your memo of Aug 23 and write about the way your views of privacy have developed or deepened over the past three weeks, with special attention to todays reading. Tu 18 Fair and equal application of the law, in the context of sexuality Read: Nussbaum, From Disgust to Humanity, ch. 4; Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (Syllabus) Memo: Write a precise definition of unjust discrimination; then list three questions about the reading you would like to discuss as a class. Th 20 EXAM 1 III. The Fourteenth Amendment, and the Case of Marriage Tu 25 The law of marriage Read: Nussbaum, From Disgust to Humanity, ch. 5 Memo: Describe what Nussbaum believes are the best reasons for state-recognized marriage. Then make a bulleted list of all possible reasons for state-recognized marriage, whether mentioned by Nussbaum or not; you need not judge them good reasons. Th 27 Marriage as a liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment Read: Obergefell v. Hodges (Kennedys opinion) Memo: Quote two passages from Kennedy that you think are the most philosophically incisive or apt about the human-legal condition, and explain your choices. Then choose two claims from Kennedy that you think are (relatively speaking) the least well substantiated, even if you think they are ultimately true, and describe their weakness. Oct Tu 02 Resistance to expansive interpretations of the Fourteenth Amendment Read: Obergefell v. Hodges (Scalias and Thomas dissents; skim the others) Memo: Characterize the nature of the dissenters complaints with Kennedys opinion what main aspect of Kennedys reasoning do they disagree with? Th 04 Originalism Read: Scalia, Tanner Lectures, Part 1 Memo: Identify and discuss what to you is the single most insightful aspect of Scalias first lecture; then indicate and describe what you find the most problematic, doubtful, or otherwise troubling aspect of that lecture. Tu 09 Originalism, continued Read: Scalia, Tanner Lectures, Part 2 Memo: Having read the second lecture and participated in discussion about the first lecture, update your Memo of Oct 04 to reflect your considered opinion about the entirety of the two lectures. Th 11 Critique of Scalian originalism Read: Berman, The Tragedy of Justice Scalia Memo: (i) Identify what Berman thinks to be the greatest virtue of Scalias jurisprudence; (ii) describe the relation between Bermans critiques and the worries about it you expressed in the two previous memos; and (iii) state the fundamental philosophical differences separating Scalia and Berman. IV. Ronald Dworkins Integrity Approach: the Morality of Law Tu 16 Introduction to Dworkins question: how a certain kind of moral consideration ought