ࡱ>  5@ 0Abjbj22 >MXX>9*******dUrʡ(֩֩֩ 'ԑ֑֑֑֑֑֑$ǔR*F!F!F!**֩֩\\\F!.*֩*֩ԑ\F!ԑ\\x@h**֩ `.-t$^$%0UX×× ****×*$\rD:"r  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u   HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703183" Adjective (ed/ing, a.k.a. Emotion Adjectives)  PAGEREF _Toc66703183 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703185" Adverb or Adjective  PAGEREF _Toc66703185 \h 6  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703187" Adverbs of Frequency  PAGEREF _Toc66703187 \h 8  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703190" Agreement  PAGEREF _Toc66703190 \h 11  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703193" Body Parts  PAGEREF _Toc66703193 \h 14  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703194" Capital Cities of the World  PAGEREF _Toc66703194 \h 15  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703198" Capital Letters  PAGEREF _Toc66703198 \h 19  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703200" Cities  PAGEREF _Toc66703200 \h 21  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703203" Comparatives and Superlatives  PAGEREF _Toc66703203 \h 24  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703205" Composite Adjectives  PAGEREF _Toc66703205 \h 26  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703206" Count and Noncount Nouns  PAGEREF _Toc66703206 \h 27  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703210" Do-Have-Make-Take  PAGEREF _Toc66703210 \h 31  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703220" Either-Neither-So-Too  PAGEREF _Toc66703220 \h 41  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703222" Even Though  PAGEREF _Toc66703222 \h 43  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703223" Famous People  PAGEREF _Toc66703223 \h 44  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703224" Future Clauses  PAGEREF _Toc66703224 \h 45  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703226" How  PAGEREF _Toc66703226 \h 47  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703227" If/Unless  PAGEREF _Toc66703227 \h 48  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703229" Inventions  PAGEREF _Toc66703229 \h 50  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703231" Measurement  PAGEREF _Toc66703231 \h 52  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703232" Modern Library Top 100 Novels  PAGEREF _Toc66703232 \h 53  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703234" Movies: AFI's Top 100 U.S. Films  PAGEREF _Toc66703234 \h 55  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703236" Negatives  PAGEREF _Toc66703236 \h 57  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703239" Numbers 1-20  PAGEREF _Toc66703239 \h 60  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703240" Opposites  PAGEREF _Toc66703240 \h 61  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703243" Other  PAGEREF _Toc66703243 \h 64  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703246" Passive Mode  PAGEREF _Toc66703246 \h 67  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703247" Past (Irregular Past/Past Part.)  PAGEREF _Toc66703247 \h 68  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703249" Past Perfect  PAGEREF _Toc66703249 \h 70  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703250" Plurals  PAGEREF _Toc66703250 \h 71  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703253" Prepositions (in, on, at, to)  PAGEREF _Toc66703253 \h 74  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703254" Present Perfect  PAGEREF _Toc66703254 \h 75  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703256" Presidents of the United States  PAGEREF _Toc66703256 \h 77  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703257" Pronouns and Possessives  PAGEREF _Toc66703257 \h 78  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703258" Questions (Direct)  PAGEREF _Toc66703258 \h 79  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703261" Questions (Indirect, a.k.a. Noun Clauses)  PAGEREF _Toc66703261 \h 82  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703262" Relative Clauses  PAGEREF _Toc66703262 \h 83  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703265" Reported Speech  PAGEREF _Toc66703265 \h 86  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703270" Short Answers  PAGEREF _Toc66703270 \h 91  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703272" Short Answers  PAGEREF _Toc66703272 \h 93  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703273" Should Have  PAGEREF _Toc66703273 \h 94  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703274" Spelling Rules  PAGEREF _Toc66703274 \h 95  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703276" Spelling Demons  PAGEREF _Toc66703276 \h 97  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703280" Spelling GH  PAGEREF _Toc66703280 \h 101  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703281" State Capitals  PAGEREF _Toc66703281 \h 102  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703282" Synonyms  PAGEREF _Toc66703282 \h 103  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703284" Tags  PAGEREF _Toc66703284 \h 105  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703286" Two-Word Verbs (a.k.a. Phrasal Verbs)  PAGEREF _Toc66703286 \h 107  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703287" Unreal  PAGEREF _Toc66703287 \h 108  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703289" Verb + Base Form  PAGEREF _Toc66703289 \h 110  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703291" Verb + Gerund  PAGEREF _Toc66703291 \h 112  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703293" Verb + Infinitive  PAGEREF _Toc66703293 \h 114  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703295" Verbs/Adjectives + Prep  PAGEREF _Toc66703295 \h 116  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703298" Weigh  PAGEREF _Toc66703298 \h 119  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc66703299" Wish and Hope  PAGEREF _Toc66703299 \h 120 USING GUESS WHAT Guess What Instructions 121  Guess What Requirements 125 Guess What Menu of Exercises 126 Adjective (ed/ing, a.k.a. Emotion Adjectives) Some adjectives are confusing because they have two forms: amazed/amazing annoyed/annoying bored/boring confused/confusing convinced/convincing fascinated/fascinating frightened/frightening interested/interesting shocked/shocking surprised/surprising tired/tiring These adjectives come from verbs: That man AMAZES me. He can lift 2000 pounds! The children ANNOY me whenever they scream loudly. His speech IS BORING me now. His subject DOESN'T INTEREST me. It tires me! These instructions CONFUSE me. I can't understand them. His argument is stupid. It doesn't CONVINCE me that he's right. Insects FASCINATE me. I want to read everything I can about them! That big dog is beginning to FRIGHTEN me. Look at its big teeth! He SHOCKED me with his dirty language! What bad manners he showed! You SURPRISED me when you showed up without calling first. Whenever a thing, action or person causes a feeling in people, we give them an -ING adjective: He lifted a car! He's an AMAZING man. (He amazes me with his strength.) The children are very ANNOYING. (They annoy other people around them.) This is such a BORING class. (The class bores me. It doesn't interest me.) Long walks are TIRING. (Long walks tire me. Hard work tires me.) Whenever a person feels something because of something (or someone) else, we give them an -ED adjective: I'm AMAZED by that man. (That's how I feel after seeing him lift a car.) I'm getting ANNOYED by my kids. (I feel a little angry when they annoy me.) I'm BORED by this class. (I feel tired, disinterested. The class is dull.) I'm TIRED after this long walk. (Exercise makes me feel this way.) The situation: I feel It is I spilled water on my pants. embarrassed embarrassing My pants fell down in front of the class. humiliated humiliating I want to learn about this new computer. interested interesting This is a new and wonderful computer! fascinated fascinating This TV show isn't saying anything new. bored boring He's been talking about algebra for hours!! bored to death deadly boring I've been working all day. tired tiring I've been running for three miles! exhausted exhausting Adjective (ed/ing, a.k.a. Emotion Adjectives) (cont.) The situation: I feel It is This big dog is growling at me! scared scary The hurricane is going to hit our city!! frightened frightening This man-eating shark has enormous teeth!!! terrified terrifying This fly keeps buzzing around my head. annoyed annoying I lost my favorite hat! upset upsetting My daughter didn't clean her room!! angry, mad maddening The dog did its mess on the carpet!!! furious infuriating I can't understand the instructions. confused confusing I don't know why my wife is mad at me. perplexed perplexing I can't pass the test after trying 2 times. frustrated frustrating I can't pass the test after trying 6 times! discouraged discouraging He's picking his nose in public! disgusted disgusting The man is doing number two on the street!! repulsed repulsive Women were tortured and raped in the war!!! horrified horrifying He told a good joke that made me laugh. amused amusing, funny This show made me laugh until my sides hurt! in hysterics hysterical The show was fun to watch. entertained entertaining She was pregnant and had twins (two babies). surprised surprising She was pregnant and had quintuplets (five)! amazed amazing She won $25 million in the lottery!! astonished astonishing astounded astounding He shot and killed his wife!!! shocked shocking His argument is strong. He has good reasons. convinced convincing His argument is weak. He has no proof. unconvinced unconvincing The dinner was big and delicious. satisfied satisfying I didn't enjoy the dinner. It wasn't tasty. disappointed disappointing My favorite goldfish died last night! sad sad My dog was run over by a car!! depressed depressing My son died in an auto accident!!! devastated devastating I got an A on my sociology test. happy happy I'm going to ride the roller coaster today! excited exciting I'm going to meet the company president! delighted delightful My wife is going to have a baby!!! thrilled thrilling The teacher says my English is improving. encouraged encouraging I heard Martin Luther King's speech! inspired inspiring My son isn't home and it's after midnight. worried worrisome My daughter doesn't eat much anymore. troubled troubling I'm going to take my driving test today. nervous nerve-wracking Adverb or Adjective Adjectives describe a noun (a person, place or thing). They come after the verb BE: He is HUNGRY. She was ANGRY yesterday. He is being NAUGHTY right now. Have you ever been so SAD that you couldn't eat? Don't be MAD at me. They also go before nouns: She's a very PRETTY girl. He used to be a GOOD driver. I want you all to be CAREFUL workers. Adjectives come after some other verbs, especially SEEM, FEEL, and LOOK: She seems HAPPY. He feels SICK. He looks ANGRY. Adverbs describe a verb. They tell HOW an action is performed. Most adverbs are formed by adding LY to an adjective: He sings LOUDLY. (He is a LOUD singer.) She drives CAREFULLY. (She is a CAREFUL driver.) He does his work CARELESSLY. We have to fire that CARELESS man! Speak HONESTLY. Tell me HONESTLY how you feel. Be HONEST. Some adverbs do not have LY. They have the same form as the adjective: He drives FAST. He's a FAST driver. He speaks LOW. He has a LOW voice. (LOWLY means poor or low class.) He works HARD. He's a HARD worker. HARDLY is completely different from HARD. It means "almost nothing" or "almost not at all" as in: I was so sick I could HARDLY eat. (I had trouble eating.) We could HARDLY believe our ears! (We were very surprised!) You're HARDLY the man for the job. (You are NOT suitable for it.) Three words beginning with Q often cause problems for learners: quick/quickly quiet/quietly quite QUICK is FAST: Work QUICKLY and you will finish sooner. Be QUICK! QUIET is SILENT: Play QUIETLY, please. I have a headache. Be QUIET! QUITE means VERY or COMPLETELY: I don't QUITE understand you. (I don't understand completely.) Adverb or Adjective (cont.) I'm not QUITE ready. (I'm not completely ready.) She's QUITE beautiful. (very beautiful) He's QUITE angry with you. (very angry) If an adjective ends in Y, change the Y to I before adding LY: happy happily She's a HAPPY girl. She plays HAPPILY all day long! noisy noisily He's a NOISY boy. He plays so NOISILY that he gives me a headache. hungry hungrily He was very HUNGRY. He looked HUNGRILY at the big meal on the table. merry merrily MERRY Christmas! We're singing MERRILY all night! In addition to describing a verb, an adverb can describe an adjective. It tells HOW MUCH or to what degree the adjective is true. He is VERY aggressive. (VERY is an adverb describing aggressive.) She is AWFULLY talented. (AWFULLY means VERY.) I'm SO mad that I want to scream. (SO is usually used with THAT.) I'm not COMPLETELY ready. (COMPLETELY tells HOW ready the speaker is.) You are REALLY careless! (REALLY tells HOW careless.) COMPLETELY and REALLY can be used before verbs, but VERY isn't generally used before verbs: CORRECT: I REALLY love that movie. I REALLY adore Leo DiCaprio! INCORRECT: *I VERY love that movie. *I VERY adore Leo DiCaprio! CORRECT: I COMPLETELY agree with her. She's right. INCORRECT: *I VERY agree with her. You can use VERY MUCH before a verb, or at the end of the sentence. CORRECT: I VERY MUCH enjoy a trip to the country! CORRECT: I enjoy a trip to the country VERY MUCH. CORRECT: I REALLY enjoy a trip to the country! INCORRECT: *I VERY enjoy a trip to the country. Americans tend to use REALLY more than VERY MUCH, especially before LOVE, LIKE, and HATE: I REALLY love him. I REALLY hate the subway. I REALLY like that class. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- The adverb form of GOOD is WELL: He's a GOOD dancer. He dances WELL, and he acts WELL, too. WELL can be used before past participles that are used as adjectives: This is a WELL MADE chair. The play was WELL WRITTEN. Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of frequency tell how often somebody is, feels or does something. The most common ones are: adverb relative frequency always 100% almost always 99% usually 80% often 60% sometimes 40% occasionally 30% seldom (rarely) 20% almost never 1% never 0% (These numbers don't mean anything; they just give a general idea of "how often.") In general, adverbs of frequency go before a verb, except after an auxiliary verb. regular verbs He USUALLY TAKES his son to the park on Sundays. I SOMETIMES EAT with my sister. She NEVER COMES on time. We ALMOST NEVER TAKE lunch to work with us. auxiliary verbs He IS USUALLY at the park with his son. I WAS SOMETIMES angry with my sister when I was young. She WILL NEVER be on time. We HAVE ALMOST ALWAYS seen her on the weekends. HAVE, HAS and HAD are auxiliary verbs only when used with past participles: I HAVE ALWAYS PLAYED baseball on Saturday afternoons. She HAS NEVER BEEN to France. We HAD ALWAYS SPOKEN Spanish before we moved to England. HAVE, HAS and HAD are regular verbs when not used with past participles: I ALWAYS HAVE trouble with my math homework. She NEVER HAS fun at the beach. We ALWAYS HAD to clean the house after we had a party. Adverbs of Frequency (cont.) DO, DOES, and DID are auxiliary verbs only when used in questions or negatives: DID you finish the project on time? He DIDN'T like the dinner, so he DIDN'T eat it. In other cases, DO, DOES and DID are regular verbs: He NEVER DOES his homework for that class. I ALWAYS DID the dishes when I was young. They SOMETIMES DO their office work at home. In questions, the adverb of frequency goes after the subject: Did YOU ALWAYS do the dishes when you were younger? Is HE OFTEN absent from class? Are YOU USUALLY on time for work? The adverb EVER is used in questions to mean "at any time" in your life: Will SHE EVER finish this paper? Has HE EVER been to France? Can YOU EVER forgive me for what I've done to you? Do YOU EVER go to scary movies, or only romantic ones? SOMETIMES, OFTEN and USUALLY can also be used as the beginning of a sentence. Sometimes I was angry with my sister when I was young. Often, I eat with my sister. Usually, I'm at the park with my son. (You don't have to put a comma after Sometimes, but you may.) THE OTHER ADVERBS SHOULD NOT BEGIN A SENTENCE! Wrong *Seldom I go to church. *Always he eats alone. Right I seldom go to church. He always eats alone. Wrong *Never I eat meat. Right I never eat meat. Wrong *Always she's in church. Right She's always in church. Adverbs of Frequency (cont.) If the auxiliary is negative, the adverb of frequency can go before or after it (sometimes in either position). Each case is different and must be learned from examples. okay We USUALLY DON'T take our dog with us to the store. okay We DON'T USUALLY take our dog with us to the store. not okay *We always can't understand him. (Say, "We CAN NEVER understand him.") okay We CAN'T ALWAYS understand him. okay We OFTEN CAN'T understand the teacher. okay We CAN'T OFTEN understand the teacher. okay He ISN'T ALWAYS on time for class. not okay *He always isn't on time for class. (Say, "He's NEVER on time for class.") (When in doubt, you are probably safer putting the adverb after the negative auxiliary verb.) Some other adverbs follow the same position rules as the adverbs of frequency. The most common ones are probably most likely (=probably) all both also He PROBABLY FOUND that in the garbage. She MOST LIKELY SPEAKS fluent Spanish. They ALL ENJOYED themselves at the game. We BOTH KNOW the president. She sings, and she ALSO DANCES. I AM PROBABLY not going to be on time tomorrow. He WILL MOST LIKELY take the train to Boston. You MUST ALL come on time for class every day. They CAN BOTH cook. She's a singer, and she's ALSO a dancer. ALL and BOTH can also be part of a subject: ALL OF THE STUDENTS came today. OR ALL THE STUDENTS came today. OR The students ALL CAME today. BOTH OF MY PARENTS are dead. OR BOTH MY PARENTS are dead. OR My parents ARE BOTH dead. Agreement Subject-Verb Agreement (Plural/Singular) Singular subjects (except for I and YOU) always need an S on the present-tense verbs that accompany them: He SELLS furniture. She LIVES in Detroit. This TAKES time. It RAINS a lot in Seattle. Plural subjects, and the pronouns I and YOU, have no S on the present-tense verbs that accompany them: They SELL furniture. I LIVE in Chicago. You TAKE too much for granted. Some auxiliary verbs that are present or future tense have no S: can He can swim. must She must study. should It should take an hour. will Bob will eat with us. might Sandra might come too. ought The dog ought to stay outside. may My son may arrive soon. Other auxiliary verbs have an S in the present: does DOES he like pizza? has HAS she seen that movie yet? is IS Bob coming to your party? was WAS Sheila at the meeting? No verbs have a final S in the past tense! He SOLD furniture. They SOLD furniture. She LIVED in Chicago. They LIVED in Chicago. DID he like the show? DID they like the show? Pronouns that are created by adding -ONE, -BODY or -THING to NO-, ANY-, SOME-, EVERY- are ALL SINGULAR. (They are also written as one word, except for NO ONE, which is two words.) Nobody LOVES me. DOES anyone like pizza? Something SMELLS funny in here. Everyone HATES a crowded subway on a hot day. Agreement (cont.) EACH and EVERY are always singular: EACH boy and girl WANTS candy. EVERY man and woman NEEDS good health. Prepositional phrases may modify (describe) a subject of a sentence, but prepositional phrases are almost never the subject! The BOY WITH THE MARBLES IS going to play with me. (BOY is the subject of IS, "with the marbles" is a prepositional phrase.) The PURPOSE OF THESE PAPERS IS to inform you. (PURPOSE is the subject of IS, "of these papers" is a prepositional phrases.) With OR, the subject is the thing or person AFTER the OR: Either the boys or Mary IS going to cook dinner. (MARY is the subject.) Either Mary or the boys ARE going to cook dinner. (THE BOYS is the subject.) In America, NONE usually agrees with whatever it is talking about. NONE of the fruit TASTES good. (FRUIT is singular, so NONE is singular.) NONE of the pears TASTE good. (PEARS is plural, so NONE is plural.) PERCENT agrees with whatever it is talking about. FIFTY PERCENT of the fruit IS rotten. FIFTY PERCENT of the pears ARE rotten. SOME can be singular or plural. SOME of the fruit IS rotten. SOME of the apples ARE rotten. Relative pronouns agree with whatever they are referring to. This is the box of apples that IS broken. (THAT refers to the BOX.) This is the box of apples that ARE rotten. (THAT refers to the APPLES.) Dishes (prepared food), amounts of money and amounts of time are usually singular: Rice with scallops IS my favorite dish at that restaurant. Forty-five dollars IS too much to spend on a radio. Seven weeks IS a long time to wait for a package. Some plural nouns don't have an S, such as CHILDREN, PEOPLE, MEN, WOMEN, DEER, FISH, GEESE, MICE and some others. See information on PLURALS for a more complete list. Some singular nouns end in S, like NEWS and CRISIS. Agreement (cont.) In questions that begin with WHO or WHAT as the subject of the question, the verb is usually singular: WHO IS coming to your party? WHAT MAKES you so nervous? In America, collective nouns are generally treated as singular even though they refer to more than one: The COUPLE over there SEEMS happy. (The PARTNERS SEEM happy.) The GROUP IS being formed. (The MEMBERS ARE coming together.) The FAMILY LIVES together. (The RELATIVES LIVE together.) THERE IS or THERE ARE will be used depending on the FIRST item in the list: THERE IS a dog and three cats in that house. THERE ARE three cats and a dog in that house. A gerund (-ING form) is often used as a subject. Gerunds are the form used in English to make a noun from a verb: She SWIMS every day. (SWIMS is a verb.) SWIMMING is her favorite activity. (SWIMMING is a noun.) Gerunds are ALWAYS singular. SWIMMING HAS always been my favorite sport. RAISING a child TAKES patience and love. BUILDING a bridge REQUIRES engineering expertise. LOVING you IS easy because you're beautiful. ONE OF is always followed by a plural, but ONE is the SINGULAR subject (not the prepositional phrase beginning with OF + Plural): ONE of my friends IS coming to see me. ONE of the cities WAS invaded by Hannibal. ONE of the children WANTS to eat dinner now. ONE of the secretaries NEEDS a new computer. ONE of the hardest things about the job IS dealing with the boss. Notice how, in each case, ONE is follow by OF + PLURAL: one OF MY FRIENDS one OF THE CITIES one OF THE CHILDREN one OF THE SECRETARIES one OF THE HARDEST THINGS ONE OF must ALWAYS be followed by a plural! ONE OF must ALWAYS be followed by a plural!! ONE OF must ALWAYS be followed by a plural!!! Body Parts Parts of the Head | | | | | | | | head |__ hair ____|___|___|__| | | | forehead | | | | eyebrow eyebrow | | | face | eye-eyelid eye-eyelid| ear | | | eyelashes eyelashes | earlobe | | | cheek nose cheek | | | | mouth/lips/teeth | | | |___________chin_________| | | | neck | Parts of the Body | | /-- shoulder--| |---shoulder---\ / | | \ / arm | (back) | \ / | | \ / | chest | \ / | | /elbow | x x | \ | | \ | | \ | | -wrist | | hand | | fingers - liver stomach | thumb pinky | | || | | navel | || | | x | thumbnail nail | | |-- waist----waist---waist- Parts of the Lower Body ------------------------ | waist waist | | | | (behind) | | | | leg / | | / | | / | | \ | \ \ | \ \ | \ \ knee | | | | ankle | \___|________ | \== big toe | foot - heel |_____________- toes Capital Cities of the World Afghanistan---Kabul Albania---Tirane Algeria---Algiers American Samoa---Pago Pago Andorra---Andorra La Vella Angola---Luanda Antigua & Barbuda---Saint John's Argentina---Buenos Aires Aruba---Oranjestad Australia---Canberra Austria---Vienna Bahamas---Nassau Bahrain---Manama Bangladesh---Dacca Barbados---Bridgetown Belgium---Brussels Belize---Belmopan Benin---Porto Novo Bermuda---Hamilton Bhutan---Thimphu Bolivia---La Paz Botswana---Gaborone Brazil---Brasilia Brunei---Bandar Seri Begawan Bulgaria---Sofia Burkina Faso---Ouagadougou Burundi---Bujumbura Cambodia---Phnom Penh Cameroon---Yaounde Canada---Ottawa Cape Verde---Praia Cayman Islands---George Town Central African Rep.