ࡱ> '` |bjbj"9"9 8>@S@StOOO84PQ,@ST U U UUkV,V$6h^+XUU+X+X U U*0q^q^q^+Xv U Uq^+Xq^q^S U4S ݹE?O[,ۡZ<ߚt\lXSSSVZ W@q^IW4}WVVV^^VVV+X+X+X+X$+$+ Geospatial Data Creation Algorithms for HCLS Regressions Introduction This document provides guidance on how Commission staff calculated the variables used in its HCLS benchmark calculations. It first documents the process used to develop the variables requiring geoprocessing steps, and then it describes how Commission staff calculated the other variables. For the geospatial parameters, each process can be manually performed in esri ArcMap, or can be implemented as an automated process. This document will indicate where Commission staff used an automated process. Commission staff used the Python programming language for its scripts, but other scripting programming languages may be used. The original geospatial data sets may have to be preprocessed in order to be used in some of the following processes. For instance, some data sets were too large for a specific ArcGIS tool, so a subset of the data sets was retrieved first before using the ArcGIS tool. In addition, some data sets are not available as a single national file, such as the National Hydrology Database (used to calculate stream crossings). In these situations, Commission staff used a subset of the NHD data set based on the corresponding location of the study area. 2. The following ArcGIS 10.0 geoprocessing tools were used throughout the process and are referenced in this workflow. The links provide a full description of the tools functionality and use. 2.1 Feature to Point: HYPERLINK "http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html" \l "//00170000003m000000"http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//00170000003m000000 2.2 Clip: HYPERLINK "http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html" \l "/Clip/000800000004000000/"http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/Clip/000800000004000000/ 2.3 Feature Vertices to Points: HYPERLINK "http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html%23/00170000003p000000"http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//00170000003p000000 2.4 Intersect: HYPERLINK "http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html%23/How_Intersect_works/00080000000z000000/"http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/How_Intersect_works/00080000000z000000/ 2.5 Identity: HYPERLINK "http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html%23/Identity/00080000000n000000/"http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/Identity/00080000000n000000/ 2.6 Frequency: HYPERLINK "http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html" \l "/Frequency/00080000001w000000/"http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/Frequency/00080000001w000000/ 2.7 Summary Statistics: HYPERLINK "http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html" \l "/Summary_Statistics/00080000001z000000/"http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/Summary_Statistics/00080000001z000000/ 2.8 Symmetrical Difference: HYPERLINK "http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html%23/00080000000r000000"http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//00080000000r000000 2.9 Project: HYPERLINK "http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html" \l "/Project/00170000007m000000/"http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/Project/00170000007m000000/ 2.10 Near: http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//00080000001q000000 The TeleAtlas data do not contain boundaries on a study area basis, but instead contain boundaries for carriers on an operating company number (OCN) basis. In order to match the OCN polygons to study area boundaries, Commission staff intersected the OCN polygons with the state boundaries to create OcnSt polygons, which were used to create certain values (described below), which were then summed up to the study areas using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html. Commission staff created the OcnSt polygons because there are some exchanges that straddle state lines, and this allowed Commission staff to associate the pieces with the proper study area later in the process. In the vast majority of cases, there is a one-to-one match between OCN polygons (i.e., boundaries) in the TeleAtlas data set and study area boundaries, but in some cases there is not. Occasionally, a single OcnSt polygon had to be split up into multiple study areas. In these circumstances there were non-rate of return study areas that Commission staff manually excluded from the OcnSt polygons. Also, there were some cases where multiple OCN polygons had to be added together to form a whole study area. Data processing flow for each OcnSt polygon Determining the WGS84 UTM Zone of a OcnSt polygon The UTM Zone of an OcnSt was calculated based on the OcnSt polygon and used to generate a projected coordinate system in order to calculate geometries (area and length) of features. When clipping other features to an OcnSt polygon, the resulting data set will be in the UTM projection. The following link describes the UTM zone. HYPERLINK "http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html" \l "/What_are_projected_coordinate_systems/003r0000000p000000/"http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/What_are_projected_coordinate_systems/003r0000000p000000/. Commission staff calculated the UTM Zone follows as follows: Commission staff wrote a Python script to execute the following geoprocessing steps Determine the geographic boundary of the OcnSt polygon (map extent) HYPERLINK "http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html" \l "//00s900000011000000.htm"http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//00s900000011000000.htm top: the max latitude of the boundaries of the OcnSt polygon bottom: the min latitude of the boundaries of the OcnSt polygon left: the max longitude of the boundaries of the OcnSt polygon right: the min longitude of the boundaries of the OcnSt polygon Determine the center point of the geographic boundary clat : the Latitude of the center point of the OcnSt polygon clon: the Longitude of the center point of the OcnSt polygon clat = (top - bottom)/2.0 + bottom clon = (left - right)/2.0 + right Determine the UTM Zone of the OcnSt polygon int(x): the whole number of the x floor(x): the largest previous integer of the x the UTM Zone = int(floor(((clon+180) - floor((clon+180)/360)*360-180 + 180)/6)) + 1 Calculating Total Area Total Area is the total area of the OcnSt polygons in the study area. The calculation process used by Commission staff follows. Commission staff wrote a Python script to execute the following geoprocessing steps Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip urban areas to the OcnSt polygon Used the ArcGIS function Calculate Geometry to calculate area (Total Area) of the OcnSt polygon in square miles Summed the total area values using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html. Calculating Water area, Land area and Pctwater Water area is the area in the study area that consists of water bodies as defined by the US Census Bureau. Land area is the study areas total area minus water area. (Total area is calculated in 3.2.) Pctwater is water area divided by total area. The documentation about water area can be found here: HYPERLINK "http://www.census.gov/geo/www/GARM/Ch15GARM.pdf"http://www.census.gov/geo/www/GARM/Ch15GARM.pdf The calculation process used by Commission staff follows: Commission staff wrote a Python script to execute the following geoprocessing steps Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip water bodies to the study OcnSt polygon Used the ArcGIS Summary Statistics tool to sum area of any water bodies Calculate Land Area by subtracting water area from total area Summed the water area values up to the study area level using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html. Compute Pctwater: 100* Water Area / Total Area. Calculating number of census blocks and total housing units Total housing units is the sum of the housing units in a study area. Number of census blocks is total number of census blocks within the study area. These data come from 2010 census block data. A census block is associated with a study area if the census blocks centroid is inside the study area. The census data and documentation are available at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/tgrshp2010/tgrshp2010.html" http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/tgrshp2010/tgrshp2010.html The calculation process used by Commission staff follows: Used ArcGIS Feature to Point tool to create a point data set generated from the representative locations of 2010 census blocks. In that tool, Commission staff used the inside option to force the census block centroids to be inside the census block. Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip census block centroids to the OcnSt polygon Retain the number of records that result from the clip tool as the number of blocks in the OcnSt polygon. Used the ArcGIS Summary Statistics tool to sum Housing units (HOUSING10 attribute) of all Census Blocks to generate the number of housing units in the OcnSt polygon Summed the values up to the study area level using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html. Calculating PctUrban Pcturban is the percentage of housing units in the study area that are in urban areas (the US Census Bureaus urbanized and urban clusters URL below). Urban Areas layer comes from http://www2.census.gov/cgi-bin/shapefiles2009/national-files. Documentation on the urban areas can be found here:  HYPERLINK "http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/urbanruralclass.html" http://www.census.gov/geo/www/ua/urbanruralclass.html. The calculation process used by Commission staff follows Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip urban areas to the OcnSt polygon Used ArcGIS Feature to Point tool to create a point data set generated from the representative locations of 2010 census blocks. In that tool, Commission staff used the inside option to force the census block centroids to be inside the census block. Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip census block centroids to urban area polygons (from section 3.5.1) Used the ArcGIS Summary Statistics tool to sum Housing units (HOUSING10 attribute) of all Census Blocks to generate the number of housing units in urban area polygons Summed the values from all urban area polygons up to the study area level using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html. Divided the sum by the number of the Total housing units (section 3.4) in the study area. Calculating Roadmiles Roadmiles is the number of road miles within the study area. The calculation process follows below. All road types were included from the following data sets. With the exception of study areas in US territories, the street layer of the esri street maps were used for all study areas. Documentation:  HYPERLINK "http://resources.arcgis.com/content/community-maps/street-map" http://resources.arcgis.com/content/community-maps/street-map For study areas in American Samoa and Guam, Commission staff used the roads layer from Census tiger files. The Tiger files are available at  HYPERLINK "http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/geo/shapefiles2010/main" http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/geo/shapefiles2010/main. The calculation process used by Commission staff follows: Commission staff wrote a Python script to execute the following geoprocessing steps Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip road segments to the OcnSt polygon Used the ArcGIS function Calculate Geometry to calculate road length in miles Used the ArcGIS Summary Statistics tool to sum