to influence constitutional interpretation Read: Dworkin, Justice in Robes, Introduction Memo: Dworkin concludes this chapter by saying that we might treat law not as separate from but as a department of morality. State, first, why this may seem a counter-intuitive claim, and then, second, provide, from across the chapter, a brief version of Dworkins reason for saying this. Th 18 Formulating the integrity approach Read: Dworkin, Justice in Robes, ch. 2 Memo: Explain what the embedded account of adjudication is, why it matters, and what is most interesting about it to you. Tu 23 The defense of moral theory against Darwinian pragmatism Read: Dworkin, Justice in Robes, ch. 3 Memo: Discuss whether Dworkin is against the benefits of thinking about evolutionary biology in legal contexts. Th 25 A return to Scalian originalism, and the problem of fidelity Read: Dworkin, Justice in Robes, ch. 5 Memo: Revisit your memo of Oct 11 and describe the crucial differences between Bermans and Dworkins criticism of Scalia. Tu 30 The philosophy of law in the context of political philosophy Read: Dworkin, Justice in Robes, ch. 6 Memo: Dworkin concludes this chapter by saying to prospective philosophers of law, abandon the cloak of neutrality: what precisely does he mean? Nov Th 01 Exam 2 V. Analytic Summary Explorations in the Philosophy of Law Tu 06 What is law for? // Selection of Supreme Court case for final project. Read: Stanton-Ife, The Limits of Law Memo: Devlin is back! Explain how Stanton-Ife presents Devlins views as still challenging for philosophers of law. Th 08 The special jurisprudential issues of Constitutional interpretation Read: Waluchow, Constitutionalism Memo: Begin by identifying what you found to be the two most interesting concepts or ideas in this article, appending brief explanations. Then indicate what you take to be the strongest argument against constitutionalism, as discussed here. Tu 13 Why do we speak of Constitutional interpretation and Constitutional interpretation? Read: Dickson, Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning Memo: What, briefly, is the relationship between interpretation and coherence in Dicksons view? Th 15 Dworkin in broader jurisprudential context Read: Stavropoulos, Legal Interpretivism Memo: Remark on anything this article (and the previous, if you wish) helped you understand about Dworkins style of philosophy of law that you had not quite understood when reading Justice in Robes. Thanksgiving VI. Presentations on current Supreme Court cases Tu 27 Presentations 13 Th 29 Presentations 46 Dec Tu 04 Presentations 79 Th 06 Presentations 1012 W 12 Final Paper Due     PAGE  PAGE 1 !