ࡱ> VXU5@ 0)bjbj22 ,HXX!2222222F  \FR<!!!!!!!!;;;;;;;$=RZ?j;2 /!! / /;22!! <222 /2!2!;2 /;22 3Vq:@225;!! h /F: ;"<0R<:x?0?5;FF2222?25;!t]&.2),!!!;;FFD 2 FF Chapter 18 Notes I. Introduction A. Land empire created between 1450-1750 1. Involved limited commercial exchange 2. Altered balance of power Asia/Europe 3. Expanded eastward into Asia B. Link to Eastern Europe 1. Some regional kingdoms 2. Conflict with Poland and Lithuania C. Changes of nation 1. Sense of separate identity 2. Reaction to Western influence accept it, select from it, shun it II. Russias Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars First step Break free from Mongol control Moscow princes strong as tax collectors Ivan III Ivan the Great large army 1462 frees chunk Utilized support for Orthodox Church Played off nationalism 1480 totally freed of Mongol control Need for Revival Basic Russian Values Under Mongols Some adopted dress Christianity maintained Arts diminish Economic hit trade down/manufacturing limited Purely agricultural economy Centralized Rule With imperial mission make an empire Connection to Byzantine Empire married niece of empero Third Rome Caesar Tsar Ivan IV Ivan the Terrible Killed many nobles (boyars) for alleged conspiracy Nobles couldnt stand up for selves no tradition Patterns of Expansion Central Asia Why? Push back Mongols Vast plains easy to conquer/stage battles Cossacks Russian pioneers horse + farm Took over then settled lands Skilled horsemen think American cowboys/Mongol Usages of expansion Land given to nobles for allegiance Further east opened new trading relationships Eliminated independent Central Asia Nomads gone Diverse peoples added to Russia multicultural empire Like Mughal Empire/Ottoman Empire Large Muslim minority Western Contact and Romanov Policy Carefully managed contacts with the west Early contacts with British merchants Imported Italian artists/architects to work on churches/palaces onion Nobles look to west for style/art/status - precedent Conflict over heir to the throne After Ivan IV Time of Trouble disputes for throne boyars Romanov Dynasty chosen by boyars Romanovs reestablish order Stopped Swedish/Polish attacks Expanded empire Met Ottoman Empire Part of Ukraine Alexis Romanovs new powers Abolished noble assemblies think Louis XIV State control of Orthdox faith get rid of superstitions of Mongol era Exiled to Sibera Old Believers III. Russias First Westernization Introduction Unusually agricultural existence Peter the Great extended tsarist control Expanded territory Imitated Western forms Peter the Great exceptional leader Traveled to west in disguise picture 68 guy in disguise Visited manufacturing centers empires for alliances Gained interest brought back artisans, scientists Tsarist Autocracy of Peter the Great Autocrat Put down revolts with cruelty Organized military Devalued parliament Recruited bureaucrats from outside nobility Secret police to watch bureaucrats/prevent dissent Chancery of Secret Police to 1990 Foreign policy attacked Ottoman Empire, but didnt win a ton of battles weakened Sweden sea port shifted capital to St. Petersburg What Westernization Meant Political changes Small bureaucratic departments (think Ministries or Departments) Military Improved weaponry First Russian navy Got rid of nobility for advisors got specialized people Tsar-appointed local magistrates can control provinces Systemized law codes/tax system (stuff China did 2000 years ago) New training institutes for bureaucrats Economic changes Metallurgy and mining Unlike W. Europe, didnt urbanize, develop middle class Serfs used for manufacturing nobles rewarded economics funded military Cultural changes Power to upper class women stopped the pass the whip ceremony (whipped?) wear Western clothing Attend public events Peasant relations stayed the same Take power from elite shave beards, wear western clothes Mongol connection altered appearance Borrowing from the West Education in math/sciences Western cultural zone imported ballet from France Christmas trees from Germany To what extent was West imitated? Selective Didnt change poor Not wage labor, but serf (slave/coerced) labor Economics for military purposes not for commercial expansion Ideas to strengthen aristocracy, not create political rebellions Hostile Responses Peasants resented nobles some didnt speak Russian Elite discouraged Western change losing Russian identity Set precedent for cycle of enthusiasm > revulsion Consolidation Under Catherine the Great Weak rule following Peter the Great Military leaders fought for power Anti-western leaders emerged Peter the Greats daughters nephew Peter III mentally challenged Wife Catherine German princess takes over Put down rebellions Centralized power Used Pugachev Rebellion as an excuse for more power Catherine II fascinating women rulers Hated husband/son Helped overthrow husband Enlightened leader + realist/needed to centralize Active personal life doubt you need to know that Selective westernizer Brought some ideas of French Enlightenment Brought some reformers to discuss law codes Image vs. Reality centralized authority serf life gets worse New powers to nobility could increase punishment Nobles then gave more power to central authority Became service aristocracy sold out? Role of landlord Requisition peasant labor Levy taxes Impose punishments Fading from Western influence still selective Improved St. Petersburg Encouraged nobles to travel Closed Russia after French Revolution hmmmwhy? Censored intellectuals heres a pattern/precedent Russian expansion Fought Ottoman Empire Extended holdings all the way down to modern day Alaska, Oregon, N. California Russias interests in Europe Divided Poland between Austria and Prussia Polands parliament kept crippling govt flexibility Set precedent of involvement in W. Europe Eventually, Russia would stop Napoleon Success by 1800 summary heres what they accomplished Won independence Centralized govt IV. Themes in Early Modern Russian History Introduction Nobility extremely important Two types Great landowners/absentee owners living in the cities westernized Smaller owners live out in the countryside less Westernized Serfdom: The Life of East Europes Masses Nobles power over serfs increases Free farmers before Fell into debt repay through servitude worked land, but didnt own it Govt encouraged process why? Made nobles happy wont revolt Method of controlling masses, when bureaucracy wasnt effective Serf laws 1649 hereditary status born a serf cant escape Similarity to slavery Bought and sold Gambled away Punished by masters Differences nation enslaved own people, not outsiders relied on community ties (see precedent for commun-ism) Similarity to Eastern Europe Nobles in Poland, Hungary benefited from system Supported political control Allowed them to have distinctive/Western life Eastern Europe subordinate to the West Russian grain traded for luxury items for nobility Life of serfs on estates Whole villages could be sold for manufacturing jobs Poor/illiterate Paid high taxes/obligations impossible to escape iii. Catherine the Great created model villages to show off Trade and Economic Dependence Classes between serfs and landlords Prevented emergence of merchant class Western European merchants lived in Russian cities/controlled trade Success of Russias social and economic system Enough money to support empire Exported furs/commodities to central Asia balanced trade Significant population growth Surprising considering harsh climate Limitations of Russias social and economic system Man labor not technological innovation No motivation extra profit just goes to lord Manufacturing lagged behind w. Europe Social Unrest System leads to protests Western-oriented aristocrats push for change end of 18th century Peasants loyal to tsar, but resented lords Peasant Rebellions Pugachev rebellion Cossack chieftain promised End to serfdom End to taxation End to military conscription End to landed aristocracy ii. Eventually put down after roaming Southern Russia 1. Cut into pieces in Moscow square Russia and Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Changing boundaries More embracing of enlightenment/scientific revolution contributed scholars Nationalities lose autonomy Hungary part of German Hapsburgs Czech part of Hapsburgs - Bohemians Decline of Poland Link to west Catholic Political aristocrats chose weak kings on purpose Vetoed reform efforts iii. Poland split into three parts V. Global Connections A. Why so significant? a. Huge land empire 10 time zones b. Different from w. 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