---Bangui Chad---N'djamena Chile---Santiago China---Beijing Colombia---Bogota Comoros---Moroni Congo---Brazzaville Costa Rica---San Jos Cote D'ivoire---Abidjan Cuba---Havana Cyprus---Nicosia Czechoslovakia---Prague Denmark---Copenhagen Djibouti---Djibouti Dominica---Roseau Dominican Republic---Santo Domingo Ecuador---Quito Egypt---Cairo El Salvador---San Salvador Capital Cities of the World (cont.) Equatorial Guinea---Malabo Ethiopia---Addis Ababa Falkland Islands---Stanley Fiji---Suva Finland---Helsinki France---Paris French Guiana---Cayenne French Polynesia---Papette Gabon---Libreville Gambia---Banjul Ghana---Accra Greece---Athens Greenland---Nuuk Grenada---Saint George's Guadeloupe---Basse-Terre Guam---Agana Guatemala---Guatemala City Guinea---Conakry Guinea-Bissau---Bissau Guyana---Georgetown Haiti---Port-au-Prince Honduras---Tegucigalpa Hong Kong---Victoria Hungary---Budapest Iceland---Reykjavik India---New Delhi Indonesia---Jakarta Iran---Tehran Iraq---Baghdad Ireland---Dublin Israel---Jerusalem Italy---Rome Jamaica---Kingston Japan---Tokyo Jordan---Amman Kenya---Nairobi Kiribati---Bonriki Kuwait---Kuwait Laos---Vientiane Lebanon---Beirut Lesotho---Maseru Liberia---Monrovia Libya---Tripoli Liechtenstein---Vaduz Luxembourg---Luxembourg Macau---Macau Madagascar---Antananarivo Malawi---Lilongwe Malaysia---Kuala Lumpur Maldives---Male Mali---Bamako Malta---Valletta Martinique---Fort-de-France Mauritania---Nouakchott Capital Cities of the World (cont.) Mauritius---Port Louis Mexico---Mexico City Monaco---Monaco Mongolia---Ulan-Bator Morocco---Rabat Mozambique---Maputo Myanmar---Yangon Namibia---Windhoek Nauru---Yaren Nepal---Kathmandu Netherlands---Amsterdam Netherlands Antilles---Willemstad New Caledonia---Noumea New Zealand---Wellington Nicaragua---Managua Niger---Niamey Nigeria---Lagos North Korea---Pyongyang Norway---Oslo Oman---Muscat Pakistan---Islamabad Panama---Panama City Papua New Guinea---Port Moresby Paraguay---Asuncion Peru---Lima Philippines---Manila Poland---Warsaw Portugal---Lisbon Puerto Rico---San Juan Qatar---Doha Reunion---Saint-Denis Romania---Bucharest Russia---Moscow Rwanda---Kigali Saint Kitts-Nevis---Basseterre Saint Lucia---Castries Saint Vincent---Kingstown San Marino---San Marino Sao Tome & Principe---Sao Tome Saudi Arabia---Riyadh Senegal---Dakar Seychelles---Victoria Sierra Leone---Freetown Singapore---Singapore City Solomon Islands---Honiara Somalia---Mogadishu South Africa---Pretoria South Korea---Seoul Spain---Madrid Sri Lanka---Colombo Sudan---Khartoum Suriname---Paramaribo Capital Cities of the World (cont.) Swaziland---Mbabane Sweden---Stockholm Switzerland---Bern Syria---Damascus Taiwan---Taipei Tanzania---Dar Es Salaam Thailand---Bangkok Togo---Lome Tonga---Nuku'alofa Trinidad & Tobago---Port-of-Spain Tunisia---Tunis Turkey---Ankara Tuvalu---Funafuti Uganda---Kampala United Arab Emirates---Abu Dhabi United Germany---Berlin United Kingdom---London Uruguay---Montevideo USA---Washington D.C. Vanuatu---Port Vila Venezuela---Caracas Vietnam---Hanoi Virgin Islands UK---Road Town Virgin Islands US---Charlotte Amalie Western Sahara---Laayoune Western Samoa---Apia Yemen---Sanaa Yugoslavia---Belgrade Zaire---Kinshasa Zambia---Lusaka Zimbabwe---Harare Capital Letters Rules for Capital Letters USE capital letters for 1. titles (all words except short prepositions and articles) The Land of the Lost (The is capital as a 1st word) Rules for Capital Letters (FOR is a short preposition) A Moon for the Misbegotten (A is capital as a 1st word) Freshman Seminar 101 (the title of a college course) Police Find Body in River (IN is a short preposition) Why I Am Coming to School (TO is a short preposition) 2. names of people, places, companies, institutions, holidays, nationalities, languages and brand names Richard Shur is younger than Bill Clinton. New York City is a big city. Fifth Avenue is a long avenue. 42nd Street is a dirty street. LaGuardia Community College is a two-year college. Roosevelt Hospital is a good hospital. The Rocky Mountains are in the United States. I saw the Coit Tower and the Golden Gate Bridge. Chinese New Year, Christmas Eve, Valentine's Day I have some Japanese friends who speak Spanish. I use Ivory soap and Colgate toothpaste. 3. professional and family titles when used with names Dr. Brown, Aunt Rhoda, Uncle Jake, Professor Shur 4. first word of a sentence and the pronoun I She is smart, but she's lazier than I am. 5. days of the week, months On Tuesday we have class. Our vacation is in March. 6. religions and some religious words I'm Catholic. I love God and He loves me. I also love the Pope. Capital Letters (cont.) DO NOT USE capitals for 7. seasons of the year I think spring is the nicest time of year. 8. earth-sun-moon-universe (but capitalize other planets and stars) The earth is near Mars and Venus. They all go around the sun. 9. jobs and professions (except as titles, as in #3, above) I need a good doctor, but Doctor Smith isn't home. I'm going to be an occupational therapist. 10. school subjects and majors (except names of specific courses) I'm studying biology even though my major is computer science. (BUT: My course is called Intro to Computer Programming II.) 11. words after a semi-colon (;) I hate him; he's a busybody. It's hot; it's not cold. Cities Addis Ababa---Ethiopia Amsterdam---Holland Athens---Greece Atlanta---Georgia Atlantic City---New Jersey Baghdad---Iraq Baltimore---Maryland Bangkok---Thailand Barcelona---Spain Beijing---China Belgrade---Yugoslavia Berlin---Germany Birmingham---England Bogota---Colombia Bombay---India Boston---Massachusetts Brussels---Belgium Bucharest---Romania Budapest---Hungary Buenos Aires---Argentina Buffalo---New York Cairo---Egypt Calcutta---India Cape Town---South Africa Caracas---Venezuela Chicago---Illinois Cincinnati---Ohio Cleveland---Ohio Columbus---Ohio Copenhagen---Denmark Dallas---Texas Delhi---India Denver---Colorado Detroit---Michigan Dublin---Ireland El Paso---Texas Frankfurt---Germany Glasgow---Scotland Guadalajara---Mexico Hamburg---Germany Hartford---Connecticut Havana---Cuba Helsinki---Finland Ho Chi Min City---Vietnam Hong Kong---China Honolulu---Hawaii Houston---Texas Indianapolis---Indiana Istanbul---Turkey Jakarta---Indonesia Johannesburg---South Africa Kiev---Ukraine Cities (cont.) Kinshasha---Zaire Kobe---Japan Kyoto---Japan Lagos---Nigeria Las Vegas---Nevada Lima---Peru Lisbon---Portugal Little Rock---Arkansas Liverpool---England London---England Los Angeles---California Madrid---Spain Manchester---England Manila---the Philippines Marseille---France Medellin---Colombia Melbourne---Australia Mexico City---Mexico Miami---Florida Milan---Italy Minneapolis---Minnesota Montreal---Canada Moscow---Russia Munich---Germany Naples---Italy Nashville---Tennessee New Orleans---Louisiana New York---New York Newark---New Jersey Oklahoma City---Oklahoma Osaka---Japan Oslo---Norway Paris---France Philadelphia---Pennsylvania Phoenix---Arizona Pittsburgh---Pennsylvania Portland---Oregon Rangoon---Burma Reykjavik---Iceland Richmond---Virginia Rio de Janeiro---Brazil Rome---Italy St. Louis---Missouri St. Petersburg---Russia San Antonio---Texas San Diego---California San Francisco---California San Juan---Puerto Rico Santa Fe---New Mexico Santiago---Chile Santo Domingo---the Dominican Republic Sao Paulo---Brazil Seattle---Washington Cities (cont.) Seoul---South Korea Shanghai---China Singapore---Singapore Stockholm---Sweden Sydney---Australia Taipei---Taiwan Tehran---Iran Tel Aviv---Israel Tokyo---Japan Toronto---Canada Vancouver---Canada Vienna---Austria Warsaw---Poland Yokohama---Japan Zurich---Switzerland Comparatives and Superlatives Comparative and Superlative We use the comparative forms (ER or MORE) to make a comparison between two things or people: My brother is BIGGER THAN I am. He's SMARTER THAN me, too. The winter of '96 was a SNOWIER winter THAN the winter of '97. I have two sons. My MORE INTELLIGENT son is in college. Sometimes we don't name the second person or thing, but we are thinking about it, and we know the listener is thinking about it: I'll see you LATER (than now). Your work is getting BETTER (than your previous work). I need a BIGGER hat (than the one I have now). BETTER is the form that means "more good." WORSE is the form that means "more bad." We use the superlative forms (EST or MOST) to single out one thing or person in a group. We use THE with the superlative: My brother is THE BIGGEST boy in the family. Last winter was THE SNOWIEST winter in many years. These girls are THE MOST INTELLIGENT girls in the school. THE BEST= "the most good." THE WORST= "the most bad." We usually name the group or place that the superlative person or thing is the best or most of something in. If we don't do that, we often use the present perfect with the superlative: He's the smartest guy in the class. (but not in the school) That's the most beautiful sunset [that] I've ever seen! She's the most beautiful woman in town. (but not in the world) If you use possessive adjectives (my, his, John's), don't use THE: She's MY OLDEST daughter. (NOT *She's the my oldest daughter.) Somebody stole JOHN'S MOST EXPENSIVE pen. (NOT *the John's...) Comparatives and Superlatives (cont.) Spelling Rules for Comparative/Superlative no. of syllables comparative superlative ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 syllable add ER add EST fast faster than the fastest big bigger than the biggest ------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 syllables that end in y change Y to I and change Y to I and add ER add EST heavy heavier than the heaviest snowy snowier than the snowiest -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 syllables that don't end in y use MORE and use THE MOST and don't add ER! don't add EST! modern more modern than the most common common more common than the most modern -------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 or more syllables use MORE and use THE MOST and don't add ER! don't add EST! beautiful more beautiful than the most beautiful enjoyable more enjoyable than the most enjoyable -------------------------------------------------------------------- Composite Adjectives Composite Adjectives In English, we can make a hyphenated adjective with a number and a noun. The noun after the hyphen will always be singular, NOT plural! The Empire State Building has 102 stories. It's a 102-story building. Numbers below 11 should be written as words: There are nine men on the team. It's a nine-man team. Two cars fit in my garage. It's a two-car garage. Sometimes three words are hyphenated together, especially with OLD: My daughter is three years old. She's a three-year-old girl. Count and Noncount Nouns Quantity Words Words that tell about nouns are called adjectives, and in English, adjectives usually don't have a plural form: Nouns that can be plural are called COUNT NOUNS. Notice that the adjectives before these nouns remain the same whether the count noun is singular or plural: I have a GOOD IDEA. I have some GOOD IDEAS. She has a DIFFERENT CUSTOM. She has DIFFERENT CUSTOMS. He wants a BIG CAR. He likes BIG CARS. A few adjectives, however, are only singular or plural. These include articles, demonstrative adjectives, and quantity adjectives. Articles singular plural a some the (no change) the I need A BOX. I need SOME BOXES. THE CAR is over there. THE CARS are over there. Count and Noncount Nouns (cont.) Demonstrative Adjectives SINGULAR PLURAL this these that those which (no change) which I'm selling THIS BOAT. I'm selling THESE BOATS. I bought THAT COMPUTER. I bought THOSE COMPUTERS. WHICH SWEATER did you buy? WHICH SWEATERS did you buy? Count Nouns (singular and plural) We can talk about quantity for a singular count noun with the words a, an, one another (=one other, one more) I have to buy A BOOK. (one book) Give me ONE SANDWICH, not two. I'm still hungry. Give me ANOTHER HAMBURGER. (one more hamburger) The count nouns can also be plural, with words like: some/some more several, a few many, too many, not many I need SOME BOWLS for the soup. I need SOME MORE glasses, too. Take SEVERAL COOKIES. They're small. Take A FEW crackers, too. Don't eat TOO MANY SANDWICHES. You'll get a stomachache. Noncount Nouns (always singular) We can also talk about the quantity for a noncount noun, which is a noun that is ALWAYS singular and CANNOT BE PLURAL. We use words like: some/some more a little much, too much, not much Give me SOME ADVICE. You should have A LITTLE WATER. Don't drink TOO MUCH COFFEE. You'll be up all night! I need SOME MORE TIME. There's TOO MUCH NOISE in here. Be quiet! Count and Noncount Nouns (cont.) Quantity Adjectives Noncount Nouns Count Nouns (ALWAYS SINGULAR) PLURAL (singular with A/AN) ===================== ======================= too much too many much many a lot of (no change) a lot of some (no change) some ---- several a little a few not much not many very little very few only a little only a few little few any (no change) any no (no change) no Noncount Nouns/Always singular! Count nouns/Plural (singular with A/AN) =================================== ====================================== A LITTLE = some A FEW = some LITTLE = not much FEW = not many VERY LITTLE = not much VERY FEW = not many ONLY A LITTLE = not much ONLY A FEW = not many Don't drink TOO MUCH COFFEE! Don't eat TOO MANY MANGOES! How MUCH TIME did it take to write? How MANY TIMES did he read it? I need A LOT OF MILK. I need A LOT OF SPOONS. Give me SOME WATER. Give me SOME PENS and SEVERAL PENCILS. We have A LITTLE ADVICE for you. Can I make A FEW SUGGESTIONS? There isn't MUCH TIME. Hurry! We don't have MANY EGGS. Don't eat any. He has VERY LITTLE PATIENCE. He has VERY FEW FRIENDS. She has ONLY A LITTLE EDUCATION. She took ONLY A FEW CLASSES. She has LITTLE INTEREST in that man. The dumb idiot has FEW good IDEAS. I don't need ANY HELP. I don't have ANY SISTERS. There is NO TRAFFIC today. There are NO CARS on the road. Noncount Nouns/always singular! Count Nouns/plural (or singular with A/AN) some... a little... some... several... a few... advice suggestions, ideas air breaths of air chicken (food on a plate) pieces of chicken clothing clothes equipment tools food sandwiches, hamburgers fruit apples, oranges, pears, cherries Count and Noncount Nouns (cont.) furniture pieces of furniture, chairs garbage, trash pieces of trash grammar grammar points, grammar rules hardware hammers, nails, screws, saws, files help homework assignments, homework assignments housework chores information pieces of information jewelry bracelets, necklaces literature books, novels luggage suitcases machinery machines mail letters, packages, postcards money dollars, dimes, pennies music songs, operas, concerts news (It has S, but it's singular!) news items, pieces of news pain pangs paper sheets of paper, pieces of paper patience poetry poems postage stamps scenery sights silverware forks, spoons, knives sorrow, sadness pangs of sorrow, moments of sadness soup bowls of soup sugar spoons of sugar, packets of sugar time (continuous length of time) times (separate occasions) toast slices of toast, pieces of toast traffic cars vocabulary words water glasses of water Do-Have-Make-Take DO... ENJOYING LIFE with DO do what[ever] you want do what[ever] you feel like do your own thing (teenage slang from the '60s) (do what you really enjoy, regardless of other people's opinions) do something interesting, new, fun, wild, exciting do a [crossword] puzzle HOUSEWORK with DO do housework do chores (household jobs, often by the children in a family) do errands (at home or at work) do the cleaning do the ironing do the laundry (=wash the clothes) do the shopping (=go shopping) do the cooking do the dishes (=wash the dishes) do the gardening (around a house) JOB WORK and SCHOOL WORK with DO do business with somebody do a job do a good, bad job do homework do an assignment, a homework assignment do an exercise, some exercises (as in a schoolbook) do it again (repeat an action) do it over (repeat an action) do it until you get it right do it right (perform correctly) do it wrong (make a mistake) do the same thing (as somebody else, or repeat an action) do your taxes (=prepare your taxes) do work, do school work, do housework, do homework, do office work Do-Have-Make-Take (cont.) HURTING THINGS with DO do damage (to something) PERFORMING ARTS with DO do an imitation of somebody (act like somebody) do a number, a song (=sing a song, usually performing for others) do a dance number (a short dance performance) do a scene (from a play) do a skit, sketch (a short, funny theater piece) do a (comedy) routine PERSONAL ACTIVITIES with DO do exercise (to stay in shape and healthy) (=get some exercise) do your nails (women) do your hair (women) RIGHT and WRONG with DO do your best do your duty (often to your country) do somebody a favor do a favor for somebody do harm (to somebody) do the right thing do what's right do somebody wrong (harm somebody, usually emotionally) HAVE... ATTRIBUTION, POSSESSION with HAVE have a book, a car, a home, etc. (own or possess something) have a book, dictionary, a piece of paper on your desk (leave something on your desk) have brown hair, green eyes, a large nose, etc. (be a person with these kinds of body parts) have a son, a husband, children, cousins, relatives have a friend, have friends Do-Have-Make-Take (cont.) BIRTH with HAVE have a baby (=give birth to a baby) CLOTHING with HAVE have a sweater (possess a sweater) have a sweater on (be wearing a sweater) have nothing on (be naked) DIFFICULTY with HAVE have misgivings, reservations, worries (feel uneasy about some plan or past action) have problems (with something, with someone, doing something) have a hard time (doing something) have difficulty (doing something) EATING, DRINKING with HAVE have food or beverage (=eat or drink) have a meal, have a snack, have a bite to eat (a snack) have breakfast, have toast, have eggs, have coffee, etc. have lunch, have a sandwich, have a milk shake, etc. have dinner, have spaghetti, have dessert, have tea, etc. ENJOYMENT with HAVE I have a date Friday. (a friendly or romantic meeting, not for business) (You MAKE a date FOR Friday, HAVE a date Friday, GO ON the date Friday) have fun (somewhere, with somebody, doing something) have a good time (somewhere, with somebody, doing something) have a party (=throw a party) have people over (=invite people to your home) have a picnic (=go on a picnic) have sex (=make love) Do-Have-Make-Take (cont.) HAVE GOT, HAS GOT = HAVE, HAS I have got (I've got) got something (=I have something) He has got (he's got) something (=He has something) I have got (I've got) to do something (=I have to do something, I must do something) He has got (He's got) to do something (=He has to do something, he must do something) IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS with HAVE have an appointment (first you have to MAKE the appointment) (have an agreement to meet with someone for something serious) have a broken heart (devastated that a loved one is dead or gone) have no chance to win or succeed at something (have no opportunity) have no choice (be forced to do something that you don't want to) have a cold, have the flu have a disease (cancer, AIDS, the measles, pneumonia, etc.) have a heart attack have an idea about something or how to do something, have no idea have an interest in something or someone, have no interest in We have a meeting./We're having a meeting. Be sure to come. (there is a plan to meet, usually for something serious) We're having a meeting now./We're in a meeting now. Hold all calls. (a meeting is taking place currently) One thing has nothing to do with the other. (the two things are not related) have nothing to do with somebody else (stay away from another person) have nothing to worry about have nothing to be afraid of have nothing to fear have an opinion on something, have no opinion have patience, have no patience have a preference for something or someone, have no preference have a good reason, have no reason to do something (have a good justification or no justification to do something) (but BE right, BE correct, HAVE the right idea, MAKE sense) have no right to do something (not have moral or legal authority) have somebody do something (=tell somebody to do something) have something done (have a car repaired, have your hair cut, have your pet neutered, have the brakes realigned) Do-Have-Make-Take (cont.) SLANG EXPRESSIONS with HAVE have a cow (teenage slang) (=get very angry) have a fit (slang) (=get very angry) have a heart (slang) (=be kind, be nice, be helpful to someone in need) have nothing over