%&'(EVWXl۷xpph`UIhlPhN%5OJQJhlPh- ROJQJhN%OJQJh|sOJQJh}YOJQJhbWOJQJhOJQJhv5OJQJh- ROJQJh>OJQJhlPhN%OJQJhuhN%5OJQJh`hN%OJQJh}Y5OJQJ\h`h`5OJQJ\h`h`5OJQJ\h{(5CJ OJQJh}Y5CJ OJQJ'(Wm ' W Y h i G H ~ ^`gd ^`gdV hgdN% hh^hgdN% hgd`    & ' 5 ? V W X Y f g h i y ݺtlcl[Rlh}Y6OJQJh}YOJQJhV6OJQJhVOJQJhuhN%OJQJhZRM5OJQJhlPhN%5OJQJhlPhOJQJhlPhN%OJQJ  F } ~   - . & i z{ 7=>@KV_ǻhFOJQJhwoOJQJhAOJQJhVhVOJQJhVhB*OJQJphhlPhN%5OJQJhuhN%OJQJh}Yh}YOJQJh}Y6OJQJh}YOJQJhVOJQJhV6OJQJ6~  '(34#$ hh^hgdtS hgdu6 hgdN% hh^hgdi*a hh^hgdN% hh^hgdVgdV h@h^hgdVgdgdN%_hr} IZ[ %&'(34FMt"Dh}YOJQJ^Jhu6OJQJ^JhcOJQJ^JhN%OJQJ^JhVhN%5OJQJh`&GOJQJhBOJQJhVhFOJQJhFOJQJhAOJQJhwoOJQJhVhVOJQJ7Zb[cȽyjbZNZE9Zhdh >*OJQJh >*OJQJh h >*OJQJh OJQJhW OJQJhvh(B*OJQJphh=B*OJQJphh=OlB*OJQJphh^[B*OJQJphh#B*OJQJphhqB*OJQJphh)OJQJhh)OJQJh;y}5OJQJhN%5OJQJhi*ah BOJQJ^JhcOJQJ^Jhchc>*OJQJ^J?IQ`lz"#$+->@7Xuv   ѶŢŖ{skkkc[h0OJQJhE aOJQJhOJQJh"xOJQJhvhW B*OJQJphh#B*OJQJphh=B*OJQJphh^[B*OJQJphh-pOJQJhvh-pB*OJQJphh0B*OJQJphh-pB*OJQJphhW OJQJh"xh OJQJh OJQJh=OlOJQJ $?@  -. hgdN%gdN% hh^hgd hgdu6 hh^hgd-p hgd-p -TUVlo~    "#2569´hOJQJh$OJQJh=pOJQJh]hN%OJQJhlPhN%>*OJQJh]hN%5OJQJ^Jh\5OJQJ^JhlPh&#OJQJhOJQJhL_ZOJQJh0OJQJh~h0B*OJQJph40I[\]hi " "!"""i#j#x#y#%%%" ) h0` P@^`gdN% hh^hgdN%  hh^hgdQ\ hgdN%  hh^hgdN% hgdN%9:HNOPST[ho      ? ̹scSssh}YB*OJQJ^JaJphhbWB*OJQJ^JaJphh.}B*OJQJ^JaJph hqh{0JOJQJ^JaJ(jh{B*OJQJU^JaJphh{B*OJQJ^JaJph%h]hN%B*OJQJ^JaJphh]hN%>*OJQJ^Jh$OJQJh]hN%OJQJh]hYdOJQJhYdOJQJ? K M Y ] f i } !!!i!m!!!!!!" " "ʸʸʸʥrb߂bR?%h\hN%B*OJQJ^JaJphh{B*OJQJ^JaJphhR#B*OJQJ^JaJphh }&B*OJQJ^JaJphh\B*OJQJ^JaJph%h[7h\B*OJQJ^JaJph%h[7h(B*OJQJ^JaJph"h\>*B*OJQJ^JaJph(h\h(>*B*OJQJ^JaJphh}YB*OJQJ^JaJphh(B*OJQJ^JaJph " " "!"""e"f"y"z"|"""""""""#*#ڷtdQ>Q%h.}h$B*OJQJ^JaJph%h.}hR#B*OJQJ^JaJphh}YB*OJQJ^JaJphhQ\B*OJQJ^JaJphhR#B*OJQJ^JaJph%h.}h\B*OJQJ^JaJphh }&B*OJQJ^JaJphh\B*OJQJ^JaJph%h\h\B*OJQJ^JaJph"h\>*B*OJQJ^JaJph%h]hN%B*OJQJ^JaJph*#h#i#j#w#x#y#$$%%%'%(%)%%%%ʵyky^yUH:h]hN%>*OJQJaJ h]hN%OJQJ^JhGhN%0JhGhN%0JOJQJjhGhN%UjhGhN%0JUhGhN%0JOJQJhchN%OJQJ^JaJ%h]hN%B*OJQJ^JaJph(h]hN%>*B*OJQJ^JaJph"h\>*B*OJQJ^JaJph%h\h\B*OJQJ^JaJphhbxB*OJQJ^JaJph%%\']'~'''' (f(((")~l ^`gdS hh^hgd* g h^gd- hh^hgdo/[ ^`gd3 @`^``gd* g hgdo/[gdN% ) h0` P@h^hgdN% %&&&&&&&''8'9':'X'Y'\']'^'m'}'~'''''IJϥĚ|qh_SHho/[5CJOJQJhh>*OJQJh>*OJQJho/[>*OJQJhKbhN%OJQJhKbhN%5OJQJh)5OJQJh }&5OJQJhuhN%OJQJh; hN%0JOJQJ#jh; hN%OJQJUhGhN%OJQJjhGhN%OJQJUh]hN%OJQJhi\OJQJaJ h]hN%OJQJaJ ''''''''''''''''''("(&('(((e(f(j(sgs[J h-hq>*B*OJQJphho/[B*OJQJphh "oB*OJQJphhoQB*OJQJph h-h* g>*B*OJQJphhi(OJQJhVho/[OJQJh* gh* gOJQJh* g5CJOJQJh-OJQJh* gOJQJhbWOJQJh-OJQJh-pOJQJho/[OJQJhyOJQJhVho/[5CJOJQJj(((((((((() )!)")$)()*)6)L)V)W)̽th\N\Bh}B*OJQJphhoQ6B*OJQJphhoQB*OJQJphhSB*OJQJph h-hS>*B*OJQJphh}OJQJh-OJQJhi(OJQJho/[OJQJh-pOJQJhbWOJQJhyOJQJhvh* gB*OJQJphh3B*OJQJphh-hqB*OJQJphh-B*OJQJphhqB*OJQJph")W) *,*++++,D, -+-^-?.