road miles of all road segments in the OcnSt polygon Summed the road miles up to the study area level using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html. Calculating Roadcrossings Roadcrossings is the number of road crossings within the study area. Each road intersection should have 3 or more road crossings The calculation process used by Commission staff follows: Commission staff wrote a Python script to execute the following geoprocessing steps Used the ArcGIS Feature Vertices to Points tool to calculate all potential road crossings in each OcnSt polygon Used the ArcGIS Intersect tool to calculate all potential road intersections Used the ArcGIS Frequency tool to calculate number of road crossings for each road intersection Saved road crossings of all real road intersections which have 3 or more road crossings Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip the road crossings to the OcnSt polygon Used the ArcGIS Summary Statistics tool to sum road crossings of all road intersections Summed the road crossings up to the study area level using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html. Calculating Streamcrossings Streamcrossings is the number of road-stream crossings within the study area. The NHDFlowline layer of the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) was used for all study areas. Documentation: http://nhd.usgs.gov/index.html. The calculation process used by Commission staff follows: Commission staff wrote a Python script to execute the following geoprocessing steps Used the ArcGIS Intersect tool to locate all road-stream crossings in each OcnSt polygon Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip the road-stream crossings to the OcnSt polygon Used the ArcGIS Summary Statistics tool to compute total number of road-stream crossings Summed the stream crossings up to the study area level using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html. Calculating Climate Climate is the weighted average climate index (based on USDAs plant hardiness index) along the roads in the study area, weighted by the length of the road segment. For each road segment, determine the plant hardiness value, then use a look up table to identify the climate index value for the given hardiness value, and multiply climate index value by the length of the road. Then sum all these values and divide that sum by total road miles in the study area. The calculation process used by Commission staff follows: Commission staff wrote a Python script to execute the following geoprocessing steps Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip road segments to the OcnSt polygon Used the ArcGIS Identity tool to compute the geometric intersections of the selected road segments and the hardiness zone to the OcnSt polygon. All the attributes from the road segments, as well as the hardiness zone information, were transferred to the output intersections. Identified the climate effect value for the road segment based on the plant hardiness attribute zone using the ClimateIndex.xls file that is available at the following URL:  HYPERLINK "http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html" http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html Multiplied the index value by the length of the road in miles Summed these values up to the study area level using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html. Divided the sum by the number of road miles in the study area. Calculating daysabvpt5 Daysabvpt5 is the average number of days in a year that the study area will receive more than 0.5 inches of rainfall. Weather station location data are available here:  HYPERLINK "http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/station-inventories/allstations.txt" http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/station-inventories/allstations.txt. Data for the average number of days with rainfall amounts greater than 0.5 inches for individual weather stations is available here (rainfall data set): ( HYPERLINK "http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/precipitation/ann-prcp-avgnds-ge050hi.txt" http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/precipitation/ann-prcp-avgnds-ge050hi.txt). The calculation process used by Commission staff follows: Geolocated weather stations using their lat/long from the Weather station location data. Each OcnSt polygon could have multiple single part polygons. For each single part polygon, Commission staff used the ArcGIS Feature Vertices to Points tool to calculate the centroid of the polygon Used the ArcGIS function Calculate Geometry to calculate area of the single-part polygon Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip any weather stations to each single part polygon For those single part polygons that contained one or more stations, calculated the mean of the average number of days with rainfall above 0.5 inches from those stations using the rainfall data set If no station resided in the single part polygon, then commission staff used the ArcGIS Near tool to calculate distance between each and the centroid of the single-part polygon and then selected the rainfall value from the nearest station For the multipart polygons, Commission staff calculated a weighted average for the OcnSt polygon as a whole using the area of the single part polygons as the weight. Calculating pctwatertable36 Pctwatertable36 is the percentage of road segments where the water table is less than 36 inches below the surface of the ground along the roads in the study area. Pctwatertable36 is calculated by summing the road miles where the water table is less than 36 inches deep and dividing that sum by total road miles in the study area and then multiplying by 100. The U.S. General Soil Map (STATSGO2) was used for all study areas. The documentation is available here: http://soils.usda.gov/survey/geography/statsgo/. The calculation process used by Commission staff