on somebody (not be better than somebody) MAKE... ASSEMBLING with MAKE make something (construct with tools) (a chair, a birdhouse, a doll, a car, jewelry, TV sets) (but you BUILD a house, skyscraper, building, school) BEDS with MAKE make the bed (put the sheets, blankets and pillows neatly on a bed) BUSINESS with MAKE make an offer make a business deal make a sale make [some amount of money] make a lot of money make a profit make a fortune CHANGE FOR THE BETTER with MAKE make progress make improvements make a change, make changes (someplace, in the way you do things) make corrections (on written work) make repairs make renovations make amends (to somebody after doing something wrong to them) Do-Have-Make-Take (cont.) COOKING, PREPARING FOOD with MAKE make breakfast make tea, coffee, toast, an omelet, scrambled eggs, etc. make lunch make a sandwich, a milk shake, etc. make dinner make spaghetti and meatballs (or any dish that is prepared) DECISIONS with MAKE make a choice, a decision, a selection ERRORS with MAKE make a an error, a mistake make a fool of yourself make a mess (of things) IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS with MAKE make a fire (to cook or keep warm) make good time (travel quickly and arrive early on a trip to someplace) make it (to a place) (=get someplace, arrive someplace) make a list make up your mind, make your mind up (decide) make a phone call, make a reservation make (the) rules make sense (seem to be right about something) make a speech, make a presentation make sure (of some information) make a turn, a left turn, a right turn, a U-turn OTHER PEOPLE with MAKE make an apology (to somebody) make an excuse, make excuses (for doing something wrong) make a (good, bad) impression (on somebody) make love to (or with) somebody (=have sex with somebody) (=sleep with somebody) make noise (be loud) make noise (cause people to notice you, for good or bad reasons) make a spectacle of yourself (act VERY foolishly) make waves (cause people to notice you, for good or bad reasons) make somebody comfortable, happy, mad, etc. Do-Have-Make-Take (cont.) make somebody do something (not TO do!) (=force somebody to do something, order somebody to do something) make trouble (for somebody or for yourself) make yourself at home (relax in somebody else's home or office) PLANS, ARRANGEMENTS with MAKE make a date for Friday (plan to meet Friday, not for business) make an appointment for Friday (usually for something serious) make plans to do something with someone [on] Friday, next week make an arrangement, make arrangements to do something make preparations for an event, for a day TALKING TO OTHERS with MAKE make a suggestion, a comment make a complaint TRYING, SUCCEEDING with MAKE make an attempt, an effort (=try) make your dreams come true make it (=succeed in some enterprise) TAKE... EXPRESSIONS with TAKE take somebody's advice (listen to suggestions) take a bath, take a shower (wash your body in the tub) take blood (remove some blood from somebody's arm for a medical test) take a break (rest, relax) take care of someone (watch after, be responsible for another person) take care of someone (criminal slang) (=Kill, hurt, or frighten somebody.) take care of something (accept responsibility to do a job) take chances, take risks (do something dangerous) EXPRESSIONS with TAKE (cont.) take a dictation (write down what the teacher says in class) take dictation (write down what somebody, usually the boss in an office, says) Do-Have-Make-Take (cont.) take dollar bills (accept into a machine) (That candy machine doesn't take dollar bills, only coins.) take [down] some information (=write down some information) take it easy (calm down, don't rush, or don't worry) take first place (win first place in a contest) take something for granted (believe something without questioning its truthfulness) take medicine, take aspirin, take a pill (eat, drink or swallow medicine) take a message (write down information for somebody who is not there) EXPRESSIONS with TAKE (cont.) take an amount of money (agree to an offer) (He won't take less than $500 for that used car.) take an oath (promise to do an important job with good, honest behavior) take pictures of something or of somebody (use a camera to make photographs) take a seat (sit down in a chair) take someone's hand (hold their hand) (Always take your child's hand when crossing the street!) take somebody somewhere (Take Jimmy to the zoo. He wants to see the monkeys.) take something (put something in your hand) (Take the hammer and one nail, and put the nail into the wall.) take something (receive something from somebody else) (Here! Take this hamburger.) take something (that doesn't belong to you) (steal something, or borrow something without permission) take something unpleasant or somebody's unpleasant behavior (I can't take that loud noise! When will they stop? I can't take your constant complaining!) take steps, measures (do what's necessary, often to fix or avoid a problem) take ten (Take ten minutes to rest. Then start working again.) take a test (try to write the correct answers to questions on an examination) take time to do something (It will take us two hours to get to Boston from here. It took me three days to finish this job. It takes time to learn English.) take your time (don't rush) take some time off (stop working for a while) Do-Have-Make-Take (cont.) take a train, bus, subway, taxi, boat (=go by train, by bus, by subway, by taxi, boat) take a trip (=go on a trip) take turns (have each person do something in order, not all at the same time) take a vacation (=go on vacation) take a walk, take long walks (=go for a walk, go for long walks) TAKE with PREPOSITIONS take after somebody (be similar to somebody in the way you act) take something apart (put something into pieces, usually carefully) take back something (obtain a possession that is yours) take back something you've said (admit you were wrong about it) take off (for an airplane, leave the ground) take off (for a business, become successful, because it "starts to fly") take off a piece of clothing (remove something you're wearing) take on a responsibility (accept a job or duty) take out (remove a thing from inside somewhere) take out an ad in a newspaper (place an advertisement in a paper) take somebody out (invite a person to a restaurant, movie, disco) take out the garbage (put the household garbage by the street) take over for somebody (agree to accept somebody else's responsibilities, job, duties) take up fishing, photography, dancing, knitting, etc. (start doing or learning something) Do-Have-Make-Take (cont.) IDIOMATIC and SLANG EXPRESSIONS with TAKE take the cake (be the best, but often used jokingly when someone is the worst) (You really take the cake! You've lost five customers today!) take the good with the bad (accept bad things that happen along with good things) take it on the chin (allow someone to be cruel to you) take it out on somebody (be unkind to a person who is not responsible for your problem) take your medicine (accept punishment that you have earned) take a pill (teenage slang) (calm down, don't get upset) take a shot (make an attempt, often when there is very little hope of success) (to GET a shot is to get an inoculation in the doctor's office) Either-Neither-So-Too Either - Neither - So - Too In short sentences showing that one subject is the same as another, we use SO and TOO to show that two subjects are the same if the first statement is positive: TOO comes at the end of a sentence, short or long: Mary CAN COOK fried chicken. Sarah CAN too. Sarah CAN COOK fried chicken too. SO comes at the beginning of a short sentence. It is not used with a long sentence, only a short one: Mary CAN COOK fried chicken. So CAN Sarah. In the long form of agreement, with TOO, you repeat the complete verb. In the short form of agreement, you must use only the auxiliary verb. Use the same auxiliary verb that is used in the first sentence, but change for singular or plural subject, if necessary. John SHOULD WORK harder in his math class. long form: Peter SHOULD WORK harder too. short form: Peter SHOULD too. short form: So SHOULD Peter. Professor Rice HAS BEEN to Europe. long form: Professor Simpson and his wife HAVE BEEN there too. short form: Professor Simpson and his wife HAVE too. short form: SO HAVE Professor Simpson and his wife. (HAVE, HAS and HAD are auxiliary verbs only when they are used with a past participle.) If the first sentence doesn't have an auxiliary verb, then you must choose DO, DOES or DID. DO and DOES are singular and present tense. DO is present tense, used with plural subjects, YOU and I. DID is past tense for all subjects. Alan ATE three hamburgers yesterday long form: Rick ATE three hamburgers yesterday too. short form: Rick DID too. short form: So DID Rick. Either-Neither-So-Too (cont.) Fred LOVES to go jogging in Central Park. long form: Martha LOVES to go jogging there too. long form: Ted and Buddy LOVE to go jogging there too. short form: Martha DOES too. Ted and Buddy DO too. short form: So DOES Martha. So DO Ted and Buddy. If the first statement is negative, then agreement for the second subject will use EITHER or NEITHER. EITHER comes at the end of a sentence, which can be a long sentence or a short one. The first sentence has a negative form, and the sentence with EITHER also has a negative form. NEITHER comes at the beginning of a short sentence. NEITHER is not used with a long sentence. NEITHER must be used with an auxiliary verb in the POSITIVE FORM even though the first sentence uses a negative form: Martha and Ken DON'T HAVE a dog. long form: Peter and Sheila DON'T HAVE a dog either. short form: Peter and Sheila DON'T either. short form: NEITHER DO Peter and Sheila. (DO is the positive form.) More examples with EITHER and NEITHER... Ann and Grace aren't in school today. long form: Phil ISN'T in school either. short form: Phil ISN'T either. short form: NEITHER IS Phil. (IS is in the positive form.) Patrick doesn't have any money. long form: Bill DOESN'T HAVE any money either. short form: Bill DOESN'T either. short form: NEITHER DOES Bill. (DOES is in the positive form.) Another comment about NEITHER... NEITHER is used for a completely different purpose, with NOR, to say that something is negative about both subjects or objects. The verb will be in the positive form: NEITHER Peter NOR Sam CAN UNDERSTAND the lesson. (They are both confused.) She WILL INVITE NEITHER Meg NOR Amy to her party. Even Though Even Though EVEN THOUGH can be used instead of BUT when we express a fact that goes against normal expectation. (When we're hungry, we usually eat!) a. She's hungry, BUT she's not going to eat. b. EVEN THOUGH she's hungry, she's not going to eat. c. She's not going to eat EVEN THOUGH she's hungry. You do not use BUT if you use EVEN THOUGH! If the EVEN THOUGH clause (part of the sentence) comes first, then the EVEN THOUGH clause is followed by a comma (sentence b). If the EVEN THOUGH clause comes last, there is no comma (sentence c). A longer, and probably less desirable, way to say EVEN THOUGH is DESPITE THE FACT THAT: DESPITE THE FACT THAT she's hungry, she's not going to eat. Famous People He designed Guess What! Rick Shur He was the only elected American president to be impeached. Bill Clinton He wrote Hamlet. William Shakespeare. He led the North to victory in the American Civil War. Ulysses S. Grant He led the South to defeat in the American Civil War. Robert E. Lee He discovered the theory of relativity. Albert Einstein He discovered gravity. Isaac Newton She founded the Red Cross. Clara Barton He led the fight against apartheid in South Africa. Nelson Mandela He was the first president of Russia after the Soviet Union disintegrated. Boris Yeltsin He brought communism to China. Mao Tse Tung He was found not guilty in the slashing death of his wife and her friend. O.J. Simpson He created Mickey Mouse and an amusement park named for him. Walt Disney only 20th century American elected president while serving as vice pres. George Bush He succeeded Richard Nixon as president. Gerald R. Ford He is the only African American actor to hold a Best Actor Oscar. Sidney Poitier He was the first American to orbit the earth. John Glenn He was the first man to walk on the moon. Neil Armstrong He fought and died at the Alamo and has a knife named after him. Jim Bowie He was the first Indian president of Mexico. Benito Juarez Future Clauses Future Clauses We can use BEFORE, WHEN, AS SOON AS, or AFTER to connect two sentences. BEFORE means EARLIER THAN. 5 PM - eat dinner 6 PM - do homework He'll eat dinner BEFORE he does his homework. (Eating will be EARLIER THAN doing homework.) AFTER means LATER THAN or FOLLOWING. 3 PM - do the laundry 4 PM - watch TV They'll watch TV AFTER they do the laundry. (Watching TV will be FOLLOWING or LATER THAN doing laundry.) WHEN means AT THE SAME TIME AS (or IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING). 4 PM - get home 4 PM - watch football on TV He'll watch football on TV WHEN he gets home. (He'll get home at 4 PM and immediately following that, he'll turn on the TV to watch football.) June 10 - turn 21 June 10 - have her first drink She'll have her first drink WHEN she turns 21. (She'll become 21 years old and have her first drink of whiskey on the same day, June 10, her birthday.) AS SOON AS means IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING 9 AM - get to the office 9:01 PM - look for the file She'll look for the file AS SOON AS she gets to the office. (She'll look for the file immediately after she arrives.) The part of the sentence including and following the words WHEN, BEFORE, AFTER, or AS SOON AS is called the time clause. These are all time clauses: when she turns 21 when he gets home as soon as she gets to the office before he does his homework after they do the laundry Future Clauses (cont.) In English, if the time clause is about the future (as all of these examples are), the verb MUST NOT be in the future tense. Instead, the verb is in the simple present tense. This does not mean that the sentence is talking about the present. It is simply a grammar rule. The time clause can come first or last: 1a. She'll have her first drink WHEN SHE TURNS 21. 1b. WHEN SHE TURNS 21, she'll have her first drink. 2a. He'll eat BEFORE HE DOES HIS HOMEWORK. 2b. BEFORE HE DOES HIS HOMEWORK, he'll eat. 3a. She'll look for the file AS SOON AS SHE GETS TO THE OFFICE. 3b. AS SOON AS SHE GETS TO THE OFFICE, she'll look for the file. 4a. He'll watch football on TV WHEN HE GETS HOME. 4b. WHEN HE GETS HOME, he'll watch football on TV. If the time clause comes last (sentences 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a) there is no comma. If the time clause comes first, the time clause is followed by a comma, as in sentences 1b, 2b, 3b, 4b. How Questions with How How (adjective) What's the level of (a given adjective)? How angry What's the level of anger? How beautiful What's the level of beauty? How cold What's the lowest temperature? How dangerous What's the extent of danger? How far What's the distance? How fast What's the speed? How hard What's the difficulty? How heavy What's the weight? How high What's the height? How hot What's the highest temperature? How long What's the length in size or length of time? How many What's the number? How much What's the total amount (in cost, weight, volume)? How often What's the frequency of occurrences in a given period? How sick What's the condition of bad health? How soon What's the first possible time something can happen? How tall What's the height? If/Unless If/Unless You will pass the test IF you study for it. The IF clause is the part of the sentence including IF and the subject and verb that follow IF: if you study for it The MAIN clause is the other part of the sentence: You will pass the test The IF clause tells what is necessary, what needs to happen, for the MAIN clause to come true. "Passing the test" can come true but it is necessary that "you study for it." The IF clause is also called the CONDITION. A condition is something that is necessary to do (studying) for another thing (passing the test) to happen. In a statement about the future, what WILL happen, the IF clause cannot have a future tense. Instead, the simple present form of the verb is used. The simple present verb will have S at the end if the subject is singular. The simple present verb will not have S if the subject is plural, I or YOU. He will fall down IF HE RUNS too fast. She will succeed IF SHE WORKS really hard. They will lose their car IF THEY LEAVE it unlocked on the street. The IF clause can come first or last. If the IF clause comes last, as in the sentences above, there is no comma. If it comes first, as in the sentences below, there is a comma after the IF clause: If he runs too fast, he will fall down. If she works really hard, she will succeed. If they leave their car unlocked on the street, they will lose it. UNLESS is the opposite of IF. You will fail the test UNLESS you study hard for it. The UNLESS clause (unless you study hard for it) tells what must happen if you want to PREVENT the statement in the main clause (You will fail). To PREVENT an action is to make it NOT HAPPEN, or not come true. By studying hard for the test, you PREVENT (AVOID, ESCAPE) failing the test. If/Unless (cont.) You will catch a cold UNLESS you wear a coat. You will AVOID, PREVENT catching a cold by wearing a coat. I'll go to the beach UNLESS it rains. Rain will PREVENT me from going to the beach. The UNLESS clause can come first or last, according to rules given above, for the IF clause. If the UNLESS clause is first, it is followed by a comma: Unless it rains, I'll go to the beach. If the UNLESS clause is last, there is no comma: I'll go to the beach unless it rains. The verb in the UNLESS clause cannot be in the future tense. It must be in the present tense, according to the rules given above, for IF clauses. You'll catch a cold UNLESS YOU WEAR a coat. She'll fail the math exam UNLESS SHE STUDIES for it. He'll lose his car UNLESS HE PARKS it in a garage. This doesn't mean that the sentence is about the present time. It is simply a grammar rule of English. Inventions 1593 Galileo (Italian) --- thermometer 1625 Jean-Baptiste Denys (French) --- blood transfusion 1642 Blaise Pascal (French) --- adding machine 1643 Evangelista Torricelli (Italian) --- barometer 1656 Christiaan Huygens (Dutch) --- pendulum clock 1668 Isaac Newton (English) --- reflecting telescope 1701 Jethro Tull (English) --- seed drill 1760 Benjamin Franklin (American) --- bifocal spectacles 1764 J. Hargreaves (English) --- spinning jenny 1765 James Watt (Scottish) --- steam Engine 1775 David Bushnell (American) --- submarine 1780 Samuel Harrison (English) --- steel pen 1783 Montgolfier brothers (French) --- balloon 1786 Andrew Meikle (Scottish) --- thresher 1787 John Fitch (American) --- steamboat 1793 Eli Whitney (American) --- cotton gin 1796 Edward Jenner (English) --- vaccination for small pox 1800 Alessandro Volta (Italian) --- voltaic cell 1804 Francois Appert (French) --- canning 1815 Humphry Davy (English) --- miner's safety lamp 1816 Karl D. Sauerbronn (German) --- bicycle 1823 C. Macintosh (Scottish) --- raincoat 1829 W.A. Burt (American) --- typewriter 1830 Jacob Perkins (American) --- ice-making machine 1831 Cyrus McCormick (American) --- reaper 1831 Michael Faraday (English) --- dynamo 1834 Thomas Davenport (American) --- electric streetcar 1835 Samuel Colt (American) --- revolver 1837 John Deere (American) --- steel plow 1837 S.F.B. Morse (American) --- telegraph 1845 Elias Howe (American) --- sewing machine 1852 Elisha G. Otis (American) --- elevator 1852 J.B.L. Foucault (French) --- gyroscope 1853 Gail Borden (American) --- condensed milk 1855 Robert Bunsen (German) --- Bunsen burner 1857 George M. Pullman (American) --- sleeping car 1861 R.J. Gatling (American) --- Gatling gun 1862 Alfred Nobel (Swedish) --- blasting cap 1865 Joseph Lister (English) --- antiseptic surgery 1868 G. Westinghouse (American) --- railway air brakes 1876 Nikolaus A. Otto (German) --- gas engine 1876 A.G. Bell (American) --- telephone 1877 Thomas Edison (American) --- phonograph 1877 G.F. Swift (American) --- refrigerator car 1878 D.E. Hughes (American) --- microphone 1879 Thomas Edison (American) --- incandescent lamp 1879 James Ritty (American) --- cash register 1884 L.E. Waterman (American) --- fountain pen 1885 Karl Benz (German) --- gasoline-powered automobile 1887 J.B. Dunlop (Scottish) --- air-inflated rubber tire 1888 George Eastman (American) --- Kodak camera 1888 W. Burroughs (American) --- adding machine Inventions (cont.) 1893 Thomas Edison (American) --- movie projector 1893 W.L. Judson (American) --- zipper 1895 Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen (German) --- x-ray 1896 G. Marconi (Italian) --- wireless telegraphy 1903 Wright brothers (American) --- airplane 1911 Elmer A. Sperry (American) --- gyrocompass 1914 E.D. Swinton (English) --- tank 1918 John Browning (American) --- automatic rifle 1922-26 T.W. Case (American) --- sound motion pictures 1925 C. Birdseye (American) --- quick-frozen food 1926 R.H. Goddard (American) --- liquid-fuel rocket 1928 Alexander Fleming (English) --- penicillin 1937 W.H. Carothers (American) --- nylon 1939 Igor Sikorsky (American) --- helicopter 1942 Wernher von Braun (German) --- guided missile 1942 Enrico Fermi and team (American) --- nuclear reactor 1944 Wernher von Braun (German) --- ballistic missile 1945 J. Robert Oppenheimer and team (American) --- atomic bomb 1947 Percy L. Spencer (American) --- microwave oven 1948 William Shockley and John Bardeen (American) --- transistor 1948 Edwin Land and Walter H. Brattain (American) --- Polaroid camera 1950 Peter Carl Goldmark (American) --- color television 1952 Edward Teller and team (American) --- hydrogen bomb 1954 Jonas Salk (American) --- polio vaccine 1955 Gregory Pincus (American) --- oral contraceptive 1956 Charles Ginsberg (American) --- videotape 1958 Samuel Cohen and team (American) --- neutron bomb 1972 J.S. Kilby, J.D. Merryman (American) --- electronic pocket calculator Measurement Time 100 years = 1 century 366 days = 1 leap year 12 months = 1 year 28-31 days = 1 month 7 days = 1 week 24 hours = 1 day 60 minutes = 1 hour 60 seconds = 1 minute Volume 1 liter = 1000 milliliters 1 gallon = 4 quarts 1 quart = 2 pints 1 pint = 2 cups 1 cup = 8 (fluid) ounces Length 1 kilometer = 1000 meters 1 meter = 100 centimeters 1 meter = 1000 