@.z h^gdH2 ^`gd hh^h`gd3 hgdo/[ h^gdi( h`^``gd3 h^gd- hh^hgdo/[W)[)\)])b) * *******+*,*0*2*+++ ++ƺ~m^RD8h#B*OJQJphht>*B*OJQJphh}B*OJQJphhvh}B*OJQJph h-h}>*B*OJQJphhi(OJQJh}OJQJh-pOJQJho/[OJQJh3`OJQJhbWOJQJhi(B*OJQJphh-B*OJQJphh-h-B*OJQJph h-h-6B*OJQJphh3B*OJQJphh->*B*OJQJph++++++++++++ ,,,,,,),/,7,C,D,E,I,ļĴwiwiwZN@h->*B*OJQJphh-B*OJQJphhUh}B*OJQJphhU6B*OJQJphhUB*OJQJph h-hU>*B*OJQJphh}OJQJh3OJQJh_.OJQJhUOJQJh-pOJQJho/[OJQJh3`OJQJhbW5CJOJQJhhOJQJh>*OJQJhSOJQJh#B*OJQJphI,J, - - -----*-+---1-9-E-K-S-]-^-b-d-|-ykyky_QEhH2B*OJQJphht>*B*OJQJphh3B*OJQJphhU6B*OJQJphhUB*OJQJph hH2hU>*B*OJQJphh3OJQJhVho/[B*OJQJphYYYhUOJQJhVho/[OJQJh-pOJQJh3`OJQJho/[OJQJh_.h-B*OJQJphh-B*OJQJphh#B*OJQJph|-----.>.?.@.B.C.D.E.F............˻àthZhN@hH2>*B*OJQJphh}B*OJQJphhU6B*OJQJphhUB*OJQJphh0B*OJQJphh}h}B*OJQJph hH2h}>*B*OJQJphh}OJQJhUOJQJhVho/[OJQJh-pOJQJho/[OJQJh3`OJQJh3OJQJhH2h#OJQJhH2B*OJQJphhH26B*OJQJph@...K/s//X0[0011111 hgd hh^hgd-p h^gd0O hh^hgd"x hh^hgd_. h^gd hh^hgdo/[ *^`gd) ....J/K/M/N/O/P/Q/r/u/y/z/{//////wk]kQ@ hh#>*B*OJQJphh}B*OJQJphhU6B*OJQJphhUB*OJQJph h}h}6B*OJQJphh}h}B*OJQJph hh}>*B*OJQJphh@OJQJhOJQJh}OJQJh-pOJQJho/[OJQJh3`OJQJhH2hH2B*OJQJphhB*OJQJphhH2B*OJQJph//W0X0Z0[0^0_0`0a0000000001}nbVHV<h0OB*OJQJphhU6B*OJQJphhUB*OJQJphh9B*OJQJphhvh}B*OJQJph h0Oh}>*B*OJQJphho/[OJQJh{sOJQJhVho/[OJQJh-pOJQJhbWOJQJh3`OJQJh"xho/[OJQJh B*OJQJphh)h#B*OJQJphhB*OJQJphh#B*OJQJph11111111111111111111111 2 2;~r~aYQFh.eh OJQJhqOJQJhi\OJQJ hh)>*B*OJQJphhh>*OJQJh>*OJQJhOJQJh]h-p5OJQJhVho/[OJQJh-pOJQJho/[OJQJh3`OJQJh)h#B*OJQJphh0OB*OJQJphh#B*OJQJphh0O>*B*OJQJphh}B*OJQJph1 2<253w3344J55/6B6k6k h`^``gdpzU h^gdI7 h`^``gdwr hgdo/[ h^gdj hh^hgdq h^gd{s hh^hgd5 hh^hgdn 2 22242;2<2@2k2p2&3*34353738393:3;3v3w3y3}33333yqiqaiYQYۧEhjB*OJQJphh.eOJQJhqOJQJh-pOJQJho/[OJQJh3`OJQJh{sh{sB*OJQJphh{s6B*OJQJph h{sh{s6B*OJQJphh{s>*B*OJQJphh B*OJQJphh{sB*OJQJphhq6B*OJQJphhqB*OJQJph h{shq>*B*OJQJphh}OJQJ3*4444455555I5J5M5Q5S5T5U5i5v555ƾwh\P\D\8hI7B*OJQJphhB*OJQJphh:JB*OJQJphhqB*OJQJphh1h1B*OJQJph hI7h1>*B*OJQJphh1OJQJhwrho/[OJQJhqOJQJhVho/[OJQJh-pOJQJho/[OJQJh3`OJQJh3`5CJOJQJh.e5CJOJQJh{sh{sOJQJhjB*OJQJphh{sB*OJQJph555555.6/6062636465666A6B6E6I6K6j6k6o6p6ʾʲ{sbVJ;hwrh1B*OJQJphhB*OJQJphhSfB*OJQJph hI7hSf>*B*OJQJphh1OJQJhVho/[B*OJQJphYYYhOJQJhnOJQJh-pOJQJh3`OJQJho/[OJQJh]B*OJQJphh*B*OJQJphhI7B*OJQJphhI7>*B*OJQJphhqh1B*OJQJphhqB*OJQJphp6K7L7M7N7O7Q7R7T7U7k7l7o7s7u7777777Y8ǿϯ{m\PDhB*OJQJphh]B*OJQJph hh>*B*OJQJphh16B*OJQJphhB*OJQJphhcPhjWB*OJQJph hhjW>*B*OJQJphh1OJQJhOJQJh-pOJQJho/[OJQJh3`OJQJhVho/[OJQJh]OJQJhI7OJQJhI7>*OJQJh3fB*OJQJphk6L7N7l77Z88899:::;&<P< h^gd? hh^hgdo/[ h`^``gd] h^gd h`^``gd'G hgdo/[ h^gd3fY8Z8[8_8`8a88888888889999ºqeYJ>5h>*OJQJhSfB*OJQJphhh]B*OJQJphhB*OJQJphh]B*OJQJphh>*B*OJQJphhh1B*OJQJphhB*OJQJphhcPhjWB*OJQJph hhjW>*B*OJQJphh1OJQJho/[OJQJhOJQJh-pOJQJh3`OJQJhVho/[OJQJ#hh]56B*OJQJph9: :$:%:&:@:::::::::::::ôwiw]OC7hPpB*OJQJphh*B*OJQJphh*>*B*OJQJphhB*OJQJphh q6B*OJQJphh qB*OJQJphhcPh1B*OJQJph h qh1>*B*OJQJph hVho/[6B*OJQJphYYYhVho/[B*OJQJphYYYhPpOJQJh*OJQJho/[OJQJh-pOJQJh3`OJQJhSfOJQJhh>*OJQJ:;;;;;;;;<<%<&<)<-<.