follows: Commission staff wrote a Python script to execute the following geoprocessing steps Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip road segments to the OcnSt polygon Used the ArcGIS Identity tool to compute geometric intersections of the road segments with soil polygons within the OcnSt polygon. All the attributes from the road segments, as well as the soil information, were be transferred to the output intersections. Obtained soil type of each road segment and retrieved its soil attributes Kept road segments where the wtdepannmin < 36 inches by extracting the value of the wtdepannmin field from the muaggatt table of the STATSGO2 database Summed the number of road miles calculated in the previous step up to the study area level using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html, and divide by the total number of road miles in the study area. Calculating PctBedrock36 PctBedrock36 is the percentage of road segments with a study area that have bedrock within 36 inches of the surface of the ground along the roads. PctBedrock36 is calculated by summing the road miles where bedrock is within 36 inches of the surface and dividing that sum by the total road miles in the study area and then multiplying by 100. The U.S. General Soil Map (STATSGO2) was used for all study areas. Documentation: http://soils.usda.gov/survey/geography/statsgo/. The calculation process used by Commission staff follows: Commission staff wrote a Python script to execute the following geoprocessing steps Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip road segments to the OcnSt polygon Used the ArcGIS Identity tool to compute geometric intersections of the road segments with soil polygons within the OcnSt polygon. All the attributes from the road segments, as well as the soil information, were transferred to the output intersections. Get soil type of a road segment and retrieve its soil attributes Kept road segments where the brockdepmin < 36 inches by extracting the value of the brockdepmin field from the muaggatt table of the STATSGO2 database Summed the number of road miles calculated in the previous step up to the study area level using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html, and divided by the total number of road miles in the study area. Calculating Slope Slope is the weighted average slope along the roads in the study area, weighted by the length of the road segment. For each road segment, Commission staff used the slope of that road segment and multiplied it by the length of the road in miles. Then staff summed those values and divided that sum by total road miles in the study area. The U.S. General Soil Map (STATSGO2) was used for all study areas. Documentation: http://soils.usda.gov/survey/geography/statsgo/. The calculation process used by Commission staff follows: Commission staff wrote a Python script to execute the following geoprocessing steps Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip road segments to the OcnSt polygon Used the ArcGIS Identity tool to compute geometric intersections of the road segments with soil polygons within the OcnSt polygon. All the attributes from the road segments, as well as the soil information, were transferred to the output intersections. Obtained soil type of each road segment and retrieved its soil attributes Extracted the slopegradwta field from the muaggatt table of the STATSGO2 database Multiplied slopegradwta by the length of the road segment. Summed the numbers calculated in the previous step up to the study area level using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html, and divided by the total number of road miles in the study area. Calculating (soil construction) Difficulty Difficulty is the weighted average soil construction difficulty along the roads in the study area, weighted by the length of the road segment. For each road segment, calculate the soil construction difficulty. Calculate difficulty value based on the dominant soil texture using the SoilTextureStatsgo2Index.xls file, which is available at  HYPERLINK "http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html" http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html and multiply that value by the length of the road segment to get an intermediate value. Then sum all these intermediate values and divide that sum by total road miles in the study area. The U.S. General Soil Map (STATSGO2) was used for all study areas. Documentation: http://soils.usda.gov/survey/geography/statsgo/. The calculation process used by Commission staff follows: Commission staff wrote a Python script to execute the following geoprocessing steps Used the ArcGIS Clip tool to clip road segments to each OcnSt polygon Used the ArcGIS Identity tool to compute geometric intersections of the road segments with soil polygons within the OcnSt polygon. All the attributes from the road segments, as well as the soil information, were transferred to the output intersections. Found the dominant component with the highest percentage of the soil type (from the comppct field from the muaggatt table of the STATSGO2 database); Found the thickest horizon within that dominant component that is within the top 36 inches of the soil Found the dominant soil texture for that (thickest) horizon. Calculated difficulty value based on the dominant soil texture using the SoilTextureStatsgo2Index.xls file, which is available at  HYPERLINK "http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html" http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html. Summed the numbers calculated in the previous step up to the study area level using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html, and divided by the total number of road miles in the study area. Calculating PctTribalLand PctTribalLand is the study areas percentage of land area that consists of federal tribal lands. The data are available here:  HYPERLINK "http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/geo/shapefiles2010/main" http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/geo/shapefiles2010/main. The calculation process used by Commission staff follows: Used the Select by Location function to select census block centroids in the study area (calculated in step 3.4.1) that intersect census tribal areas Programmatically linked those census blocks with census data containing the land area for each block. For each OcnSt polygon, calculated the sum of the land area of the blocks inside the federal tribal lands Summed the values calculated in the previous step up to the study area level using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html, divided by the study areas total land area, and then multiplied by 100. Calculating PctParkLand PctParkLand is the study areas percentage of land area that consists of national park land. The data are available here:  HYPERLINK "http://www.bts.gov/programs/geographic_information_services/" http://www.bts.gov/programs/geographic_information_services/ The calculation process used by Commission staff follows: Used the Select by Location function to select census block centroids (calculated in step 3.4.1) that intersect national park land area. Programmatically linked those census blocks with census data containing the land area for each block. For each OcnSt polygon, calculated the sum of the land area of the blocks inside the park lands Summed the values calculated in the previous step up to the study area level using the OcnSt-Study area cross reference published at http://transition.fcc.gov/wcb/iatd/neca.html, divided by the study areas total land area, and then multiplied by 100. Study Area Boundary Edits The previously detailed algorithms should be sufficient to replicate the Commission's geospatial variable values used in the HCLS benchmark regressions for those study areas that do not have special circumstances described below. For those study areas described below, Commission staff examined public Commission sources and publicly available data to create or modify the TeleAtlas boundaries. Because this was a manual process, it could be more difficult for others to precisely replicate the variable values for these study areas. The process used by Commission staff follows: Missing study area boundaries/OcnSt polygons Data for some of the missing study areas with missing boundaries in the September 2011 data were obtained from earlier versions of the TeleAtlas data For those study areas for which we could not find any boundaries in any of the versions of the TeleAtlas data that the Commission obtained, other public sources of data were used to manually create them, such as the tribal land that the study area serves or study area waivers. Study areas receiving frozen support For each study area that receives frozen support, the area associated with the frozen support needed to be separated from the rest of the study areas OcnSt polygon so that the geospatial variables could be based on the non-frozen support area. Commission staff examined public Commission sources and publicly available data and manually excluded these areas from these OcnSt polygons. Variables created using NECA Overview data LnLoops is the natural log of the 2010 DL060 loop count PctLoopChange is the percentage change of DL060 loop count between 2009 and 2010. For the observations that converted from being average schedule to cost companies (and therefore did not have DL060 loop counts for the prior year), used the percentage change in DL070 loops. PctUndepPlant is the percentage of the plant that has not yet been depreciated. It is 100 * DL220 / DL160 (i.e., 100*net plant/gross plant). LnExchanges is the natural log of the number of exchanges in the study area. Variables using other information StateSACs is the number of study areas in the state that are owned by the same holding company or have common control in the state. LnStateSacs is the natural log of StateSacs. The holding company/common control ownership information can be found in the Universal Service Monitoring Report, CC Docket No. 98-202, app. (2011) (HC NECA ILEC Support Data - by Study Area.xls), available at http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Common_Carrier/Reports/FCC-State_Link/Monitor/2011_MR_Supplementary_Material.zip. Census regions were determined by the primary state of the study area. If the study area's state is in the region, then the study area's region variable is a 1, else a 0. Census regions were determined by the primary state of the study area. If the study area's state is in the region, then the study area's region variable is a 1, else a 0. The list of states in each region follows. Western (AK, CA, CO, HI, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY) Midwest (IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI) Northeast (CT, MA, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT,) South (AL, AR, AZ, DC, DE, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV) Alaska is a 1 if the study area is located in Alaska, else a 0. Medhomeval2000 is the Median Home value in the state in 2000. It is available here:  HYPERLINK "http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/census/historic/values.html" http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/census/historic/values.html. LnMedhomeval2000 is the natural log of Medhomeval2000. Density is the number of housing units in a study area (see step 3.4) divided by the size of the study area in square miles (see step 3.2). LnDensity is the natural log of density. Wdensity is the weighted density of the study area. For each census block in a study area, calculate density by dividing housing units by land area. Then calculate the weighted average for the study area using the housing units as the weight. Lnwdensity is the natural log of weighted density.      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