millimeters 1 mile = 5280 feet 1 mile = 1760 yards 1 yard = 3 feet 1 yard = 36 inches 1 foot = 12 inches Area 640 acres = 1 square mile Weight 1 kilogram = 1000 grams 1 gram = 1000 milligrams 1 ton = 2000 pounds 1 pound = 16 (dry) ounces Quantity 1 gross = 12 dozen 1 dozen = 12 items Conversion 1 mile = 1.609 kilometers 1 kilometer = 0.621 miles 1 meter = 39.37 inches 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds 1 pound = 453.59 grams 1 pound = 0.454 kilograms 1 liter = 1.057 quarts 1 quart = 0.946 liters Modern Library Top 100 Novels 1 (1922 James Joyce) --- Ulysses 2 (1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald) --- The Great Gatsby 3 (1916 James Joyce) --- A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 4 (1955 Vladimir Nabokov) --- Lolita 5 (1932 Aldous Huxley) --- Brave New World 6 (1929 William Faulkner) --- The Sound and the Fury 7 (1961 Joseph Heller) --- Catch-22 8 (1941 Arthur Koestler) --- Darkness at Noon 9 (1913 D.H. Lawrence) --- Sons and Lovers 10 (1939 John Steinbeck) --- The Grapes of Wrath 11 (1947 Malcolm Lowry) --- Under the Volcano 12 (1903 Samuel Butler) --- The Way of All Flesh 13 (1949 George Orwell) --- 1984 14 (1934 Robert Graves) --- I, Claudius 15 (1927 Virginia Woolf) --- To the Lighthouse 16 (1925 Theodore Dreiser) --- An American Tragedy 17 (1940 Carson McCullers) --- The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter 18 (1969 Vonnegut) --- Slaughterhouse Five 19 (1952 Ralph Ellison) --- Invisible Man 20 (1940 Richard Wright) --- Native Son 21 (1959 Saul Bellow) --- Henderson the Rain King 22 (1934 John O'Hara) --- Appointment in Samarra 23 (1936 John Dos Passos) --- U.S.A. 24 (1919 Sherwood Anderson) --- Winesburg, Ohio 25 (1924 E.M. Forster) --- A Passage to India 26 (1902 Henry James) --- The Wings of the Dove 27 (1903 Henry James) --- The Ambassadors 28 (1934 F. Scott Fitzgerald) --- Tender Is the Night 29 (1935 James T. Farrell) --- Studs Lonigan 30 (1915 Ford Madox Ford) --- The Good Soldier 31 (1945 George Orwell) --- Animal Farm 32 (1904 Henry James) --- The Golden Bowl 33 (1900 Theodore Dreiser) --- Sister Carrie 34 (1934 Evelyn Waugh) --- A Handful of Dust 35 (1930 William Faulkner) --- As I Lay Dying 36 (1946 Robert Penn Warren) --- All the King's Men 37 (1927 Thornton Wilder) --- The Bridges of San Luis Rey 38 (1910 E.M. Forster) --- Howards End 39 (1953 Baldwin) --- Go Tell It on the Mountain 40 (1948 Graham Greene) --- The Heart of the Matter 41 (1954 William Golding) --- Lord of the Flies 42 (1970 James Dickey) --- Deliverance 43 (1975 Anthony Powell) --- A Dance to the Music of Time 44 (1928 Aldous Huxley) --- Point Counter Point 45 (1926 Ernest Hemingway) --- The Sun Also Rises 46 (1907 Joseph Conrad) --- The Secret Agent 47 (1904 Joseph Conrad) --- Nostromo 48 (1915 D.H. Lawrence) --- The Rainbow 49 (1920 D.H. Lawrence) --- Women In Love 50 (1934 Henry Miller) --- Tropic of Cancer Modern Library Top 100 Novels (cont.) 51 (1948 Norman Mailer) --- The Naked and the Dead 52 (1969 Philip Roth) --- Portnoy's Complaint 53 (1962 Vladimir Nabokov) --- Pale Fire 54 (1932 William Faulkner) --- Light in August 55 (1957 Jack Kerouac) --- On the Road 56 (1930 Dashiell Hammett) --- The Maltese Falcon 57 (1928 Ford Madox Ford) --- Parade's End 58 (1920 Edith Wharton) --- The Age of Innocence 59 (1911 Max Beerbohm) --- Zuleika Dobson 60 (1961 Walker Percy) --- The Moviegoer 61 (1927 Willa Cather) --- Death Comes for the Archbishop 62 (1951 James Jones) --- From Here to Eternity 63 (1957 John Cheever) --- The Wapshot Chronicle 64 (1951 J.D. Salinger) --- The Catcher in the Rye 65 (1962 Anthony Burgess) --- A Clockwork Orange 66 (1915 W. Somerset Maugham) --- Of Human Bondage 67 (1902 Joseph Conrad) --- Heart of Darkness 68 (1920 Sinclair Lewis) --- Main Street 69 (1905 Edith Wharton) --- The House of Mirth 70 (1960 Lawrence Durrell) --- The Alexandria Quartet 71 (1929 Richard Hughes) --- A High Wind in Jamaica 72 (1961 V.S. Naipaul) --- A House for Mr. Biswas 73 (1939 Nathaniel West) --- The Day of the Locust 74 (1929 Ernest Hemingway) --- A Farewell to Arms 75 (1938 Evelyn Waugh) --- Scoop 76 (1961 Muriel Spark) --- The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie 77 (1939 James Joyce) --- Finnegans Wake 78 (1901 Kipling) --- Kim 79 (1908 E.M. Forster) --- A Room With a View 80 (1945 Evelyn Waugh) --- Brideshead Revisited 81 (1971 Saul Bellow) --- The Adventures of Augie March 82 (1971 Wallace Stegner) --- Angle of Repose 83 (1979 V.S. Naipaul) --- A Bend in the River 84 (1938 Elizabeth Bowen) --- The Death of the Heart 85 (1900 Joseph Conrad) --- Lord Jim 86 (1975 E.L. Doctorow) --- Ragtime 87 (1908 Arnold Bennett) --- The Old Wives' Tale 88 (1903 Jack London) --- The Call of the Wild 89 (1945 Henry Green) --- Loving 90 (1981 Salman Rushdie) --- Midnight's Children 91 (1932 Erskine Caldwell) --- Tobacco Road 92 (1983 William Kennedy) --- Ironweed 93 (1966 John Fowles) --- The Magus 94 (1966 Jean Rhys) --- Wide Sargasso Sea 95 (1954 Iris Murdoch) --- Under the Net 96 (1979 William Styron) --- Sophie's Choice 97 (1949 Paul Bowles) --- The Sheltering Sky 98 (1934 James M. Cain) --- The Postman Always Rings Twice 99 (1955 J.P. Donleavy) --- The Ginger Man 100 (1918 Booth Tarkington) --- The Magnificent Ambersons Movies: AFI's Top 100 U.S. Films 1 [1941] --- Citizen Kane 2 [1943] --- Casablanca 3 [1972] --- The Godfather 4 [1939] --- Gone With the Wind 5 [1962] --- Lawrence of Arabia 6 [1939] --- The Wizard of Oz 7 [1967] --- The Graduate 8 [1954] --- On the Waterfront 9 [1993] --- Schindler's List 10 [1952] --- Singin' in the Rain 11 [1946] --- It's a Wonderful Life 12 [1950] --- Sunset Boulevard 13 [1957] --- The Bridge on the River Kwai 14 [1959] --- Some Like It Hot 15 [1977] --- Star Wars 16 [1950] --- All About Eve 17 [1951] --- The African Queen 18 [1960] --- Psycho 19 [1974] --- Chinatown 20 [1975] --- One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest 21 [1940] --- The Grapes of Wrath 22 [1968] --- 2001: A Space Odyssey 23 [1941] --- The Maltese Falcon 24 [1980] --- Raging Bull 25 [1982] --- E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 26 [1964] --- Doctor Strangelove 27 [1967] --- Bonnie and Clyde 28 [1979] --- Apocalypse Now 29 [1939] --- Mr. Smith Goes to Washington 30 [1948] --- The Treasure of the Sierra Madre 31 [1977] --- Annie Hall 32 [1974] --- The Godfather Part II 33 [1952] --- High Noon 34 [1962] --- To Kill a Mockingbird 35 [1934] --- It Happened One Night 36 [1969] --- Midnight Cowboy 37 [1946] --- The Best Years of Our Lives 38 [1944] --- Double Indemnity 39 [1965] --- Doctor Zhivago 40 [1959] --- North by Northwest 41 [1961] --- West Side Story 42 [1954] --- Rear Window 43 [1933] --- King Kong 44 [1915] --- The Birth of a Nation 45 [1951] --- A Streetcar Named Desire 46 [1971] --- A Clockwork Orange 47 [1976] --- Taxi Driver 48 [1975] --- Jaws 49 [1938] --- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 50 [1969] --- Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Movies: AFI's Top 100 U.S. Films (cont.) 51 [1940] --- The Philadelphia Story 52 [1953] --- From Here to Eternity 53 [1984] --- Amadeus 54 [1929] --- All Quiet on the Western Front 55 [1965] --- The Sound of Music 56 [1970] --- M*A*S*H 57 [1950] --- The Third Man 58 [1940] --- Fantasia 59 [1955] --- Rebel Without a Cause 60 [1981] --- Raiders of the Lost Ark 61 [1958] --- Vertigo 62 [1982] --- Tootsie 63 [1939] --- Stagecoach 64 [1977] --- Close Encounters of the Third Kind 65 [1991] --- The Silence of the Lambs 66 [1976] --- Network 67 [1962] --- The Manchurian Candidate 68 [1951] --- An American in Paris 69 [1953] --- Shane 70 [1971] --- The French Connection 71 [1994] --- Forrest Gump 72 [1959] --- Ben-Hur 73 [1939] --- Wuthering Heights 74 [1925] --- The Gold Rush 75 [1990] --- Dances With Wolves 76 [1931] --- City Lights 77 [1973] --- American Graffiti 78 [1976] --- Rocky 79 [1978] --- The Deer Hunter 80 [1969] --- The Wild Bunch 81 [1936] --- Modern Times 82 [1956] --- Giant 83 [1986] --- Platoon 84 [1996] --- Fargo 85 [1933] --- Duck Soup 86 [1935] --- Mutiny on the Bounty 87 [1931] --- Frankenstein 88 [1969] --- Easy Rider 89 [1970] --- Patton 90 [1927] --- The Jazz Singer 91 [1964] --- My Fair Lady 92 [1951] --- A Place in the Sun 93 [1960] --- The Apartment 94 [1990] --- Goodfellas 95 [1994] --- Pulp Fiction 96 [1956] --- The Searchers 97 [1938] --- Bringing Up Baby 98 [1992] --- Unforgiven 99 [1967] --- Guess Who's Coming to Dinner 100 [1942] --- Yankee Doodle Dandy Negatives Negative Sentences In English, you make verbs negative by using one of the 20 auxiliary verbs: have do am can must has does is could might had did are shall may was should were will would The negative form of an auxiliary verb is used, most often (but not always) in the contracted (apostrophe) form of the verb + NOT: haven't don't am not can't must not hasn't doesn't isn't couldn't might not hadn't didn't aren't shall not may not wasn't shouldn't weren't won't wouldn't WON'T has a spelling change from WIll + NOT. CAN'T has a spelling change from CAN + NOT (one N is taken out). All the other contractions are made by 1. putting the auxiliary verb and NOT together DOESNOT (DOES + NOT) 2. taking out the O in NOT DOESN T 3. putting an apostrophe (') where the O used to be DOESN'T If a verb is used with an auxiliary verb, then the verb is negated by making the auxiliary verb negative: He IS singing now. He ISN'T singing now. She CAN drive. She CAN'T drive. They HAVE been there. They HAVEN'T been there. DID he come in? DIDN'T he come in? He'LL (He WILL) leave. He WON'T leave. If a verb is not used with an auxiliary verb, then you must put DOESN'T, DON'T or DIDN'T before the simple (base) form of the verb you wish to negate. DOESN'T and DON'T are used for present tense verbs, DOESN'T for singular subjects, DON'T for plural subjects, I, and YOU. DIDN'T is used for past tense verbs. He eats meat. He DOESN'T EAT meat. She loves New York. She DOESN'T LOVE New York. They worked hard. They DIDN'T WORK hard. Negatives (cont.) DO, DOES, DID, and DON'T, DOESN'T, DIDN'T are ALWAYS used with a simple form of the other verb. The simple form (base form) is the form with no S, no ED, no past tense and no ending of any kind. He DIDN'T EAT very much. NOT *He DIDN'T ATE very much. She DOESN'T LOVE him. NOT *She DOESN'T LOVES him. The other nine auxiliary verbs that are ALWAYS used with a simple form are CAN, COULD, SHALL, SHOULD, WILL, WOULD, MUST, MIGHT, MAY. HAVE, HAS and HAD are auxiliary verbs only when they are used with a past participle in the present perfect or past perfect tenses. When HAVE, HAS, and HAD are auxiliary verbs, the negative forms HAVEN'T, HASN'T and HADN'T are used: He has been to Europe. He HASN'T BEEN to Europe. I have said that before. I HAVEN'T SAID that before. They HAVE TAKEN the test. They HAVEN'T TAKEN the test. HAVE, HAS and HAD are regular verbs when they are NOT used with a past participle. To make them negative, you have to use DON'T, DOESN'T or DIDN't with the simple form HAVE. (HAVE is the only simple form. HAS is NOT a simple form!) He has money. He DOESN'T HAVE money. She has to work. She DOESN'T HAVE to work. Bob had to leave. Bob DIDN'T HAVE to leave. I have her number. I DON'T HAVE her number. In English, there are two kinds of negative words, hard and soft: hard negatives soft negatives never ever no one anyone no any nobody anybody none any not (n't) --- nothing anything nowhere anywhere without --- Negatives (cont.) An English sentence can have many negative words, but the first negative word must be a hard negative. It can be N'T (= NOT) in a contraction. The negative words that come after the first hard negative must all be soft negatives: I have NO money. I doN'T have ANY money. (N'T is the first hard negative. ANY is soft.) We NEVER said that! We didN'T EVER say that! (N'T is the hard negative. EVER is soft.) He NEVER said ANYTHING to anybody. She doesN'T have ANY money. She caN'T say ANYTHING to ANYBODY about it. DidN'T you find ANY good movies ANYWHERE? He arrived with NO money. He arrived WITHOUT ANY money. (WITHOUT is a hard negative. ANY is soft.) He left WITHOUT saying ANYTHING to ANYONE. DoN'T EVER talk to ANYBODY ANYWHERE about ANYTHING for ANY reason! (You have one hard negative, N'T, followed by many soft negatives.) Numbers 1-20 1 --- one 2 --- two 3 --- three 4 --- four 5 --- five 6 --- six 7 --- seven 8 --- eight 9 --- nine 10 --- ten 11 --- eleven 12 --- twelve 13 --- thirteen 14 --- fourteen 15 --- fifteen 16 --- sixteen 17 --- seventeen 18 --- eighteen 19 --- nineteen 20 --- twenty 30 --- thirty 40 --- forty 50 --- fifty 60 --- sixty 70 --- seventy 80 --- eighty 90 --- ninety Opposites after (in time) --- before alive --- dead allow --- forbid answer (the response) --- question answer (give a response) --- ask arrival (of a plane) --- departure ask (inquire) --- answer aunt --- uncle bad --- good beautiful (like a painting) --- ugly before (in time) --- after better --- worse big --- little black --- white bored --- interested boring --- interesting bottom --- top boy --- girl brother --- sister came --- went careful --- careless careless --- careful cheap --- expensive cold --- hot come --- go cool --- warm cried --- laughed cry --- laugh dark --- light dead --- alive decrease --- increase deep --- shallow departure (of a train) --- arrival die --- live difficult --- easy down --- up downtown --- uptown dry --- wet east --- west empty --- full enter (go inside a building) --- exit exit (to go out) --- enter fail (a test) --- pass failed (a test) --- passed fast --- slow fat --- thin father --- mother follow (walk behind) --- lead frown --- smile full (like a refrigerator) --- empty Opposites (cont.) future --- past girl --- boy give --- take go --- come good --- bad grandmother --- grandfather guilty --- innocent happy --- sad hard (like a diamond) --- soft hate --- love he --- she heaven --- hell heavy --- light hell --- heaven here --- there high --- low hot --- cold increase --- decrease innocent (in court) --- guilty interested --- bored interesting --- boring land (a plane) --- take off large --- small laugh --- cry laughed --- cried lead (walk ahead) --- follow left --- right light (in weight) --- heavy light (in brightness) --- dark live --- die lived --- died long --- short love --- hate man --- woman married --- single modern --- old-fashioned mother --- father narrow --- wide near --- far nephew --- niece niece --- nephew north --- south obey (follow a command) --- order old (a person) --- young old (a thing) --- new old-fashioned --- modern order (to give a command) --- obey over --- under pass (a test) --- fail past (in time) --- future peace --- war poor (in money) --- rich pull --- push push --- pull Opposites (cont.) question (an inquiry) --- answer remember --- forget remembered --- forgot rich --- poor right (direction) --- left rises (what the sun does) --- sets rose (what the sun did) --- set sad --- happy set (what the sun did) --- rose sets (what the sun does every day) --- rises shallow --- deep she --- he short (like a person) --- tall short (like a road) --- long short --- tall sick --- healthy single (marital status) --- married sister --- brother slow --- fast smooth --- rough soft --- hard son --- daughter south --- north take --- give take off (a plane) --- land tall --- short there --- here took --- gave top --- bottom ugly (like a painting) --- beautiful uncle --- aunt up --- down uptown --- downtown war --- peace warm --- cool went --- came west --- east wet --- dry white --- black wide --- narrow win --- lose woman --- man won --- lost work --- play worse --- better young --- old Other Other OTHER is generally used with an article or adjective that comes before OTHER: I don't like these paintings. Show me SOME OTHER ones. I have two sons. One is in France. THE OTHER one is in England. I have two aunts. One is in California. MY OTHER aunt is in New York. If you don't like this idea, I have SEVERAL OTHER ideas to propose. OTHER can be singular or plural. Give me THE OTHER shoe. Give me THE OTHER shoes. Show me YOUR OTHER project. Show me YOUR OTHER projects. Send me THAT OTHER book you were talking about. Send me THOSE OTHER books you were talking about. ANOTHER is only singular. It means ONE other. It can't be used with a plural noun. Singular: Give me ANOTHER reason (ONE more reason) why I should take that class. also okay: Give me ONE OTHER reason why I should take that class. Give me ANOTHER tomato (ONE more tomato) for this salad. Plural: Give me SOME OTHER reasons for doing that. Give me SEVERAL OTHER reasons for doing that. Give me YOUR OTHER reasons for doing that. GIVE me A FEW OTHER tomatoes for the salad. We use THE or a possessive adjective (MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, THEIR, OUR) before OTHER when the alternative is limited and specific: I have finished polishing this shoe. Give me THE OTHER one. (You only have two shoes. There is only ONE other shoe.) I have two brothers. One is in college. THE OTHER one is at home. (You have exactly ONE other brother.) He has two suits, but one is dirty. He'll wear HIS OTHER one. (He has exactly ONE other suit.) I have five children. One is in school. MY OTHER ones are too young. (ALL of the other four are too young.) Other (cont.) We use SOME OTHER or ANOTHER when the alternative is not limited or specific: We don't have to see that movie. There are SOME OTHER good ones. (There are SOME good ones of the many, many movies playing.) Your first suggestion was good. Give me SOME OTHER suggestions. (I don't know how many you have. They aren't specified yet.) I'm still hungry. Give me ANOTHER apple. (There are many apples in the kitchen. Any apple will be okay.) You can use a possessive adjective between SOME OF, A FEW OF, ONE OF, etc. and OTHER to show that the items are not limited or specified: He got an A in the class. SOME OF MY OTHER students got an A, too. (I'm not specifying how many or which ones.) Did you like his poem? Do you want to hear A FEW OF HIS OTHER poems? (Not all of the other ones, just an unspecified few.) We often use ONE (singular) or ONES (plural) after OTHER (and other adjectives) when we don't want to repeat the noun: You ate that sandwich quickly. Do you want ANOTHER ONE? I enjoyed these books. I want to read SOME OTHER ONES. You can replace OTHER ONES with OTHERS: I enjoyed these books. I want to read some OTHERS. (some OTHER ONES) Some politicians are honest, but some OTHERS are liars. (some OTHER ONES) If you use OTHER ONES or OTHERS, you must not add the noun: RIGHT: I don't like these shoes. Show me SOME OTHER ONES. WRONG! *I don't like these shoes. Show me SOME OTHER ONES SHOES.* RIGHT: Twelve students are in class. Where are THE OTHERS? WRONG! *Twelve students are in class. Where are THE OTHERS STUDENTS?* You can never use OTHERS and ONES together: RIGHT: He did this painting, and he did A FEW OTHER ONES. RIGHT: He did this painting, and he did A FEW OTHERS. WRONG! *He did this painting, and he did A FEW OTHERS ONES.* Other (cont.) You can never use OTHERS before a noun: RIGHT: Read A FEW OTHER newspapers. RIGHT: Read A FEW OTHER ones. RIGHT: Read A FEW OTHERS. WRONG! *Read A FEW OTHERS newspapers.* NEVER USE The with Another!! You can never use THE with ANOTHER!!! You can use the or an, but never both!!!! Use THE OTHER for specific things. Use ANOTHER for non-specific things. RIGHT: I have one glove. I lost THE OTHER one. (specific) RIGHT: I have one piece of paper. I need ANOTHER one. (non-specific) WRONG! *Where is THE ANOTHER glove?