</<8<H<O<P<T<аsgYgJ<h*>*B*OJQJphh qhJB*OJQJphh q6B*OJQJphh qB*OJQJphhB*OJQJphh9B*OJQJph h qh9>*B*OJQJphhJB*OJQJphh1OJQJhPpOJQJh-pOJQJhbWOJQJh3`OJQJho/[OJQJh*h*B*OJQJphh?B*OJQJphh~B*OJQJphT<U<<<<<<<<====%=5=<===A=C=ɾ~rdrUG;h]B*OJQJphh*>*B*OJQJphhh1B*OJQJphh q6B*OJQJphh qB*OJQJph h qh q>*B*OJQJphhcPh B*OJQJphh4OJQJho/[OJQJh-pOJQJh3`OJQJhVho/[OJQJhJhJB*OJQJphh*h]B*OJQJphhPpB*OJQJphh*B*OJQJphP<<<===== >>>> ?????>@ h`^``gd h^gd h^gd4 hgdx hgdo/[ h^gdPpC===========>>> >$>&>>>>>>ļܭseYMA9h]OJQJho/[B*OJQJphhB*OJQJphh]B*OJQJphh*>*B*OJQJphhh1B*OJQJphh q6B*OJQJphh qB*OJQJph h qh q>*B*OJQJphhcPh1B*OJQJphhOJQJhOJQJh-pOJQJh3`OJQJho/[OJQJhcPh]B*OJQJphh4B*OJQJph>>>>>>>>>? ? ????????????ͼ|mbZQE9hB*OJQJphh qho/[5OJQJh q5OJQJh3`OJQJhbW5CJOJQJhhB*OJQJphYYYhB*OJQJphh>*B*OJQJphh9fB*OJQJphh q6B*OJQJphh qB*OJQJph h qh q>*B*OJQJphh9fOJQJho/[OJQJhOJQJhVho/[OJQJh-pOJQJhbWOJQJ???????????????=@>@A@E@F@G@g@h@qbVJ;hc{Jh9fB*OJQJphh#KB*OJQJphhxB*OJQJphh1hxB*OJQJph h#Khx>*B*OJQJphh9fB*OJQJphYYYho/[B*OJQJphYYYh_zOJQJhVho/[B*OJQJphYYYh-pOJQJh3`OJQJho/[5OJQJhh]5OJQJhh9fOJQJh#K>*OJQJhh>*OJQJh>*OJQJ>@h@@)APACBDBBBJC|CCtDuDDD h^gd#K h`^``gd h^gd>b hgdo/[ h`^``gd h^gd_z h`^``gdc{Jh@l@n@@@@@@@@(A)A*A,A0A1AOAPATAVABBCBDBļĜqeYeM>h#Kh#KB*OJQJphh>bB*OJQJphh(B*OJQJphh#KB*OJQJphhvh#KB*OJQJph h#Kh#K>*B*OJQJphhh)hOJQJh#KOJQJho/[OJQJh-pOJQJhbWOJQJh3`OJQJhVho/[OJQJhVh#OJQJh_zB*OJQJphh#B*OJQJphh#K>*B*OJQJphDBEBIBJBKB^BlBBBBBBBBBBICJCKCOCPCQC{C|CCCCCCCCaDļw༫k_h]B*OJQJphh)hB*OJQJphh#Kh]OJQJh#K>*B*OJQJphh#KB*OJQJphhvh(B*OJQJph h#Kh(>*B*OJQJphh)hOJQJh#Kho/[OJQJh#K6OJQJh#KOJQJho/[OJQJh-pOJQJh3`OJQJhOJQJaDqDsDtDuDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEƺςwςog\gTThSOJQJhbW5CJOJQJh(OJQJh)hOJQJh_zh)hOJQJh_zOJQJh-pOJQJhVho/[OJQJhh>*OJQJh>*OJQJh3`OJQJh3`h3`5OJQJh3`5OJQJho/[OJQJhVh]B*OJQJphYYYh#KB*OJQJphh#K6B*OJQJphDDDDDE!E"E8E:E;E=E>E@EAECEDEMENEOEZEh]hgdN% &`#$gdN% hgd`&G hgd_z h`^``gd hgdo/[EEE E E E E!E"E(E7E8E9E;EE?EAEBEDEEEKELEMEOEPEVEWEXEYEZE\E]E^Eػh|s0JmHnHuh0 h00Jjh00JUhv"jhv"Uh_zh+5OJQJh_z5OJQJhUbB*OJQJphhyOJQJh_zOJQJh-pOJQJhSOJQJho/[OJQJh0OJQJ!ZE[E\E]E^E hgd`&Gh]hgdN%+ 0/ =!"#$% 5 0:pN%/ =!"#$% P 1 0:pN%/ =!"