* (RIGHT: Where is THE OTHER glove?) Passive Mode Passive Voice The passive voice is used when you don't know, or don't wish to identify, the subject who performs an action on something or somebody else. The passive voice is made by adding a past participle to a form of BE: The form of BE can be any tense, any number: a. He WAS TAKEN to jail. b. They WILL BE KILLED if they don't get out of the way! c. HAVE you ever BEEN BITTEN? d. Thousands of trees ARE SOLD here every year. The active voice specifies the subject who performs the action: a. The police TOOK him to jail. b. The tractor WILL KILL them if they don't get out of the way! c. HAS a dog ever BITTEN you? d. The tree nursery owner SELLS thousands of trees here every year. If you wish, you can use the passive voice and then add BY to name the person or thing who/that performed the action: a. He WAS TAKEN to jail BY THE POLICE. b. They WILL BE KILLED BY THE TRACTOR. c. HAVE you ever BEEN BITTEN BY A DOG? d. Thousands of trees ARE SOLD here BY THE TREE NURSERY OWNER. The passive voice can be in any tense and number: past (singular) He WAS TAKEN to jail last night. past (plural) They WERE ARRESTED last week. present (singular) He IS always PUNISHED by his father whenever he lies. present (plural) Thousands of hats ARE SOLD here every year. present progressive The room IS BEING PAINTED now. Don't go in there. past progressive The dog WAS BEING TEASED while the cat was eating. future The lights WILL BE TAKEN down on January 7. present perfect He HASN'T BEEN HIRED yet. past perfect He HAD BEEN CHEATED before, so he was extra careful. auxiliary verbs That CAN BE EATEN. The teacher SHOULD BE FIRED. Past (Irregular Past/Past Part.) Important Irregular Verbs The following irregular verbs are given in three parts: SIMPLE FORM PAST PAST PARTICIPLE If these verbs are used with prefixes (foresee, overcome, undertake, etc.), they will have the same irregular forms as the unprefixed forms (i.e., foresaw, overcame, undertaken, etc.) be was/were been bear (deliver a child) bore born bear (deliver a package) bore borne beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun bend bent bent bet bet bet bind bound bound bite bit bitten bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought build built built burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen cling clung clung come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug dive (jump head-first) dove dived dive (scuba diving) dived dived do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forbid forbade forbidden forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen get got gotten give gave given go went gone grind ground ground grow grew grown hang hung hung hang (execute) hanged hanged have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept know knew known lay laid laid lead led led leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie (rest, recline) lay lain lie (not tell the truth) lied lied light lit/lighted lit/lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid plead pleaded/pled pleaded/pled prove proved proven/proved put put put quit quit quit read read (sounds like "red") read (sounds like "red") rid rid rid ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn/sewed shake shook shaken shed shed shed shine (the sun) shone shone shine (a shoe) shined shined shoot shot shot show showed shown/showed shrink shrank shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat sleep slept slept slide slid slid sling slung slung slink slinked/slunk slinked/slunk slit slit slit sneak sneaked/snuck sneaked/snuck sow sowed sown/sowed speak spoke spoken speed sped/speeded sped/speeded spend spent spent spin spun spun spit spit/spat spit/spat split split split spread spread spread spring sprang sprung stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stunk/stank stunk stride strode stridden strike (delete) struck stricken strike (hit) struck struck string strung strung strive strove/strived striven/strived swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swell swelled swollen/swelled swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust wake woke woken wear wore worn weave wove/weaved woven/weaved weep wept wept win won won wind wound wound wring wrung wrung write wrote written Past Perfect Past Perfect The past perfect is formed with the auxiliary verb HAD and a past participle: a. He HAD already LEARNED Spanish before he moved to Mexico. b. We HAD always TAKEN subways before he got rich. c. HAD you KNOWN him for a long time before you married him? The past perfect is called "a past before a past." It is used to show that one action was in the past, and another action, the one in the past perfect, was even earlier than that. In the above sentences: a. He moved to Mexico. Before moving to Mexico, he had learned Spanish. b. He got rich. Before getting rich, we had taken subways. c. You married him. Before marrying him, had you known him for long? The past perfect is not always used if one past event is earlier than another. If many different past events occurred in a connected way, one after the other, then the simple past is used: He woke up, read the paper, cooked breakfast and ran out the door. (This is what happened, one thing after the other, during the morning.) She went to the store. Then she came home and made dinner. (This is what happened, one thing after the other, during the day.) We rarely use the past perfect alone. It is usually part of a sentence that has a simple past in it so that the two are contrasted, one being an earlier event (the past perfect verb) than the other (the past verb). It sounds strange to native speakers to hear the past perfect without the other event: STRANGE! *I had lived in France. (The native speaker will probably ask, "Before what?") Notice the difference between these two sentences: a. My mother talked to me about sex before I went out on my first date. b. My mother had talked to me about sex before I went out on my first date. In the first sentence (a), the mother probably spoke to the daughter on the same day or evening that she was having her first date. The simple past is used for both TALKED and WENT OUT because the events occurred together. In the second sentence (b), the mother had probably spoken to the daughter as she was growing up, during her childhood, about the facts of life (sex). The past perfect is used (HAD TALKED) to specify to the listener that these sex talks were earlier events, not right before the daughter ran out of the house and got into her boyfriend's car. c. I learned German before I went to Germany. d. I had learned German before I went to Germany. Sentence C probably means immediately or soon before going to Germany. Sentence D probably means much earlier, maybe in school or as a child. Plurals Spelling Rules for Plurals (copyright 1999, Rick Shur) 1. Add s to make most plurals: duck ducks song songs garage garages place places path paths (Don't add es to th!) 2. Add es to sh, ch, s, x, z: brush brushes watch watches dress dresses box boxes buzz buzzes 3. Change y to i and add es if a consonant comes before y: city cities story stories cry cries fly flies quarry quarries baby babies country countries caddy caddies buggy buggies 4. Don't change y if a vowel comes before y. Just add s. toy toys monkey monkeys key keys guy guys play plays boy boys day days 5. Add s to final o if a vowel comes before o stereo stereos radio radios zoo zoos Add es to final o if a consonant comes before o volcano volcanoes tomato tomatoes hero heroes EXCEPTION 1: music words from Italian add only s piano pianos solo solos Plurals (cont.) EXCEPTION 2: words that are short forms of longer words add just s photo photos (from photograph) auto autos (from automobile) memo memos (from memorandum) 6. Change final f or fe to ves calf calves life lives wolf wolves thief thieves wife wives knife knives half halves EXCEPTIONS: chefs, chiefs, roofs, beliefs, safes, briefs and words ending in ff: cliffs, bluffs, puffs 7. Pluralize capital letters, and words made of capital letters (acronyms), with an apostrophe: There are three I's in "responsibility." I have two TV's at home. There are many YMCA's in New York. 8. To make people's names plural add s or es, just as with common words (see Rules 1 and 2): The Shurs are going on vacation. The Bushes have already left the White House. The Clintons have had marital difficulties. The Pappases (Mr. and Mrs. Pappas) are home now. The above sentences use the plural form of the verb (are, have). You can also talk about a whole family in the singular: The Shur family is going on vacation. The Bush family has already left the White House. The Clinton family likes to visit Cape Cod. Plurals (cont.) 9. Some important words have irregular plurals: man men woman women (notice that man/men are in woman/women) child children foot feet tooth teeth person people (persons is uncommon) mouse mice goose geese ox oxen fish fish deer deer sheep sheep rhinoceros rhinoceri hippopotomus hippopotomi 10. Some words from Latin and Greek have irregular plurals: a phenomenon several phenomena a crisis several crises a parenthesis two parentheses 11. Possessive forms of a plural add only ' if the plural ends with s. If the plural has no s of its own, then add 's: The boys' room is down the hall. My daughters' school is okay. The children's bedroom is blue. The people's choice was Clinton. 12. Other plural words: a/some I need a book. I need some books. this/these I need this book. I need these books. that/those I need that book. I need those books. the/the I need the book. I need the books. (NO CHANGE) which/which This is the book which you need. These are the books which you need. (NO CHANGE) Prepositions (in, on, at, to) Rules for Prepositions IN, ON, AT, TO Basic Rules A. AT a time B. ON a day C. IN a month (season, year, decade, century) D. AT an address E. ON a street F. IN an area (neighborhood, town, borough, state, country, continent, ocean, the world, the solar system, the universe) 20 Special Rules for Prepositions IN, ON, AT, TO 1. look AT and listen TO 2. TO with verbs of desire, necessity, expectation love TO, like TO, hate TO, want TO, need TO, have TO, hope TO, expect TO 3. AT night IN the morning, IN the afternoon, IN the evening 4. ON transportation ON the bus, ON the train, ON the subway, ON a plane, ON a jet, ON a ship, ON a bicycle, ON a motorcycle, ON a surfboard, ON a skateboard BUT IN a car, IN a taxi, IN a small boat, IN an elevator, IN a helicopter 5. AT an intersection (where two streets cross) AT Broadway and 42nd Street, AT Fifth Avenue and 34th Street 6. ON an island, ON a farm, ON a college campus, ON earth, ON a planet 7. expressions that mean sometimes use different prepositions: from time TO time, ON occasion, once IN a while 8. IN a park, IN a yard, AT a playground 9. ON anything flat ON a plate, ON the wall, ON the floor, ON a shelf, ON the blackboard, ON a table, ON a desk, ON the stove, ON your face, a hat ON your head 10. IN a room or anything smaller IN the closet, IN a drawer, IN a cup, IN a bowl, IN a glass, IN your mouth, ideas IN your head, a look IN your eye, a ribbon IN your hair 11. TO when moving from point A TO point B go TO school, drive TO work, take a trip TO Boston, take your kids TO school, fly TO London, walk TO the library, bring your dog TO the vet 12. ON a/an [adjective] morning, afternoon, evening, night, day ON a cold afternoon, ON a sunny morning, ON a rainy evening, ON a Saturday night, ON a spring day, ON a special night 13. ON vacation, ON the weekend, ON a trip, ON a picnic, ON your break, ON a leave of absence, ON your lunch hour 14. IN the water swimming (or drowning), ON the water boating 15. AT the beach (the whole place), lie ON the beach (=ON the sand), play IN the sand 16. ON anything like a line ON the coast, stand ON line, ON the border, ON the side, ON a team/committee 17. ON forms of communication ON TV, ON the radio, ON the phone, ON the fax machine, ON the computer, ON a disk, ON a CD, ON a hard drive, ON a channel, ON a screen 18. a report or news article ON the economy (=ABOUT the economy) 19. ON time for an event or activity: Come to the meeting ON time. Be in class ON time. 20. IN time (or too late) TO do something: Get to the station IN time TO catch a train. Present Perfect Present Perfect We make the present perfect tense with HAVE or HAS + past participle She HAS TAKEN this class before. (She'S TAKEN...) He HAS never EATEN Japanese food. (He'S never EATEN...) We HAVE SEEN that movie already. (We'VE SEEN...) There are three important reasons that we use the present perfect: A. an indefinite or uncertain past, especially with NEVER and EVER HAVE you EVER EATEN Japanese food? (I don't know if you have.) I'VE GONE to France several times. (I don't remember exactly when.) She'S NEVER BEEN in an accident. ("Never" has no specific time.) I'VE BEEN mugged twice. (I don't remember, or care about, when.) BUT we use the simple past if we say when something happened: I ATE at that restaurant last year. I WENT to France in 1983. She WAS in an accident when she was a girl. I WAS mugged twice last December. B. a length of time which is not finished yet How long HAVE you LIVED in New York? (You're still in New York.) I'VE STUDIED English for three years. (I'm still studying it.) I'VE BEEN here since 4 o'clock. (I'm still here.) I'VE LIVED in Queens since I came to America. (I'm still there.) She HAS KNOWN Mr. Kim since 1987. (She still knows him.) He HAS LOVED her since they met. (He still loves her.) Notice that SINCE must be followed by a specific past time (4 o'clock, 1987) or past event in the past tense (I came to America, they met). Present Perfect (cont.) We use the simple past for a length of time which completely ended: When I WAS in France, I studied business for two months. (I'm back home now.) After I came to New York, I LIVED in Brooklyn for a year, but I later moved. I STAYED there for four hours, but I left at 8:00 pm. (In all of the above examples, the action happened but then finished.) C. expressions with YET, ALREADY, JUST, and superlatives HAVE you DONE the dishes YET? I'VE ALREADY TAKEN this class. He HAS JUST ARRIVED. That's THE BEST paper HE HAS ever WRITTEN. He's THE NICEST person I'VE MET in my life! Many native speakers, especially in America, use the simple past tense with these words: Did you do the dishes yet? I already took that class. He just arrived. That's the best paper he ever wrote. He's the nicest person I ever met. The first three are are commonly accepted while the last two, with superlatives (the best, the nicest) are somewhat jolting to conservatively educated ears. Presidents of the United States 1. 1789-1797 --- George Washington 2. 1797-1801 --- John Adams 3. 1801-1809 --- Thomas Jefferson 4. 1809-1817 --- James Madison 5. 1817-1825 --- James Monroe 6. 1825-1829 --- John Quincy Adams 7. 1829-1837 --- Andrew Jackson 8. 1837-1841 --- Martin Van Buren 9. 1841-1841 --- William Henry Harrison 10. 1841-1845 --- John Tyler 11. 1845-1849 --- James Knox Polk 12. 1849-1850 --- Zachary Taylor 13. 1850-1853 --- Millard Fillmore 14. 1853-1857 --- Franklin Pierce 15. 1857-1861 --- James Buchanan 16. 1861-1865 --- Abraham Lincoln 17. 1865-1869 --- Andrew Johnson 18. 1869-1877 --- Ulysses Simpson Grant 19. 1877-1881 --- Rutherford Birchard Hayes 20. 1881-1881 --- James Abram Garfield 21. 1881-1885 --- Chester Alan Arthur 22. 1885-1889 --- Grover Cleveland 23. 1889-1893 --- Benjamin Harrison 24. 1893-1897 --- Grover Cleveland 25. 1897-1901 --- William McKinley 26. 1901-1909 --- Theodore Roosevelt 27. 1909-1913 --- William Howard Taft 28. 1913-1921 --- Woodrow Wilson 29. 1921-1923 --- Warren Gamaliel Harding 30. 1923-1929 --- Calvin Coolidge 31. 1929-1933 --- Herbert Clark Hoover 32. 1933-1945 --- Franklin Delano Roosevelt 33. 1945-1953 --- Harry S. Truman 34. 1953-1961 --- Dwight David Eisenhower 35. 1961-1963 --- John Fitzgerald Kennedy 36. 1963-1969 --- Lyndon Baines Johnson 37. 1969-1974 --- Richard Milhous Nixon 38. 1974-1977 --- Gerald Rudolph Ford 39. 1977-1981 --- Jimmy Carter 40. 1981-1989 --- Ronald Reagan 41. 1989-1993 --- George Bush 42. 1993- 2001 --- Bill Clinton 43. 2001- ???? --- George W. Bush Pronouns and Possessives Pronouns and Possessives Subject Object Possessive Possessive Pronoun Pronoun Adjective Pronoun I me my mine you you your yours he him his his she her her hers it it its its we us our ours you you your yours they them their theirs (THEY is the plural form for HE, SHE and IT.) (THEM is the plural form for HIM, HER, and IT.) Subject pronouns begin a sentence. The subject is or does something. He eats sandwiches every day. She is a good friend of mine. They have never seen this film. Object pronouns receive an action. I gave her a sandwich. They fired him. We called them yesterday. Possessive adjectives go before nouns. This is their cat. That is her cat. I see my cat. Where is your cat? These are their cats. Those are her cats. I see my cats. Where are your cats? (Notice that possessive adjectives are the same for plural or singular nouns!) Possessive pronouns are used WITHOUT nouns. Compare: possessive ADJECTIVES BEFORE NOUNS: It is their cat. That is her book. I see my pen. Where is your car? They are their cats. Those are her books. I see my pens. Where are your cars? possessive PRONOUNS WITHOUT NOUNS: It is theirs. That is hers. I see mine. Where is yours? They are theirs. Those are hers. I see mine. Where are yours? (Notice that both possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives stay THE SAME regardless of the gender or number of the noun they describe. Possessives agree only with gender and number of the PERSON WHO HAS OR POSSESSES the thing or things: A woman loves HER son, HER daughter, HER kids.) Questions (Direct) The form for asking a direct question is (W) X S (V)... W is a question word: Who, What, Where, When, Why, How X is an auxiliary verb have do am can must has does is could might had did are shall may was should were will would S is the subject of the question V is a verb or verb form (in addition to the auxiliary verb) (W) X S (V) 1. Where is your father working these days? 2. Are they at the party? 3. Why do you talk so much? 4. Does your brother eat meat? 5. How much did that book cost? 6. Have you seen my textbook? 7. Isn't your mother feeling well? 8. Do the students have their books? 9. Can't you swim a mile? 10. Will it rain today? 11. Am I your friend? 12. Why aren't they here yet? Questions that expect a YES or NO answer are called YES/NO questions. They do not have a W part (Who, What, Where, etc.) They begin with the X part (an auxiliary verb, positive or negative). (no W) X S (V) 1. Were they at the party? 2. Doesn't your brother eat meat? 3. Have you seen my textbook? 4. Isn't your mother feeling well? 5. Do the students have their books? 6. Can't you swim a mile? 7. Will it rain today? 8. Am I your friend? 9. Aren't they here yet? 10. Are your friends coming? Questions (Direct) (cont.) To change a statement into a YES/NO question, use the same auxiliary verb for the question that you see in the statement. Change the word order and add a question mark. He IS my father. IS he your father? They CAN SWIM a mile. CAN they SWIM a mile? She HAS SEEN the Statue of Liberty. HAS she SEEN the Statue of Liberty? They ARE here. ARE they here? We'LL (We WILL) CALL you. WILL you CALL us? If the statement has no auxiliary verb, then the question is made with DO, DOES or DID. DO is the present tense auxiliary for plural subjects, YOU, and I. DOES is the present tense auxiliary for singular subjects. DID is the past tense auxiliary for both singular and plural subjects. Change the statement's verb to the SIMPLE FORM. DO, DOES and DID are always used with the simple form of a verb. The simple form has no S, no ED (or past tense) or ending of any kind. He eats out every night. DOES he EAT out every night? She thinks about her mother all the time? DOES she THINK about her mother all the time? We went to Omaha. DID you GO to Omaha? HAVE, HAS and HAD are auxiliary verbs only if they are used with a past participle: He HAS SEEN that movie. HAS he SEEN that movie? She HAS TAKEN two tests. HAS she TAKEN two tests? They HAVE EATEN already. HAVE they EATEN already? Questions (Direct) (cont.) If HAVE, HAS, and HAD are not used with a past participle, they are regular verbs, and the question form will be made with DO, DOES or DID: (HAVE is the simple form that you must use with DO, DOES, DID.) They HAVE a lot of money. She HAS to go. He HAD fun. DO they HAVE a lot of money? DOES she HAVE to go? DID he HAVE fun? Questions with Who and What as subject An exception to the W X S V or X S V rule for making questions occurs when you don't know the subject. In these cases, we use Who/What and the verb: Who teaches this class? (NOT *Who does teach...?) What makes you angry? (NOT *What does make...?) Who brought that pear? (NOT *Who did bring....?) The verb is generally in the singular form, with -s, whenever we ask a present-tense question where Who or What are the subject: Who wants pizza? (NOT *Who want...?) We make the verb the singular form even when we expect the answer to be plural: -Who IS coming to your party? -All my friends ARE coming! Questions (Indirect, a.k.a. Noun Clauses) Indirect Questions The form for asking a direct question is (W) X S V... (W) X S V 1. Where is your father working these days? 2. Are they going to the picnic? 3. Why do you talk so much? 4. Does your brother eat meat? 5. How much did that book cost? 6. Have you seen my textbook? INDIRECT QUESTIONS are questions that DO NOT BEGIN WITH THE W-WORD OR THE X-WORD, as in the examples above. They begin with some phrase like "Do you know" or "Can you tell me." While the direct questions (above) use DO, DOES and DID, indirect questions do not. They use the original verb form in the correct form (number, tense ending). Indirect questions use IF in YES/NO questions. The other W-words (WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY, HOW) will remain the same. W S (X) V Can you tell me where your father is working these days? Do you know if they are going to the party? Please tell me why you talk so much. Tell me if your brother eats meat. Do you know how much that book cost? Please let me know if you have seen my textbook. Notice, above, that indirect questions don't always have a question mark. Expressions like "Please let me know" or "Tell me" are really commands, not questions, so they will end with a period. The indirect question form is also used with expressions like "I wonder" or "I don't know" or "I don't care." I wonder where his father is working these days. I don't know if they are going to the party. I don't care how much that book cost. I don't care if his brother eats meat. Relative Clauses Restrictive Relative Clauses A sentence can have more than one subject and verb. Sometimes, we use a short clause (group of words with subject and verb) to identify or explain something about a person, place or thing in the sentence. Assume that there are two books, a ten-dollar book and a five-dollar book. If somebody asks you which one you want, and you don't have much money, you might say: a. I want the five-dollar book. b. I want the book THAT COSTS FIVE DOLLARS. In sentence B, you are using a restrictive (relative) clause. A restrictive clause specifies which one. It is composed of a relative pronoun, in this case, THAT, which refers to the book, and the verb COSTS, along with more information (FIVE DOLLARS, the price). You can talk about places with restrictive clauses: I want to visit the place WHERE I WAS BORN. In the case, the relative pronoun is WHERE, because it refers to a place. It is followed by the subject and verb, I WAS BORN. This restrictive clause defines the place I want to visit. Another kind of restrictive clause defines a person. There are many good teachers here, but I'm looking for a special kind of teacher. I want a teacher WHO WILL TEACH ME ABOUT GRAMMAR. The relative pronoun is WHO, referring to TEACHER. WHO is generally the relative pronoun for people, while THAT is for things: Another kind of restrictive clause defines possession. An orphan is a person with no parents. His or her parents are dead. An orphan is a person WHOSE PARENTS ARE NO LONGER ALIVE. The relative pronoun WHOSE takes the place of a possessive adjective like HIS, HER, THEIR, MY, YOUR, OUR. I am a person. My sense of duty is strong. I am a person WHOSE SENSE OF DUTY IS STRONG. (WHOSE takes the place of MY.) Relative Clauses (cont.) The word WHY is a kind of relative pronoun used with THE REASON. The warm weather is the reason WHY I MOVED TO FLORIDA. We often take out THE REASON: The warm weather is WHY I MOVED TO FLORIDA. Now look at these four sentences. A and C have something in common, as do B and D. A. These are the vegetables THAT FELL ON THE FLOOR. B. These are the vegetables THAT I BOUGHT YESTERDAY. C. These are the teachers WHO TAUGHT MATH LAST YEAR. D. These are the teachers WHO(M) I HIRED YESTERDAY. In Sentence D, about teachers, WHOM is the more correct relative pronoun, but many people, especially in America, no longer use the WHOM form in this kind of sentence. WHOM is more correct than WHO because WHOM refers to an OBJECT, not a SUBJECT. WHOM refers to THE TEACHERS, and they are not the SUBJECT of the verb HIRED. They are the OBJECT. The TEACHERS didn't hire anybody. I hired THEM. They "received" the action, so they are the OBJECT of the verb HIRED, and WHOM refers to people who are OBJECTS of an action in the relative clause. With things, we use THAT whether the thing is a SUBJECT or an OBJECT. A. These are the vegetables THAT FELL ON THE FLOOR. B. These are the vegetables [THAT] I BOUGHT YESTERDAY. C. These are the teachers WHO TAUGHT MATH LAST YEAR. D. These are the teachers [WHO(M)] I HIRED YESTERDAY. Look at Sentence A. The relative pronoun THAT refers to the vegetables. In this case, the vegetables are the SUBJECT of the verb FELL. The vegetables did the action, they FELL. In Sentence B, the relative pronoun THAT refers to the vegetables again, but this time it is an OBJECT relative pronoun. The vegetables didn't BUY anything. I bought THEM. They "received" the action. So sentences B and D both have relative pronouns that are OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS. [When relative pronouns are object relative pronouns, they may be omitted.] Unlike WHO and WHOM for people, THAT (for things) doesn't change form, whether it refers to an OBJECT or SUBJECT of a verb in a relative clause. We often use restrictive clauses to define things: A mechanic is a person WHO FIXES CARS. A refrigerator is an appliance THAT KEEPS FOOD COLD. A playground is a place WHERE CHILDREN PLAY. A widow is a woman WHOSE HUSBAND HAS DIED. Relative Clauses (cont.) Any relative clause that defines something, or specifies which thing or person we are talking about, is restrictive and is used in a sentence with NO COMMA. Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses Another kind of relative clause is NONRESTRICTIVE. This means that it doesn't identify or specify which one, and it doesn't define what something or someone is. It gives extra information about someone or something: I played soccer, WHICH IS A FAST-MOVING GAME. I met Dr. Peterson, WHO WAS VERY EAGER TO TALK WITH ME. I shook hands with Martin Luther King, WHOM MOST AMERICANS REVERE GREATLY. We went to Las Vegas, WHERE MANY PEOPLE HAVE LOST THEIR LIFE SAVINGS. I sent a letter to Mr. Sanders, WHOSE SON HAD JUST JOINED THE ARMY. In the above sentences, the relative clauses are nonrestrictive because they are not defining anything or explaining which one. They are only adding extra information about the person, place or thing. Because the clauses are considered "extra information" and not necessary for specifying who or what I am talking about, they are set apart from the main part of the sentence with a comma. Notice that, in nonrestrictive clauses, the relative pronoun is usually WHICH, while in restrictive clauses, the relative pronoun is usually THAT. restrictive: This is the pen THAT I USE MOST. nonrestrictive: This is my only watch, WHICH MY FATHER GAVE ME YEARS AGO. Compare these two clauses, one restrictive and one nonrestrictive: A. (I have only one aunt.) My aunt, who lives in California, is coming soon. B. (I have two aunts.) My aunt who lives in California is coming soon. In Sentence A, the fact that my aunt lives in California is extra information; it isn't necessary to identify which aunt I'm talking about because I have only one. In Sentence B, the fact about living in California is the way I specify which of two aunts is coming. (Not the one from Florida!) In Sentence B, the relative clause is restrictive because it identifies which aunt, and there is no comma setting it apart from the subject, My aunt. In Sentence A, the relative clause is "extra," or nonrestrictive, and it is set apart from the rest of the sentence. The clause, WHO LIVES IN CALIFORNIA, is surrounded by commas. Be careful to put relative clauses next to the thing or person they are talking about. My daughter met the principal of the school. She is five years old. WRONG: *My daughter met the principal of the school, who is five years old. (This seems to say that the principal is five years old!) RIGHT: My daughter, who is five years old, met the principal of the school. Reported Speech The rules for reported speech are divided into these sections: 1. reporting a statement 2. reporting a question (see also #9) 3. using indirect objects 4. reporting commands 5. changing present to past 6. changing past to past perfect 7. changing auxiliary verbs 8. tenses that don't change in reported speech 9. rules for direct questions and reported questions 10. time expressions that change in reported speech Direct speech is speech inside quotation marks. It is used to repeat the exact words that somebody said: My mother told me, "You have to work harder in school, or you'll fail." While this is okay for sharing stories with friends, this is not the best way to report a conversation, either in speech or in writing. It shows a better command of the language to use reported speech: My mother told me that I had to work harder or that I would fail. 1. reporting a statement When reporting a statement (not a question), we generally use THAT: In short sentences, we often drop THAT, but in writing it is a good idea to use it all the time, even for short sentences! NOTE: In reported speech, we repeat THAT after AND, BUT and OR. NOTE: There are no commas before or after AND, BUT or OR in reported speech. NOTE: There are no commas before or after THAT. She said THAT he was hungry and THAT he wanted to eat soon. He told me THAT he had never been to France but THAT he wanted to go. They promised us THAT they would tell the truth. 2. reporting a question When reporting a question, we use IF for yes/no questions or the appropriate question words (who, what, where, when, how, why) for information questions: NOTE: Never use THAT when reporting a question! NOTE: Never use a question mark (?) when reporting a question! Reported Speech (cont.) He asked me IF I was going to the office party. ("Are you going to...") He asked me WHEN I would call him. ("When will you call me?") He asked me HOW MUCH my rent was. ("How much is your rent?") (See Part 9 for a full explanation of reporting questions.) 3. using indirect objects 3a. The following verbs must be used with an indirect object: (There is no TO before these indirect objects!) told He TOLD ME that he was hungry. informed We INFORMED HER that the store was closed. reminded He REMINDED THE STAFF that the meeting was at 8 pm. 3b. The following verbs may be used with an indirect object, but the indirect object is optional (up to you). (There is no TO before these indirect objects!) He asked his wife why she was so angry. OR He asked why she was so angry. asked We asked (her) where her husband was. answered He answered (me) that he couldn't help. promised She promised (him) that she would stay. 3c. The following verbs need TO before the indirect object. For any verb that needs TO before the indirect object, the indirect object is optional: He SAID TO ME that he was the chief of police. OR He said that he was the chief of police. said He said (to his wife) that he was hungry. explained We explained (to her) why we had been late. exclaimed She exclaimed (to the boy) that she was furious. complained They complained (to us) that the room was too cold. 4. reporting commands In English we report commands, orders, requests and suggestions to other people in a five-part format: Somebody told somebody else to/not to do something (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) She told her daughter to eat. We asked them to help us. The officer ordered me not to run. He advised the student not to quit. Mr. and Mrs. Jones wanted their son to study. Reported Speech (cont.) 5. changing present to past If the direct speech was in the present tense, the reported speech must be in the past tense: She said, "I am an actress, and I also sing." She said that she was an actress and that she also sang. THE EXCEPTION to this rule is if you are reporting speech with the "telling" verb in the present tense. This often occurs when the speech is from a very recent conversation (usually the same day) or is about something a person says repeatedly, habitually: My mother always TELLS me that she WANTS me to be an actress. BUT My mother TOLD me that she WANTED me to be an actress. John TELLS us that his department NEEDS more time. BUT John TOLD us that his department NEEDED more time. 6. changing past to past perfect If the direct speech was in the past tense, the reported speech must be in the past perfect (the "past before a past" form): He said, "I WAS scared when I FELL down the stairs." He said that he HAD BEEN scared when he HAD FALLEN down the stairs. Many native speakers disregard this rule. They use the past tense again in the reported form: He said that he WAS scared when he FELL down the stairs. Some people consider the above sentence to be grammatically unacceptable. A popular compromise, which satisfies many modern grammarians, is to change AT LEAST THE FIRST VERB TO PAST PERFECT: He said that he HAD BEEN scared when he FELL down the stairs. 7. changing auxiliary verbs Some auxiliary verbs change from direct to reported speech: can/could I asked him, "CAN I see your sister?" I asked him if I COULD see his sister. shall/should She asked, "SHALL I call you later?" She asked if she SHOULD call me later. will/would He told them, "I'LL help you tomorrow." He told them that he WOULD help them the following day. Reported Speech (cont.) may/might She said, "I MAY study tonight." She said that she MIGHT study that night. must/had to He said, "I MUST see a doctor soon." He said that he HAD TO see a doctor soon. (There is no past for of MUST, so we use HAD TO.) 8. verb tenses that don't change in reported speech Some verbs and verb combinations have no change in the reported form. Don't change the past perfect (HAD + p.p.), the unreal (present or past), or any combination with COULD, SHOULD, WOULD, or MIGHT. past prf. He said, "My father HAD already DIED before I graduated." He said that his father HAD already DIED before he had graduated. present He said, "I WOULD HELP the homeless if I WERE mayor." unreal He said that he WOULD HELP the homeless if he WERE mayor. past She said, "I WOULD HAVE GIVEN the answer if I HAD KNOWN it." unreal She said that she WOULD HAVE GIVEN the answer if SHE HAD KNOWN it. could I said, "I COULD RUN faster when I was young." I said that I COULD RUN faster when he had been young. I said, "I COULD HAVE FINISHED more if I HAD HAD time." I said that I COULD HAVE FINISHED more if I HAD HAD time. should He said, "You SHOULD GET married." He said that I SHOULD GET married. She said, "I SHOULD HAVE WORN a better dress yesterday." She said that she SHOULD HAVE WORN a better dress the day before. might I said, "I MIGHT GO to the Statue of Liberty." I said that I MIGHT GO to the Statue of Liberty. They said, "Our son MIGHT HAVE BEEN at his friend's house." They said that their son MIGHT HAVE BEEN at his friend's house. Reported Speech (cont.) 9a. direct questions: The form for asking a direct question is (W) X S V... (W) X S V 1. Where is your father working these days? 2. Are they going to the picnic? 3. Why do you talk so much? 4. Does your brother eat meat? 5. How much did that book cost? 6. Have you seen my textbook? 9b. reported questions: Here are the reported forms of the above questions... W S (X) V 1. He asked me where my father was working those days. 2. He asked me if they were going to the picnic. 3. He asked me why I talked so much. 4. He asked me if my brother ate meat. 5. He asked me how much that book had cost. 6. He asked me if I had seen his textbook. 10. expressions that change in reported speech In reporting a conversation that took place in the past, certain time expressions, which were true for the speakers when they spoke, would no longer make sense to speakers who are talking about the old conversation. this/these that/those here there tomorrow the following day/the next day next month the following month/the next month today that day tonight that night this afternoon that afternoon yesterday the day before/the previous day last year the year before/the previous year last night the night before/the previous night Short Answers Short Answers and Responses You can answer a YES/NO question in a long form or a short form: Question: Are you going to school now? long answer: Yes, I'm going to school now. short answer: Yes, I am. The short answer uses Yes or No, followed by a comma, and then the subject and auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb is the same one used in the question. There are 20 auxiliary verbs: have do am can must has does is could might had did are shall may was should were will (be) would Question: Are you going to school now? long answer: Yes, I'm going to school now. short answer: Yes, I am. In the above question, the auxiliary verb is ARE, which is from the BE group. The answer uses AM, to agree with I, but it is still the same auxiliary verb, BE. Question: HAS he eaten yet? long answer: Yes, he's eaten already. short answer: Yes, he HAS. Question: DOES she live in San Francisco? long answer: Yes, she lives in San Francisco. short answer: Yes, she DOES. Question: ARE they coming to visit? long answer: Yes, they're coming to visit. short answer: Yes, they ARE. Question: IS Spin City on TV now? long answer: Yes, it's on TV now. short answer: Yes, it IS. (The subject is IT for the TV program.) Question: ARE there any Russian students here? long answer: Yes, there are some Russian students here. short answer: Yes, there ARE. (THERE is the subject in THERE IS/THERE ARE.) Short Answers (cont.) Note: You can contract THERE IS to THERE'S, but you shouldn't contract THERE ARE to *THERE'RE. THERE'RE is still considered an incorrect form by most grammarians. It's better to write out THERE ARE completely. Notice that after a comma, a pronoun (you, he, she, it, we, they) is NOT written with a capital letter (he, NOT *He; she, NOT *She). The only exception to this is that the subject I is always written with capital I, no matter where it appears in a sentence. Notice also that in the short answer, you can't make a contraction (with an apostrophe) between the pronoun and auxiliary verb. RIGHT: Yes, I am. WRONG! *Yes, I'm. RIGHT: Yes, he has. WRONG! *Yes, he's. RIGHT: Yes, they are. WRONG! *Yes, they're. Disagreement If somebody makes a statement that we disagree with, we often state our opposition with a short answer form. We use the same auxiliary verb that was used in the statement: Statement: John IS the smartest boy in the class. Disagreement: No, he ISN'T! Statement: Clinton WILL be president for eight more years. Disagreement: No, he WON'T! Statement: It HASN'T rained yet this winter. Disagreement: Yes, it HAS! If the statement has no auxiliary verb then you must use DOESN'T, DON'T or DIDN'T in the short answer. DOESN'T and DON'T are used for present tense (DOESN'T for singular subjects, DON'T for plural subjects, I, and YOU). DIDN'T is used for past tense verbs for all subjects, singular or plural. Statements with no auxiliary verb: Short Answers (cont.) Statement: He eats meat. Present tense singular Disagreement: No, he DOESN'T! Statement: She loves New York. Present tense singular Disagreement: No, she DOESN'T. Statement: They teach biology. Present tense plural Disagreement: No, they DON'T! Statement: You cheat on exams. Present tense, I and YOU Disagreement: No, I DON'T! Statement: They worked hard. Past tense Disagreement: No, they DIDN'T. HAVE, HAS and HAD are auxiliary verbs only when they are used with a past participle in the present perfect or past perfect tenses. Present Perfect Statement: He HAS BEEN to Europe. Disagreement: No, he HASN'T! Statement: I HAVE SAID that before. Disagreement: No, you HAVEN'T! Statement: They HAVE TAKEN the test. Disagreement: No, they HAVEN'T! Past Perfect Statement: We had learned English before we came here. Disagreement: No, you HADN'T! HAVE, HAS and HAD are regular verbs when they are NOT used with a past participle. To make the short response, you use DON'T, DOESN'T or DIDN'T. Statement: He has money. Disagreement: No, he DOESN'T! Statement: Bob had to leave. Disagreement: No, he DIDN'T! Statement: I have her phone number in my wallet. Disagreement: No, you DON'T! Should Have Should Have/Shouldn't Have We use SHOULD and SHOULDN'T to state current necessity, duty or obligation: You SHOULD WORK harder. You SHOULDN'T LEAVE the dog in the hot car. You SHOULD DRIVE carefully. You SHOULDN'T EAT five Big Macs. You SHOULDN'T SLEEP during the lecture. We use SHOULD HAVE and SHOULDN'T HAVE to talk about past mistakes, which are too late to change: You didn't finish the job on time! You SHOULD HAVE WORKED harder! You left the dog in the hot car! You SHOULD HAVE TAKEN it with you! You had an accident! You SHOULD HAVE DRIVEN more carefully! You got a stomachache yesterday! You SHOULDN'T HAVE EATEN five Big Macs! You missed all the information! You SHOULDN'T HAVE SLEPT during the lecture! In all of the above statements, the "advice" is too late to help anybody. SHOULD HAVE and SHOULDN'T HAVE are followed by a past participle. SHOULD HAVE GONE SHOULDN'T HAVE SLEPT SHOULD HAVE TAKEN SHOULD HAVE BEEN We often use SHOULD HAVE and SHOULDN'T HAVE with Unreal statements. (See the exercises on Unreal Past.) You didn't wake up on time! You SHOULD HAVE SET your alarm clock before you went to bed. If you HAD SET your alarm, you WOULD HAVE WOKEN up at the right time. When we speak, we usually say SHOULD'VE (which sounds like SHOULD OF) instead of SHOULD HAVE. In formal compositions, write SHOULD HAVE out completely. Most grammarians consider SHOULD'VE too informal for writing. Spelling Rules Spelling Rules 1. DOUBLE the LAST LETTER of a word before adding ING, ED, ER or EST a. if the LAST THREE LETTERS are consonant-vowel-consonant (C-V-C) DOUBLE run running runner big bigger biggest step stepping stepped stepper bus bussing bussed DO NOT DOUBLE eat eating eater fast faster fastest kick kicking kicked kicker b. Two syllables: DOUBLE only if the STRESS (accent) is at the END DOUBLE prefer (pre 'FER) preferring preferred forget (for 'GET) forgetting begin (be 'GIN) beginning beginner DO NOT DOUBLE offer ('OF fer) offering offered market ('MAR ket) marketing marketed marketer listen ('LIS ten) listening listened listener c. NEVER double w, x or y show showing showed shower fix fixing fixed fixer play playing played player d. treat the QU combination like one consonant DOUBLE quit quitting quitter DOUBLE (The stress is at the end: e 'QUIP) equip equipping equipped DO NOT DOUBLE (The stress is at the beginning: 'E qual) equal equaling equaled Spelling Rules (cont.) 2. DROP the FINAL E of a word before adding ING, ED, ER or EST love loving loved lover write writing writer hide hiding hider large larger largest EXCEPTIONS: DO NOT DROP final e for these ing forms see seeing canoe canoeing be being dye dyeing (to dye means to color hair or clothes) MORE EXCEPTIONS: Here are three special ing forms lie lying die dying (to die means to stop living) tie tying 3. CHANGE Y to I before MOST endings if there is a CONSONANT before y dry dried dries drier happy happier happiness happily city cities citification study studies studied carry carries carried carrier DO NOT CHANGE Y if there is a VOWEL (a,e,o,u) before y play playing plays played buy buying buys buyer monkey monkeying monkeys monkeyed DO NOT CHANGE Y if you add -ING: NEVER DROP Y BEFORE ING!!!! study studying carry carrying try trying stay staying Spelling Demons Commonly Misspelled Words abusing achieving advice (noun: give some advice) advise (verb: advise the students) affect (have an influence on someone or something) allowed angry answered anyone apartment around attitude babies baseball basketball because beers (Bears like fish more than beer.) behavior believe believed business came (past tense) career (profession) careful carrier (a person who delivers mail) Carter (39th president) caught (past of catch) chauffeur's (a chauffeur's license is necessary for professional drivers) cheaper Chelsea (Clinton's daughter or a neighborhood in New York City) children choice (noun: make a choice) choose (verb: choose someone to work with you) Christmas city (not capital unless it's part of a name) City (capital if part of a name, like Oklahoma City) classmates clothes (what you wear) cloths (small pieces of material, often used for cleaning) college comfortable commission committing common communication community Community (capital in a name: LaGuardia Community College) complaints (noun: make a few complaints to the manager) completely consequences (results, effects) continue Spelling Demons (cont.) continuing convincing costume (special clothing for the theater or Halloween) costumers (people who design costumes for the theater) country crime custody (ownership or guardianship: having custody of children) customers (shoppers) customs (traditions) daily dangerous daughter decision definite delivery devastating diamond didn't difference (noun: What's the difference?) different (adjective: He's different from his brother.) difficulties (plural) difficulty (singular) disease (serious illness) dissatisfied divorced (adjective: not married anymore) doesn't (does not) dollars dolphins (sea mammals like porpoises) economic (adjective: financial, as an economic problem) economical (inexpensive to use, as an economical car the uses very little gas) economize (verb: save money, spend less than usual) economy (noun: the financial situation of a country or city) effects (noun: results or consequences) English (always capital E) enough (no T on enough!) enter (verb, go in) entrance (noun: the door that you use to enter a building) especially (more than others, above all: I like fruit, especially oranges.) every (each) example excellent except (but not: Everybody went to the zoo except Mary.) exception (noun: something that doesn't follow a rule) excited (adjective, how you feel: I'm excited because my uncle is coming.) exciting (adjective, how something is: Trips on the river are exciting!) expensive experiences farther ("more far") fattening (food that makes you fat is fattening) finally football (the American game, not soccer) foreign fortunately Spelling Demons (cont.) frightening fulfill functional geese (plural of goose) German (the language) Germany (the country) Giuliani (the mayor of New York City) giving graduated grammar greatest habit happier harmony heavier ("more heavy") height (noun: What is your height?) high (adjective: That mountain is high.) homeland (home country) honest (truthful) husband immigrant (noun, alien) immigrants (noun, aliens) immigrate (verb, to come into a new country) immigrated (past