#$% DyK yK >http://www.equity.psu.edu/ods/DyK www.psu.edu/oue/aappm/G-9.htmlyK Lhttp://www.psu.edu/oue/aappm/G-9.html666666666vvvvvvvvv666666>6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666hH6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662 0@P`p2( 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p8XV~_HmH nH sH tH @`@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH DA`D Default Paragraph FontRiR  Table Normal4 l4a (k (No List :@:  Footnote TextCJDB@D u Body TextB*OJQJ_Hph4 @4 uFooter  !.)@!. u Page Number0U`10 (s Hyperlink>*B* OA GcopyP@RP {jList Paragraph ^m$ OJQJ_H FV`aF X0FollowedHyperlink >*B*ph0a`q0 70 HTML Cite6]PK!pO[Content_Types].xmlj0Eжr(΢]yl#!MB;.n̨̽\A1&ҫ QWKvUbOX#&1`RT9<l#$>r `С-;c=1g~'}xPiB$IO1Êk9IcLHY<;*v7'aE\h>=^,*8q;^*4?Wq{nԉogAߤ>8f2*<")QHxK |]Zz)ӁMSm@\&>!7;wP3[EBU`1OC5VD Xa?p S4[NS28;Y[꫙,T1|n;+/ʕj\\,E:! t4.T̡ e1 }; [z^pl@ok0e g@GGHPXNT,مde|*YdT\Y䀰+(T7$ow2缂#G֛ʥ?q NK-/M,WgxFV/FQⷶO&ecx\QLW@H!+{[|{!KAi `cm2iU|Y+ ި [[vxrNE3pmR =Y04,!&0+WC܃@oOS2'Sٮ05$ɤ]pm3Ft GɄ-!y"ӉV . `עv,O.%вKasSƭvMz`3{9+e@eՔLy7W_XtlPK! ѐ'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0wooӺ&݈Э5 6?$Q ,.aic21h:qm@RN;d`o7gK(M&$R(.1r'JЊT8V"AȻHu}|$b{P8g/]QAsم(#L[PK-!pO[Content_Types].xmlPK-!֧6 -_rels/.relsPK-!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!!Z!theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-! ѐ'( theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK]# \^=//-/d $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$' _ 9? "*#%'j(W)+I,|-./1 235p6Y89:T<C=>?h@DBaDE^E#%&()*,./01345789:<=>@ABCEFGHJKLNOPR~ $%")@.1k6P<>@DZE^E$'+-26;?DIMQS'9X^=XXX  '!!8@0( ls8 B S  ?pwjp( . N!Q!!!""##9$=$Z$[$ %%@&B&&&2'6'K'M'''[(]((((())))6*9*5+7+++--S-]-0.2.6.A.O/Q/U/`/[0]0m0t0u000011 2"262?222223333/464J4M4445#575:5T5[55555555666}6666667 77777778829:9E:G:K;M;Q;X;;; <<<<<<<<= =7=8=:=;===>=@=A=C=D=O=Y=\=_=Nc:=$L@iz1k,|gh^h`.8^8`.L^`L. ^ `. ^ `.xL^x`L.H^H`.^`.L^`L.^`o() ^`hH. pL^p`LhH. @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PL^P`LhH.^`o(. ^`hH. pL^p`LhH. @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PL^P`LhH.^`o(. ^`hH. pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.h^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHohpp^p`OJQJo(hHh@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHoh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHh^`OJQJo(hHohPP^P`OJQJo(hHNc,|iz1ki.:=$                                             ]\#N%V7{=!KbAhF D}/p2 W  jm . R%AqPp"v"0}Y>5aUz/5u6~Mbn`;p(#.[~XU"R#n$ }&'y({()I)'*I*?R+8w++_.8/01q#18H34Y5I7p8E89E9*:V<_=&=>@BB BwB0sF`&G'GH%H JOJc{J#KbUbQc"0ddd(e4f3fSf* gVqg)hgiiijcj*kf[k=Ol "of]osouo=pGprVs|su v'vpw|x"xbxy]z_z{L7|.}t};y}~7e:J_ 6?Ydw<'v5R(8-p(dj}tj7U5rL jW(k|Ir 4Y3`V)47@-($.kzde0BY]G ; ]"74a!SE:Q\wr^wo=4g0I{svdZa"1Ba81 q)Fs -S_cT}[7C{9n6eb> .?lRjgZzZ\ a.e=>] )@9t*HwZX1H2yQW-i J3Xl`9f@!eJ)aR5k>i(&J|I T&&#)+i.Kirx~ 8R(cP8=:=@{^=x@Unknown G*Ax Times New Roman5Symbol3 *Cx ArialA_@Cambria Bold7@Cambria3Times;Wingdings? *Cx Courier NewA$BCambria Math hVggg8Q 3( 3(4== J#qP$P"2!xx ,+Survey in the History of Ancient PhilosophyChristopher MooreChristopher Moore       Oh+'0" 8D h t  ',Survey in the History of Ancient PhilosophyChristopher Moore Normal.dotmChristopher Moore29Microsoft Macintosh Word@&]@_)@w$@41$ 3G,!PICT!"b HHb bHHzbb {޽i0g9-kg9g9NsZZ^V{NsZcs!BRNsF1cg9Vcg9NsVB^g9wRF1sF1{V^^skZg9ZkZkZg9kZcc{i0{NsRV1RNsZ={NsNsRwRZF1NsNsRV=RV1R9Zg9o{=RJRZ1Z9V^^F1cV^ZRo{!kZkZkZ{wIg9g9o{ g9so{kZso{g9skZwckZo{g9{o{g9kZo{skZo{kZw^o{sg9QskZkZg9cco{g9cg9cwg9cg9skZg9g9o{kZZsskZg9o{g9o{ckZkZsg9sc)sg9o{s{wwg9{o{o{w{{kZskZ)g9g9Z^Zco{VZ^VZZg9ZVsVs{{{o{s{{ssw{swsw{{{s{wag9kZRZNsZ^o{VZg9g9RZ^^RZc ^kZo{Zc^ZkZcg9sZ wkZVkZcR^sVg9Z^'w{{{s{{{kZ8c^g9c^kZ^g9co{cVc^kZZccZcg9VVg9=kZZ^g9g9^ccZwkZcZkZcZR^^co{kZc^^kZg9w{{so{{ww3g9RVVR^NsRZRkZRg9^RZZVRRVo{o{{ww7g9RRkZg9{cVRZo{^g9^Zg9g9Vc^c^^w1wwsww{o{{ws{kZsswswsg9w1g9kZkZo{c{skZo{o{kZo{cZkZso{so{cw-so{kZg9kZwo{kZ skZkZ^o{g9o{o{g9w)o{cw {o{g9wwg9o{o{kZkZo{o{+kZo{^^Zo{kZcsg9^^g9sg9ckZc1{{s{{ww{{{{WkZRVg9cg9V^cco{g9g9^Z^Vc^so{sVkZkZ^^g9Zc^Z^ZRZcZg9K{{w{w{ww{wws{ o{w{ww{ww{o{o{{{w{w{# c^o{kZkZ^kZkZcVkZkZg9o{# g9V^NsVRg9^kZg9^^c^/w{ {{{{{s{=cZZ^VRkZZVZg9VZkZkZZZ^^o{Zo{R^V^kZ#{{ww{{{n1kZo{c^kZg9ccg9cZkZkZg9g9ZZg9kZZo{VkZcg9g9ckZg9cg9kZg9wg9^cg9s^Zg9cwZ^g9g9^g9iso{wo{sso{o{sso{swwswsswo{g9swsswsso{{swso{wswso{wo{sso{wEkZkZo{wskZg9o{kZo{o{s{o{co{o{kZs{o{so{cco{o{g9kZsEskZg9kZkZsg9cswckZ^wkZg9g9o{kZcsg9g9skZg9kZg9g9kZkZ o{o{{so{{so{{{o{{wo{w{wkZw{ws{ss{o{{o{{swsw{wwsw{o{{s{{so{{sw{{ss{{g9^VcZZscZ^Z!wg9^^Zo{g9ZRZg9o{Zo{V^cZ^^c^sZ^^Z^kZ^g9ZZg9^kZRo{g9^^c^Zg9^^Vcg9Z^kZw{]"g9RZg9kZkZg9c^o{cZkZ^ckZcg9cg9kZg9o{g9^g9o{cg9kZ^kZkZg9kZcg9o{g9ccwWws{wsso{{sswsswso{sswswwsswso{ws{wwo{so{sg9kZo{sswsw{ޱcZJRRZNso{ {ޯcc^kZo{cckZ^o{g9ZZkZg9c'kZc^o{g9cc^g9^ckZVg9Zccg9Vcg9Zscg9g9^^cg9scg9c^c^c^g9kZ cg9ZZkZ^^cg9Zl{{swswsws{s{ws{wswsskZwskZws{kZsws{swssws{s{so{kZckZ g9kZo{o{{kZg9o{kZkZo{^kZwo{cso{g9o{s^kZwco{Zwg9kZkZwkZo{kZo{ckZkZo{kZ cg9o{sg9ckZo{ckZkZ skZg9o{co{o{g9g9kZo{kZsg9kZ!ZskZkZwo{o{kZkZg9skZg9g9wkZkZkZkZg9wg9g9o{o{kZg9so{g9wg9o{kZo{kZo{g9skZo{kZkZo{skZo{g9e{{w{ww{www{{ ww{{{ww{{wDcVZRVwRVg9V^V^RVZRkZVZZwRVcVRZcRZVZ^ZRZVV^RRkZRVg9VRRVR^VcVR^Zg9ZRVZRVVZ^sW{ww{{{wwww{{o{{{{o{{{CcVckZcZkZV^c^o{Zo{R^o{^^co{^cVc^V^ZkZcZVs^ZZg9cZcg9kZ^ZcsZVcg9^^ccg9^V^V^^kZ^cg9Vco {w{w{ww{{w{w{{ww{w{w {{o{w{{w{{w{ww{w{w{w{w{&kZkZg9g9cg9g9ckZwg9g9kZg9cg9Vco{ccg9g9wccg9o{^kZcg9g9csZg9o{o{g9sg9g9V^wo{g9kZg9g9kZkZNsg9cg9^Zg9kZkZcg9so{w^kZo{o{so{swo{kZwg9o{so{ sskZso{skZo{o{sso{wo{o{wso{kZso{{o{wo{swso{wso{wo{s{wo{swo{sso{sg9kZo{o{wwsg9so{s^so{1{cwo{skZ{ssg9kZsg9so{g9o{sso{{o{swwg9o{o{so{g9{g9o{g9ss{so{g9o{skZwkZ{^s{g9 cg9cskZscg9sg9cg9 