tense) instructions interesting jealous Jersey (as in New Jersey, the state) language laundry learning left (the past tense of leave, or a position/direction, the opposite of right) life (noun: Live your life the best you can.) little (small) litter (garbage) lives (verb: He lives in New York; also a plural noun: A cat has 7 or 9 lives.) magazine major (your main area of study in college) married (adjective, not single; also verb: She married her boyfriend.) masculine mayor (the leader of a city) members most (almost all) must (should, has to) necessary (adjective: Take some necessary steps.) necessity (noun: Clean air is a basic necessity.) neighbor (the person) neighborhood (the place) partner's (possessive: My partner's wallet is missing.) passenger plans (plural noun: make plans; also a verb: She plans to take a trip.) prefer preferred (past tense) profession (occupation) Spelling Demons (cont.) professional professors prohibited Reagan (the 40th president) reason reasonable reasons received responsibilities restaurant rum (the alcoholic drink, often added to Coca Cola) semester separate (adjective: apart, not with; or verb: put two things or people apart) serious shopping similar (almost the same as: He's similar to his brother.) sometime (one day in the future: Come and visit me sometime.) sometimes (occasionally: We usually stay home, but sometimes we go out.) speak (verb) special speech (noun) spirits States (United States) stopped street studying succeed (verb: Succeed in all your endeavors.) success (noun: Have success in all your endeavors.) sunlight theater their (possessive for they: They are painting their house.) there (not here; also a subject showing existence: There are two pens here.) they (plural of he, she, or it) they're (they are) though (Even though she's tired, she will keep working.) thought (past of think; or a noun: an idea) throughout (all over: They traveled throughout the country.) too (also: He has a boy and a girl too; more than is good: He drank too much.) totally (completely) tough (strong, difficult) Tower (Eiffel Tower, Sears Tower, Leaning Tower of Pisa) traffic (a lot of cars) uncomfortable United (United States, United Nations) usually (most of the time) vegetables very volleyball Washington (Washington DC, the state of Washington on the west coast) weighs (verb: He weighs 200 pounds.) weight (noun: What is your weight?) wives (more than one wife) wolves (more than one wolf) writing Spelling GH bought (past of buy) brought (past of bring) caught (past of catch) daughter (girl) dough (material used to make bread) enough (sufficient) fought (past of fight) height (noun: What is the height of that tree?) high (adjective: How high is that tree?) rough (hard, difficult, or not gentle, not smooth) taught (past of teach) thought (past of think) through (from one side to the other side, through the window) throughout (all over, throughout the country) tough (hard, difficult, or strong, or strict, as a tough boss) weigh (verb: How much do you weigh?) weighs (verb: He weighs 200 pounds.) weight (noun: What is the weight of that rock?) State Capitals Alabama --- Montgomery Alaska --- Juneau Arizona --- Phoenix Arkansas --- Little Rock California --- Sacramento Colorado --- Denver Connecticut --- Hartford Delaware --- Dover Florida --- Tallahassee Georgia --- Atlanta Hawaii --- Honolulu Idaho --- Boise Illinois --- Springfield Indiana --- Indianapolis Iowa --- Des Moines Kansas --- Topeka Kentucky --- Frankfort Louisiana --- Baton Rouge Maine --- Augusta Maryland --- Annapolis Massachusetts --- Boston Michigan --- Lansing Minnesota --- St. Paul Mississippi --- Jackson Missouri --- Jefferson City Montana --- Helena Nebraska --- Lincoln Nevada --- Carson City New Hampshire --- Concord New Jersey --- Trenton New Mexico --- Santa Fe New York --- Albany North Carolina --- Raleigh North Dakota --- Bismarck Ohio --- Columbus Oklahoma --- Oklahoma City Oregon --- Salem Pennsylvania --- Harrisburg Rhode Island --- Providence South Carolina --- Columbia South Dakota --- Pierre Tennessee --- Nashville Texas --- Austin Utah --- Salt Lake City Vermont --- Montpelier Virginia --- Richmond Washington --- Olympia West Virginia --- Charleston Wisconsin --- Madison Wyoming --- Cheyenne Synonyms Synonyms Synonyms are words that mean the same thing. To be synonyms, two words must have the same word form: FAT is a synonym of HEAVY. They are both simple adjectives. FATTER is a synonym of HEAVIER. They are both comparative adjectives. DIE is a synonym of EXPIRE. They are both verbs in the simple form. DIED is a synonym of EXPIRED. They are both verbs in the past tense. DYING is a synonym of EXPIRING. They are both gerunds (-ING forms). PEACE is a synonym of SILENCE. They are both nouns. PEACEFUL is a synonym of SILENT. They are both adjectives. ACCUSTOMED --- used ADMIT --- confess ALIEN --- foreign ALMOST ALWAYS --- usually AMUSING --- funny APPEARS --- seems ARTISTIC --- creative ASTOUNDED --- astonished ATTEMPTED --- tried BLEW UP --- exploded CAUTIOUS --- careful CHOOSE --- decide COLLEGE INSTRUCTORS --- professors COLLEGE CLASSES --- courses COMMANDED --- ordered COSTLY --- expensive DEADLY --- fatal DIFFICULTY --- trouble DROPS OUT OF --- quits EACH --- every EMPLOYEES --- workers ESSENTIAL --- necessary EXIT --- leave EXTREMELY TIRED --- exhausted FAST --- quickly FAST --- quick FATTER --- heavier FILM --- movie FREQUENTLY --- often FRIGHTENING --- scary FROM TIME TO TIME --- sometimes Synonyms (cont.) FULL OF PEOPLE --- crowded GO UP --- increase GOOD-LOOKING --- attractive HARD --- difficult INDUSTRIAL PLANTS --- factories INEXPENSIVE --- cheap INTEND --- plan JOKING --- kidding KEEP ON --- continue KIDS --- children LARGE --- big LEAVE --- quit MAD --- angry NEEDS --- has OCCUPATION --- profession OPTIMISTIC --- hopeful OUGHT TO --- should OUTGOING --- friendly PERMIT --- allow PUT OFF --- postpone QUITE --- very RECOMMENDED --- suggested REMAIN --- stay RESERVED --- shy RUSHED --- hurried SCARED --- afraid SELDOM --- rarely SEVERE --- strict SILENT --- quiet SILENTLY --- quietly SMALL --- little SPORTSMAN --- athlete STARTED --- begun STARTED --- began STARTS --- begins STOP --- quit STOPPED BREATHING --- died STOPPED WORKING --- retired STRONGLY DISLIKES --- hates STRONGLY ADVISED --- urged TAKE IN AIR --- breathe THOUGHT ABOUT --- considered THRILLING --- exciting TIPSY --- drunk TOXIC --- poisonous TREMBLED --- shook TREMBLING --- shaking UNABLE TO HEAR --- deaf UNABLE TO SEE --- blind UNINTERESTING --- boring VERY WELL-KNOWN --- famous WELL-LIKED --- popular WENT DOWN --- dropped WRITER --- author Tags Tags are short question combinations that we add to statements to ask if we are correct about something we are saying. Often, we add "right?" to the end of a statement to make it a question: He's coming to the party, right? You're the new manager, right? She doesn't like pizza, right? They haven't finished yet, right? More often, however, we use tags. Tags are an auxiliary verb plus pronoun: A. He's coming to the party, ISN'T HE? B. You're the new manager, AREN'T YOU? C. She doesn't like pizza, DOES SHE? D. They haven't finished yet, HAVE THEY? If the statement is POSITIVE, as Sentences A and B, then the tag is NEGATIVE. If the statement is NEGATIVE, as Sentences C and D, then the tag is POSITIVE. Forming Tags You use the same auxiliary verb that is used in the statement. If the statement doesn't have an auxiliary verb, then you need to use DON'T, DOESN'T, DIDN'T. Use DON'T for present tense verbs, plural subject, or I or YOU. Use DOESN'T for present tense verbs, singular subject. Use DIDN'T for past tense verbs, singular or plural subject. E. They like pizza, DON'T THEY? F. He hates New York, DOESN'T HE? G. We made a mistake, DIDN'T WE? H. You don't want this book, DO YOU? I. He DOESN'T LIVE in California, DOES HE? J. It fell on the floor, DIDN'T IT? HAVE, HAS and HAD are auxiliary verbs only when they are used with a past participle in the present perfect or past perfect tenses. Present Perfect K. He HAS BEEN to Europe, HASN'T HE? L. You HAVE SAID that before, HAVEN'T YOU? M. They HAVE TAKEN the test, HAVEN'T THEY? Tags (cont.) Past Perfect N. She HAD LEARNED English before she came here, HADN'T SHE? HAVE, HAS and HAD are regular verbs when they are NOT used with a past participle. To make the short response, you use DON'T, DOESN'T or DIDN'T. O. He has money, DOESN'T HE? P. Bob had to leave, DIDN'T HE? Q. You have her phone number in your wallet, DON'T YOU? Special Rule for the pronoun, I, and the verb, AM If the statement has the pronoun, I, and the verb, AM, and is negative, then the form in the statement is I'M NOT, and the form in the tag is AM I? R. I'm not bothering you, AM I? If the statement has the pronoun I, and the verb AM, and is positive, then the form in the statement is I'M, but the tag is AREN'T I? S. I'm a real idiot, AREN'T I? The contraction *AMN'T does not exist in modern English. In old-fashioned English, almost never heard in America, it is possible to say T. I'm a real idiot, AM I NOT? But this sounds strange to most American speakers of English. Two-Word Verbs (a.k.a. Phrasal Verbs) Two-Word Verbs Two-word verbs are made of a verb and a preposition. The combination gives a special meaning, usually different from the meaning of the verb by itself. Two-word verbs are used with object pronouns (it, him, her, me, you, them, us) or proper nouns (Robert, Mary) or common nouns (the book, the student). Two-word verbs that use the prepositions ON, OFF, UP, DOWN, OVER, IN, OUT, AWAY, BACK are usually "separable." This means that the object pronouns must go between the verb and the preposition (they are "separated"): I WOKE him UP. I'm TURNING it OVER. He THROWS them OUT. PUT her DOWN. He's TRYING it ON. With common nouns and proper nouns, you have a choice. You can separate the verb and preposition, or you can keep them together and put the common or proper noun after them: I WOKE Robert UP. I WOKE UP Robert. I'm TURNING the hamburger OVER. I'm TURNING OVER the hamburger. He THROWS his old magazines OUT. He THROWS OUT his old magazines. PUT little Susie DOWN. PUT DOWN little Susie. He's TRYING the hat ON. He's TRYING ON the hat. Some Common Two-Word Verbs Call her up. Use the phone to talk to her. Pick him up. Go to him with your car and give him a ride. Pick it up. Lift it off the floor or ground. Put it on. Put a piece of clothing on your body to start wearing it. Put it down. Lay it on the table or on the floor. Put it away. Put it into its storage place where you usually keep it. Put it back. Put it into its storage place where you usually keep it. Take it out. Remove it from where it is and bring it outside. Take her out. Invite her for a date, to dinner, dancing, a movie. Take it off. Remove clothing from the body, stop wearing it. Throw it out. Put it in the garbage can. Try it on. Test clothing to see if it fits well and looks good. Turn it over. Turn it to the opposite side, as a hamburger on a grill. Turn it on. Start using an electric light or appliance. Turn it off. Stop using an electric light or appliance. Wake him up. Make him stop sleeping. Unreal Unreal Conditionals Present Unreal Conditional The PRESENT UNREAL is the tense we use to think about imaginary changes, generally not realistic or possible ones, in our current (present, now) life. Real: I don't have a million dollars now. I won't buy a big house. Unreal: If I HAD a million dollars now, I WOULD BUY a big house. The IF clause, the part of the sentence with IF and the subject and verb that follow IF, is the imaginary condition, the thing you are imagining being true. The main clause (the other part of the sentence) is the imaginary result, the thing that would become possible as a consequence of the imaginary change. The verb in the IF clause is in the PAST tense. This does not mean that you are thinking about the past! It is just a grammatical rule to use the past form of the verb to show some imagined condition at the present, current time. The result (the main clause) uses WOULD or COULD (ability) to show what would follow if the condition in the IF clause were true. Real: I don't know her name. I won't ask her out. Unreal: If I KNEW her name, I WOULD ASK her out. Real: I don't have good knees. I can't go jogging. Unreal: If I HAD good knees, I COULD GO jogging. In an IF clause, the unreal form of BE is always WERE, never WAS. WERE is the form for ALL subjects, singular and plural, when the verb BE is used in an unreal condition. Real: I'm not rich. I can't buy a business. Unreal: If I WERE rich, I could buy a business. An Unreal Condition can be negative: Real: I live in an apartment. I don't own a dog. Unreal: If I DIDN'T LIVE in an apartment, I WOULD OWN a dog. Real: I am sick. I will have to stay in bed. Unreal: If I WEREN'T sick, I WOULDN'T HAVE to stay in bed. Real: I know Spanish. I'm able to shop in bodegas. Unreal: If I DIDN'T KNOW Spanish, I WOULDN'T BE able to shop in bodegas. Unreal (cont.) Past Unreal Conditional The Past Unreal is the tense we use to talk about changes that we imagine in the past, not about our current situation or life. Of course, it's impossible to change the past, but we often imagine how situations would have been different if we had done something that we didn't do, or something had happened that didn't happen. Real: In school, I didn't study for the math test, so I failed it. Unreal: If I HAD STUDIED for the math test, I WOULD HAVE PASSED it. The IF clause uses the PAST PERFECT (HAD + a past participle) to show the imagined change in the past. The main clause, or the result clause, uses "WOULD PERFECT" (WOULD HAVE + a past participle). WOULD HAVE is often written as a contraction, WOULD'VE, although some grammar books find it too informal. The accepted negative of WOULD HAVE is WOULDN'T HAVE. More examples of the Past Unreal Conditional: Real: On the highway, you were speeding, so you crashed. Unreal: If you HADN'T BEEN speeding, you WOULDN'T HAVE CRASHED. Real: I didn't win the lottery last year. I didn't buy a car. Unreal: If I HAD WON the lottery last year, I WOULD HAVE BOUGHT a car. Real: He smoked two packs a day. He died of cancer. Unreal: If he HADN'T SMOKED two packs a day, he WOULDN'T HAVE died of cancer. Verb + Base Form 12 auxiliary verbs are used with a base (simple) form of the other verb: do We DON'T HAVE time. does DOES he KNOW Spanish? did They DIDN'T EAT dinner last night. can CAN you SING? could He COULDN'T FIND his wallet. shall SHALL we GO? should She SHOULD STUDY harder. will What WILL you DO tomorrow? would I WOULD LIKE a cup of coffee. must You MUST STOP at a red light. might It MIGHT RAIN tomorrow. may She MAY VISIT us soon. The preposition TO is usually followed by the base form of a verb: (It doesn't matter what tense the sentence is in!) Simple present: He always tries TO PAY attention. Simple past: Yesterday, she wanted TO SEE her boss. Present progressive: They are hoping TO WIN the lottery. Present perfect: He has never attempted TO FIND a job. Past perfect: He had hoped TO LEARN English before he came here. Past progressive: I was trying TO TURN on the oven. Future: I'll try TO CALL you later. (Sometimes TO is followed by a gerund, an -ing form. This is covered in Verb + Gerund.) With the verbs INSIST, RECOMMEND, and SUGGEST, we add the word THAT then a subject pronoun (you, he, she, they) then the base form of a verb: (It doesn't matter what tense INSIST, RECOMMEND, or SUGGEST are in!) The professor INSISTS THAT SHE STUDY harder. The professor INSISTED THAT WE COME to class early. The professor WAS INSISTING THAT HE SPEAK to her after class. The doctor RECOMMENDED THAT HE GET more sleep. My doctor RECOMMENDS THAT I DO exercise every morning. The doctor HAS RECOMMENDED THAT SHE STOP smoking. Harold SUGGESTED THAT I STUDY French. Martha IS SUGGESTING THAT HE TAKE a vacation. The principal SUGGESTED THAT THE TEACHER GO on a leave of absence. Verb + Base Form (cont.) With the verbs LET, MAKE, and HELP we use the object pronoun (him, her, me, us, them, you) or a proper noun (Mary, Mr. Smith, Bob) or a common noun (the student, her neighbor) and then the base form of a verb: (It doesn't matter what tense LET, MAKE, or HELP are in!) She LET HIM STAY with her for a week last year. She IS LETTING THEM USE a dictionary for their test. She HAS NEVER LET HER DAUGHTER GO to clubs at night. She always LETS ME PLAY with her dog. He MADE HER DO the dishes after dinner last night. He's MAKING THEM WASH the car. HE was MAKING HER SON EAT The verb HELP can be used with an optional (not necessary) TO: He HELPED HER (TO) CLEAN her apartment. Americans usually DON'T use TO with HELP: He HELPED HER CLEAN her apartment. The object pronoun (me, him, her, us, them, you) is followed by the base form of the next verb. (It doesn't matter what tense HELP is in!) He HELPED ME FIND my dog. She HELPS HER STUDENTS TRANSLATE mail from the college. We ARE HELPING THEM PAINT their house. They HAVE always HELPED US RAISE our children. She's going to HELP HIM FILL OUT his tax forms. I HELPED HER MOVE some furniture. The verbs WATCH, SEE, and HEAR are used with a base form of the next verb: The object pronoun is used (him, her, me, them) or a proper noun or common noun. Then, the activity observed or heard is a verb in the simple form: (It doesn't matter what tense WATCH, SEE and HEAR are in!) I WATCHED MY SON PLAY baseball yesterday. I HEARD THEM COME in last night. I DIDN'T SEE HIM DIVE. I wasn't paying attention. We HEARD HER SING in the school concert. I SAW THE YANKEES PLAY the Mets last summer. Ken HEARD SOMEBODY SCREAM a few minutes ago. Verb + Gerund Some verbs are followed by a gerund (-ing form) of the next verb: (It doesn't matter what tense or number the first verb is in!) 1. enjoy I ENJOY LIVING on the Upper West Side. 2. miss I MISS PLAYING baseball. I used to do it a lot. 3. remember I REMEMBER SITTING on Mama's lap when I was little. (BUT remembering something that you need to do: I REMEMBERED TO LOCK the door. REMEMBER TO CALL!) 4. regret I REGRET SPEAKING to you like that. I'm so sorry. 5. report The woman REPORTED HEARING gun shots outside her home. 6. mind I hate vacuuming, but I don't MIND DOING the dishes. 7. dislike I DISLIKE LISTENING to the boss's long speeches. 8. can't help I CAN'T HELP laughing! You look so funny like that! 9. stop She STOPPED WORKING when the bell rang. 10. quit You have to QUIT SMOKING if you want to live past 50. 11. finish HAVE you FINISHED PAINTING your house yet? 12. give up She GAVE UP STUDYING English after two years. 13. keep (on) Please KEEP (ON) WORKING. It's not time to quit yet. 14. go on GO ON SINGING! You have a lovely voice! 15. think about I'm THINKING ABOUT MOVING to a different city. 16. consider HAVE you CONSIDERED BUYING a new house? 17. discuss We DISCUSSED GETTING a new and bigger car. 18. talk about We TALKED ABOUT TAKING a vacation. 19. concentrate on You have to CONCENTRATE ON FINDING a job. 20. practice She PRACTICED TYPING until she could type a lot faster. 21. imagine I CAN'T IMAGINE HAVING a dog in this small apartment! 22. risk Apologize to the boss! Don't RISK LOSING this job! 23. avoid You SHOULD AVOID TALKING to her. She's a real gossip! 24. delay We DELAYED SENDING payment until we had the money. 25. postpone He POSTPONED FLYING to England due to the bad weather. 26. put off Don't PUT OFF DOING the homework until Sunday night. 27. have trouble We HAD TROUBLE FINDING a cheap hotel room there. 28. have problems We'RE HAVING PROBLEMS TEACHING our dog to sit up. 29. have fun We HAD FUN RIDING horses on my uncle's farm. 30. have a good time We'LL HAVE A GOOD TIME TALKING with Grandpa. 31. spend [time] We SPENT FOUR HOURS LOOKING for our lost cat. We SPENT THREE DAYS RELAXING at the resort hotel. 32. deny OJ DENIED KILLING Nicole. 33. admit (to) OJ ADMITTED (TO) HITTING Nicole once. 34. confess to The thief CONFESSED TO STEALING the diamond bracelet. Verb + Gerund (cont.) 35. prefer A to B I PREFER SWIMMING to RUNNING because I have bad legs. (BUT if you're using only ONE verb with PREFER: They invited me out, but I PREFERRED TO STAY home.) 36. look forward to We LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING our grandparents again. 37. get accustomed to I CAN'T GET ACCUSTOMED TO USING English all the time. 38. get used to Her husband died. She has to GET USED TO BEING alone. 39. go dancing He GOES DANCING every weekend. He WENT DANCING Sunday. 40. go fishing We WENT FISHING with our father when we were young. 41. go sightseeing We WENT SIGHTSEEING and saw Rockefeller Center. 42. go shopping The refrigerator is empty. We'LL GO SHOPPING tomorrow. 43. go hiking He'LL GO HIKING in the Catskill Mountains next March. 44. go skiing DID you GO SKIING in Aspen last week? How was the snow? 45. go camping We'RE GOING CAMPING soon. Get a tent and sleeping bag. 46. go sailing We WENT SAILING, but there wasn't any wind on the lake. 47. go boating We WENT BOATING in the bay, but we ran out of gas. 48. go ice skating The lake has frozen over. Let's GO ICE SKATING. 49. go jogging I can't GO JOGGING until I find my sneakers. 50. go hunting My father WENT HUNTING. He brought home two ducks. 51. go roller skating I used to GO ROLLER SKATING every weekend. 52. go roller blading Nowadays, we go ROLLER BLADING, not roller skating. 53. go window shopping We went window shopping on 5th Ave. We only looked! The Great 8 8 verbs can be used with either a gerund (-ing form) or a TO form: 1. like I LIKE LIVING in New York. There's so much to do. I LIKE TO GO to a museum once in a while. 2. love She LOVES TAKING care of her birds. She LOVES TO READ books about parrots. 3. hate He HATED COMMUTING to work when he had a job. He HATED TO WORK in that little cubicle at his job. 4. can['t] stand I CAN'T STAND LISTENING to her complain! How CAN you STAND TO CLEAN up after your husband!? 5. can[t] bear How CAN she BEAR LOOKING at him in that condition? I CANT BEAR WAITING any longer. 6. continue CONTINUE WORKING. It isn't time to quit yet. CONTINUE TO FILE these papers with the other ones. 7. start He STARTED STUDYING when he was six. He STARTED TO STUDY English in high school. 8. begin BEGIN WRITING when I tell you to, not before! DON'T BEGIN TO WRITE until I tell you to. Verb + Infinitive Some verbs are followed by the infinitive form of the next verb. The infinitive is TO + the base (simple) form of a verb. Some of these verbs can also be followed by the negative infinitive, which is NOT TO + the base (simple) form of a verb. (The first verb can be in any number and tense.) 