cR{cskZc^wcg9cscg9"csccg9s^kZwg9^co{g9cg9o{cskZccso{g9cg9scscscg9wskZ{o{{{sw{w{{ws{sw{{w{{s{{wwsskZ{o{{{sw{w{o{,kZco{g9ZV^ZVZg9ZVkZ^^RkZco{VVsVo{VVZVsVcVVkZ^^ZZc^^kZ^^Z^VVg9^kZVZkZco{cZVcVZ^^ZVsVss{{{{{{{{{{{{o{{{DkZg9ZZ^kZVg9Z^^Z^g9VcVZZ^V^^Ro{VZcVZZ^o{^Vc^kZZg9V^g9cZV^Zco{RkZ^ccZ^cV^R^Zo{^R^V^Y{s{{{o{{{s{o{{s{{{{{w{{{{EkZZkZco{cg9cZg9sZg9kZkZ^^cg9ssg9ckZg9kZcc^o{ccZo{g9ZZcg9g9o{g9kZg9cg9^Zco{kZcg9g9ckZo{cg9g9ckZo{g9g9Zg9cg9o{wo{wo{s o{wo{so{wcswsswswo{so{wsso{kZo{ sso{wo{ssg9so{o{swwo{sso{swo{wo{wswswo{so{kZkZsskZskZco{ss^o{o{scso{w^o{wg9skZwkZ$cso{wso{o{s^kZo{o{sswg9o{s{o{co{g9^skZwo{o{scswsso{o{skZkZg9 kZkZg9Vsccg9g9{g9sccwg9co{o{kZg9ckZwg9 cg9g9Vo{kZo{g9g9cskZ^cscg9o{g9g9sg9g9skZg9g9o{g9kZkZs wo{{sw{{so{{sw{w{o{{o{{{w{{o{{{sw{{wo{{wwo{{{{s{w{w{{s{ww{o{Z^kZg9ZVg9ZZg9^^g9kZg9^Z^ZZkZ^^g9Zg9^o{Zg9Zo{so{ZZkZ^kZccZg9g9ZZo{c^ VVZZg9^co{ZRZw[w{{{{{{{{w{w{ww{{w{sw}cVZZkZZVVZVVkZVg9ccRZcg9NsZVg9^ZVkZRZ VkZcZVRVg9Vg9Z o{kZZkZ^^RZg9RVkZZo{Ks{w{{{{ {{kZww{o{cckZcZcg9g9c:o{ccg9kZg9ZcckZkZg9c^ckZckZcckZcVcco{g9Zg9kZZco{cVsg9g9cc^Z^g9g9ckZg9g9kZg9ccg9csccwpwso{swso{o{so{o{cswsg9kZso{ws o{s^{wso{wsswsw{so{swo{o{wswskZso{o{co{#kZo{so{g9kZo{wwkZo{o{cg9kZkZscswo{so{sg9skZsso{o{wo{cso{g9kZg9wkZso{o{co{o{{kZkZo{sg9o{o{sg9kZsco{g9^g9kZkZg9s^wkZ^sg9o{g9'o{sckZkZ{wo{cg9sg9sg9wkZg9g9skZkZg9kZg9skZcg9skZg9g9sZ^g9kZg9sg9o{wsw kZww{sswww{w-o{sw{kZww{{ws{w{w{sw{o{ww{ws{w{so{wws{{wo{s{wws{w{o{kZZZg9^cw^ZVZ^c^cwVcc^ZcZo{^ZRg9^Z^kZ^cg9^o{ZZVZZ^ZckZg9^kZ^g9^Zc^^Zc^o{V^kZe{w{ww{{{{www{wswwwws{cRV RZZNskZ^VZVkZZcZRVRVcg9VZRkZNsVc^VZNsg9RVZsZRNskZcg9VRg9RZ^ZNsZRcVRNskZVVcg9Zo{'{sw{{{www7kZZg9g9Zg9Zg9kZg9g9kZNsVg9Vsc^g9g9^^g9skZco{^co{^g9Zg9sZkZZg9o{g9kZg9V^cg9c^ckZccZcg9kZo{cg9g9ykZswssws{s{so{wso{{ss{sw{sw{w{sw{sso{wswssw{so{sso{kZ{wws{{skZso{sskZsg9so{sw{so{g9kZ{o{wg9swo{o{so{{kZo{g9wwo{so{wso{o{so{{kZws wo{o{{sso{kZo{wkZc^kZg9kZ^ckZcckZco{g9^^g9g9Zg9o{cscco{o{c g9co{csg9ckZcZco{cg9ccscg9ccg9g9kZsw^co{kZco{i{ww{s{w{{sw{w{ww{w{{ws{{{s{@cR^ZZVNsg9Ro{NsZRcVZo{VVZZVRZVVkZVkZVV^kZRNsZZRZRkZVVswg9RVg9Vo{VZZkZsZ^R^RZwkZcM{w{s{{{ww{{w{{{{{wZV^g9Z^Vc^ZZkZo{kZZsZ^Z^/Z^g9Vcg9cc^cc^^Z^kZZ^cZ^Zco{g9VcwV^co{Zg9^^g9c{^ZVwcZ^^kZw{w{o{{ww{w{{{w{ww{w{wc{w{ ww{ww{o{ww{{w{w{ww{s{w{o{ww{ o{ w ՜.+,D՜.+,t0 hp  ' Pennsylvania State University(= ,Survey in the History of Ancient Philosophy Title 8@ _PID_HLINKS'A\9&http://www.psu.edu/oue/aappm/G-9.html8<http://www.equity.psu.edu/ods/smailto:c.moore@psu.edu  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTVWXYZ[\^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwyz{|}~Root Entry F.1I$Data U1Table]`5WordDocumentSummaryInformation(x#DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObj` F Microsoft Word 97-2004 DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8