1. would like I'D LIKE TO SEE Paris someday. 2. want I WANT TO START dinner, and I want you to help me. 3. wish I WISH TO MAKE a complaint. Your service is terrible. 4. long She LONGS TO SEE her children again. They're in Peru. 5. need I NEED TO DO the laundry. I have no clean shirts. 6. have I'd like to stay, but I can't. I HAVE TO GO now. 7. expect I EXPECT TO FINISH it today. I'm almost sure I will. 8. hope I really HOPE TO FINISH today, but I'm not sure I can. 9. plan She PLANS TO VISIT her mother after work. 10. agree She AGREED NOT TO SEE other men and TO DATE only him. 11. arrange Can you ARRANGE TO MEET me at the airport next week? 12. intend I INTEND TO FINISH this report no later than Friday! 13. mean I DIDN'T MEAN TO KILL him. It was an accident! 14. decide We DECIDED NOT TO GO out but TO STAY home and watch TV. 15. choose Mother, I'll marry whoever I CHOOSE TO MARRY! 16. tend I TEND TO SCREAM when I'm angry. That's my bad habit. 17. try TRY TO ANSWER every question. You have 60 minutes. (BUT trying out a new idea or suggestion: If your clothes aren't white enough, TRY USING bleach.) 18. attempt We ATTEMPTED TO REACH him by phone, but he wasn't home. 19. forget DON'T FORGET TO SEND your mother a birthday card. 20. fail Don't FAIL TO LOCK the door if you leave the house! 21. remember DID you REMEMBER TO TURN OFF the TV when you left? (BUT remembering something, as in a childhood memory: I REMEMBER SITTING on my mama's lap when I was four.) 22. offer He OFFERED TO LEND me $100, but I didn't need it. 23. promise He PROMISED TO BUY her a car if she got her license. 24. threaten She THREATENED TO HIT her son if he didn't stop crying. 25. prepare I covered the floor because I'm PREPARING TO PAINT here. 26. hesitate I HESITATED TO ASK him for help because he was so busy. 27. refuse My father REFUSED TO GIVE me money. He wouldn't help. 28. seem The dog SEEMS TO BE hungry. Try giving it some food. 29. appear She APPEARS TO BE happy. See? She's smiling. 30. deserve You've worked very hard. You DESERVE TO GET a raise. Verb + Infinitive (cont.) 31. afford We CAN'T AFFORD TO BUY a car now. We're broke. 32. manage DID you MANAGE TO FIND his house using the map I drew? 33. pretend He PRETENDED TO BE a rich banker, and she believed him! 34. learn (how) I LEARNED TO SWIM before I LEARNED HOW TO WALK. The following verbs require an indirect object before TO or NOT TO: 35. ask He ASKED ME TO HELP him paint his house. 36. invite He INVITED HER to dance with him. 37. beg She BEGGED HER HUSBAND TO STOP seeing other women. 38. tell I TOLD HIM TO WORK harder and NOT TO TALK so much. 39. order He ORDERED THEM TO DROP their guns and NOT TO MOVE. 40. command The sergeant COMMANDED HIS MEN TO MARCH twenty miles. 41. require The college REQUIRES YOU TO TAKE a writing course. 42. allow They DON'T ALLOW YOU TO SMOKE in the building. Go outside. 43. permit He PERMITTED HIS DAUGHTER TO STAY out as late as she wanted. 44. forbid She FORBADE HER SON TO SMOKE. She threw out his cigarettes. 45. advise My guidance counselor ADVISED ME to apply to more colleges. 46. counsel The pastor COUNSELED HER to give her baby up for adoption. 47. urge His doctor URGED HIM to give up smoking immediately. 48. convince He CONVINCED ME TO VOTE for Clinton. He gave me good reasons. 49. persuade He PERSUADED MARY TO MARRY him by promising to be faithful. 50. pay He PAID ROBERT $20 TO CLEAN his yard and SWEEP the patio. 51. hire They HIRED MRS. SOAMES TO ANSWER phones and DO filing. 52. dare They DARED ME TO DRIVE 90 mph. I did it to prove I was brave. 53. invite He INVITED ME TO GO with him and his family to the zoo. 54. warn She WARNED HIM TO STAY away from the dog and NOT TO TOUCH it. 55. encourage My music teacher ENCOURAGED ME TO JOIN the school band. 56. push Their coach PUSHED THEM to practice longer and harder. 57. exhort The manager EXHORTED US to observe safety measures carefully. 58. challenge I CHALLENGED MY EMPLOYEES to double their output in the coming week. The Great 8 8 verbs can be used with either a gerund (-ing form) or a TO form: 1. like I LIKE LIVING in New York. There's so much to do. I LIKE TO GO to a museum once in a while. 2. love She LOVES TAKING care of her birds. She LOVES TO READ books about parrots. 3. hate He HATED COMMUTING to work when he had a job. He HATED TO WORK in that little cubicle at his job. 4. can['t] stand I CAN'T STAND LISTENING to her complain! How CAN you STAND TO CLEAN up after your husband!? 5. can[t] bear How CAN she BEAR LOOKING at him in that condition? I CANT BEAR WAITING any longer. 6. continue CONTINUE WORKING. It isn't time to quit yet. CONTINUE TO FILE these papers with the other ones. 7. start He STARTED STUDYING when he was six. He STARTED TO STUDY English in high school. 8. begin BEGIN WRITING when I tell you to, not before! DON'T BEGIN TO WRITE until I tell you to. Verbs/Adjectives + Prep adapt to (become accustomed to) adjust to (make necessary changes in order to adapt) afraid of agree on something agree with someone apologize to apply for appropriate for approve of argue with arrive in a town (city, country) arrive at a school (station, work, or any specific place) ashamed of oneself or someone else associate with aware of believe in Santa Claus (think something is real) believe in the death penalty (agree with something) belong to blame for borrow from bring up (raise a child) capable of care for (enjoy something, watch over someone) care about (feel something is important) cast a spell on caught with one's pants down (embarrassed, humiliated) change into check on choose between co-operate with come from (a city or country) complain to concentrate on contribute to convinced of critical of depend on someone or on a condition die of a disease different from disagree with discourage someone from doing something disgusted with someone or something equal to escape from explain something to someone faith in someone or something familiar with famous for (well-known due to an ability) fight with figure out (finally understand) fill in (the blank spaces) fill out (complete a form) forget about (stop thinking or worrying about someone or something) Verbs/Adjectives + Prep (cont.) forgive someone for doing something get back from (return) get out (leave a room) get to (come to) get with the program (work well with coworkers) get away with (do something bad without punishment) get in someone's way (prevent someone else's movement or functioning) get behind (support someone or something) get on (a bus, train, plane) go on (continue) good at something grateful to someone grateful for something happy about something have on (wear an item of clothing) have trouble with hear about hear from (receive a letter or phone call) hear of (know about someone or something's existence) help with something hide from someone hold on (grab something, or wait) identical to (the same as) imported from (received from a far away place) independent of (someone) insist on doing something instead of interfere with someone or some process (bother, annoy, disrupt) jealous of (envious of) keep secrets from someone keep on (continue) know about known for (famous for) laugh at (a joke or someone foolish) leave for (go to) limit to listen to look at (see, watch, observe) look for (search) look forward to (wait with excitement or anticipation) loyal to made of mess with (bother or annoy someone) object to participate in pay for pay attention to play with someone or something point at someone or something prefer doing one thing to doing another thing prevent someone from doing something prohibit someone from doing something protect someone from danger proud of Verbs/Adjectives + Prep (cont.) provide with (supply necessary things) put off (postpone, delay) put up with (accept something or someone that annoys or bothers) put on (clothing) recovered from (an illness) rely on (depend on) respect for (have respect for someone) responsible for (in charge of) run out (have no more of something) same as (the same as = equal to, identical to) say something to something separate from someone show something to someone similar to (almost the same as) smile at something or someone sorry about (feeling ashamed about a mistake or unkind act) sorry for (feeling pity for an unfortunate person) steal something from someone succeed in doing something (have success with something) suffer from (a disease, illness, inability, weakness) suitable for (appropriate, the right thing) superior to (better than) suspicious of someone (not believing or trusting) take someone out (for dinner, a movie, a date) take off (leave the airport and go into the sky) take care of someone or something necessary to do talk about something talk about someone behind someone's back think of (have an opinion, remember someone) think about (consider, put someone or something in mind) tired of doing something tolerant of someone transform into something new try on (clothes) turn on (a light, a TV) turn off (a light, a TV) upset about something useful for (helpful) wait for wear out (use something so much that it stops being useful) work with someone or a tool work for a company or someone worry about a person or problem Weigh Weigh The simple form of the verb is WEIGH. There is no T in the verb!!! How much do you WEIGH? (Use the simple form with DO, DOES, DID.) He WEIGHS 200 pounds. (Add S for singular subjects in the preent.) I WEIGHED the baby yesterday. (Add ED for the past tense.) The noun form is WEIGHT. What is your WEIGHT? You should lose WEIGHT! What is the WEIGHT of one bar of gold? Wish and Hope Wish and Hope We use the verb HOPE when something is very possible. We use the verb WISH about impossible things or things that are not likely to happen (things that you don't really expect to happen.) Hope To say what you hope about the past, you use the simple past: I hope she found the restaurant. I hope he passed his class last semester. To say what you hope about the present, you use the present: I hope he's all right. I hope he knows where the clinic is. I hope he's having a good time in Florida. I hope he likes Italian food. To say what you hope about the future, you use the present (or the future, although it is less common): I hope he has a good time in Florida next month. (I hope he'll have a good time in Florida next month.) I hope she comes to see us when she passes through New York. (I hope she'll come to see us when she passes through New York.) Wish To say what you wish about the past, you use the past perfect: I wish I had passed my ESL class last semester! (You didn't pass.) I wish she had given me her phone number. (She didn't give it to you.) To say what you wish about the present, you use the past: I wish I had a good job. (You have a bad job now.) I wish I had a million dollars. (You don't have a lot of money.) I wish I knew how to speak Japanese. (You can't speak it.) I wish I could type. (You can't type.) I wish I were a good dancer. (You're a bad dancer.) I wish she were nicer to me. (She's not nice to you.) (Note! We use WERE for all subjects when we use wish.) To say what you wish about the future, you use WOULD: I wish people would stop talking about Monica Lewinsky. I wish you would quit smoking. (Note! If you think there is a chance that something can happen, use hope, not wish: "I hope Clinton does something about healthcare soon." GuessWhat 3.2 for Windows Instructions and Menu of Exercises created by Rick Shur, 2006 Manual Rick Shur, 2007 CCTV Computer Creations/Technology Visions 309 W 109 ST #3H New York, NY 10025 212-864-1684  HYPERLINK "mailto:rickshur@hotmail.com" rickshur@eslprof.com Congratulations! You are using GuessWhat! 3.2, an English grammar, vocabulary and spelling program by Rick Shur. GUESS WHAT MENU Use this menu to --Play GuessWhat! (or hit Ctrl-G, or double-click an exercise) --See your scores (or hit Ctrl-S) --Exit an exercise (or hit Ctrl-E) --Print for a Student [Print out up to 25 questions once an exercise is in play.] --Print for a Class [For teachers, needs a password, email rickshur@eslprof.com.] --Quit GuessWhat! (or hit Ctrl-Q, or click the X in the upper right corner) OPTIONS MENU Use this menu to --Play for Points (Ctrl-P) or for Fun (Ctrl-F) --Choose Original Order (Ctrl-O), the same order every time or Random order.(Ctrl-R), a mixed up order each time --Play with a Timer to test your speed (do a speed drill from 1 to 7 minutes) --Turn Sound On or Sound Off With Sound On, you will hear a Beep with each correct answer. Your "Beep" sound will be whatever your Windows "Beep" is set to. Click the Start button and go to Control Panel Click "Sounds, Speech and Audio Devices" Click "Change the sound scheme." Click on the Sounds tab. Set your "Default Beep" to any sound available on your computer. A sound can be any wave file (extension ".wav") that you like. --Enter User Name (Ctrl-N)You can change the user's name or enter a user's name for the first time. (When you access scores, they will be given only for the current user. Enter a new user name if you want to see scores for that person.) There is no limit to the number of different users who use the program. HELP MENU --How to play GuessWhat! (Ctrl-H) will give you these instructions. You can also print these instructions. They are in the Help.Inf file that resides in the same folder as the GuessWhat! program. --Grammar/Vocabulary Information (Ctrl-I) This will give you a brief overview of the grammar or vocabulary you need to know in order to do the current exercise. --Print Grammar/Vocabulary Information This lets you have a paper copy of the grammar information on your selected exercise. --About GuessWhat! This will tell you the Version Number of the program you are using. CHOOSING AN EXERCISE On the lefthand side, there is a list of exercises. Double-click an exercise to play. You can also click an exercise and then hit Ctrl-G. You can also click an exercise and choose Play GuessWhat! from the GuessWhat! menu. How Many Questions? You must tell GuessWhat! how many exercises you want to do. If you change your mind, and you don't want to do an exercise, put 0 in for the number. TO SEE HOW MANY WORDS YOUR ANSWER NEEDS To learn how many words and letters are needed in the answer, you can click or hit {Enter} to see what the answer should look like. For example, if the question (found in Two-Word Verbs) is: What did John do when he dropped his book? You can hit {Enter} and you will see ** ****** ** **. (because the answer is: He picked it up.) This tells you that you need four words. The second word has six letters. The other words have two letters. TO GET GRAMMAR OR VOCABULARY INFORMATION Hit Ctrl-I or choose Grammar/Vocab Info from the Help menu TO ANSWER A QUESTION If you are ready to answer a question, type the answer and hit or click {Enter}. If you have given Guess What the answer it wants, then you will get some points and move on to the next question. However, if your answer is not EXACTLY what Guess What wants, you will get some feedback. For example, if the question is What did John do when he dropped his book? and you type He pick up. the feedback will be He pick** ** up. This tells you that you are almost correct, but you forgot the "ed" in "picked" and you forgot the pronoun "it." You cannot go on to the next question until you type the answer exactly as GuessWhat! wants it. You can click the Give Up! button at any time to see the answer, but you will still have to type it correctly yourself before continuing. SCORING If you finish an exercise, you will get a score, and it will be recorded. To see all your scores, hit Ctrl-S or choose See Scores from the GuessWhat! menu. EDITING While you are typing, you can make corrections before you hit {Enter}. Here are the commands for editing: right arrow This moves one space to the right without erasing. left arrow This moves one space to the left without erasing. Backspace This erases the letter TO THE LEFT of the cursor. Delete This erases the letter that is ON the cursor. Space bar This adds a space between words. (For moving to the right and left, use the arrows!) Ctrl-left arrow When you hold down the Control (Ctrl) key while you hit the left arrow, you move to the PREVIOUS word. Ctrl-right arrow When you hold down the Control (Ctrl) key while you hit the right arrow, you move to the NEXT word. This software, like all software, is in the developmental stage. This is a programmer's way of saying that it might not work perfectly. It might freeze or keep repeating something. You never know. Machines do not make mistakes. Computer programmers sometimes do. TO STOP THE PROGRAM, if for any reason the Quit command doesn't work Hit Ctrl-Alt-Delete Guess What 3 was authored by Rick Shur in 2005 It is published by CCTV (Computer Creations /Technology Visions) It is written in Visual Basic.Net, which can be run on any Windows system except Windows 3.1 and Windows 95. YOU MUST HAVE YOUR WINDOWS UPDATED WITH THE "NET.FRAMEWORK." You can do that by going to: http://windowsupdate.microsoft.com You can find Rick at his Web site ESLprof.com and rickshur@hotmail.com You can find this software at your college bookstore. Rick Shur has been teaching all levels of ESL, since 1979, at LaGuardia Community College Credit ESL Dept. - Room E200 31-10 Thomson Avenue Long Island City, NY 11101 718-482-5641 Requirements for Running Guess What 3.2 Requirement #1 GuessWhat 3.2 will run on almost any Windows but not Windows 95 and Windows 3.1. Note: If you want to record your scores to the disk, keep the write-protection tab on your diskette in the DOWN position. Requirement #2 The desktop must be set at 1024 x 768. Click the Start button. Click Control Panel. Click Appearance and Themes. Click Change the Screen Resolution. Set the screen resolution to 10024 x 768 with the sliding bar. Click OK. You can also Right-click anywhere on your desktop. Choose Properties from the pop-up menu.\ Choose Settings. Set the screen resolution to 10024 x 768 with the sliding bar. Click OK. If you can not reset your desktop to 1024 x 768, then your computers monitor or video card is too old to run this software. Requirement #3 Your Windows must be updated with the Net Framework 2.0. This is a free program from Microsoft. You can get and run the program from ESLprof.com. In your browsers address bar, put eslprof.com/dotnetfx.exe Run the program and it will install the Net Framework on your computer. Guess What Menu of Exercises Adjectives- ed/ing A -Write an adjective ending in ED or ING in the complete, correct form. The most exc____________ ride at Coney Island is the roller coaster. Adjectives- ed/ing B -Write an adjective ending in ED or ING in the complete, correct form. Are you int____________ in sports? Do you want to see a soccer game? Adverb or Adjective -Guess the correct adjective or adverb.Spell carefully! (Be careful!) Please do your work q______________. Stop making so much noise. Adverbs of Frequency -Give the number of the correct position for each adverb. [always] You 1 are 2 talking 3 about 4 your 5 dead 6 mother! Agreement -Give an appropriate verb.Use only one word.Watch tense! The reason for taking so many precautions __________ to be safe now. Body Parts -Guess the body part.Give a one-word answer. You wear a belt around it. Capital Cities of the World 1 -Give the capital city.Use the English names where they exist. France Capital Cities of the World 2 -Give the capital city.Use the English names where they exist. North Korea Capital Letters -Rewrite the whole sentence with necessary capitals. i'm studying computer science at hostos community college. Cities, Cities, Cities! -Guess the country or state in the U.S.of each city. Baltimore Comparatives 1 -Make a comparative sentence.Start with the first item or person. Harry can run the mile in 4:32. Kevin can run the mile in 4:49. Composite Adjectives 1 -Finish the sentence with the correct composite adjective form. We say that it's___________________. (if it's a building that has five stories) Count and Noncount Nouns 1 -Fill in the space with a, an or some. Can you give me __________ advice? You have some experience. Count and Noncount Nouns 2 -Write the correct choices.Separate them with a hyphen [-]. There yesterday. Do-Have-Make-Take -Fill in the correct form of do, have, make or take. We haven't ________ a party at our house for a long time. Either-Neither-So-Too A -Fill in the words that show agreement in short response form. Kevin can speak Spanish. _________________________ Rick. Either-Neither-So-Too B -Fill in the words that show agreement in short response form. Marzena misses her home country. _________________________ Luz. Even Though -Rewrite the sentence beginning with Even though... He doesn't love Mary, but he's going to marry her Famous People -Name the famous person. He was the first president of Russia after the Soviet Union disintegrated. Future Clauses 1 -Finish the sentence with BEFORE, AFTER or WHEN.(exclude days/times) Betsy will visit Miami on June 20. She'll go to Havana on June 22. Betsy will visit Miami________________________________ Grammar Diagnostic 1 -Fill in the space with ONE WORD or a CONTRACTION (with apostrophe). I ____________ told her the news yet. I'll tell her soon. Grammar Diagnostic 1a -Supply ONE WORD beginning with the letter given in the < >. He's ____________ now. Say good-bye. Grammar Diagnostic 2 -Fill in the space with ONE WORD or a CONTRACTION (with apostrophe). You ____________ told the boss about this before it got worse! How -Fill in the space with an appropriate word for the question. How ________ do you visit a dentist? Twice a year, or less? I'm Thinking Of... -Here's the category.What am I thinking of? a kind of jewelry If/Unless -Fill in the blank with ONE word that makes the most sense. You will have an accident __________ you drive carefully. Inventions -Guess the invention! 1845 Elias Howe (American) Measurement -Give the equivalent. 1 pound = 16 Modern Library Top 100 Novels -Guess the novel.Both THE RANKING AND AUTHOR are given. 2 (1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald) Movies: AFI's Top 100 U.S.Films -Guess the movie.The placement and year produced are given. 36 [1969] Negatives 1 -Give the negative form.Use contractions where possible. Annie lives in Brooklyn. She ___________________ in Manhattan. Negatives 2 -Give the negative form.Use contractions where possible. He had no friends in high school. He __________ friends in high school. Numbers 1-20 (Spelling) -Spell the number correctly. 40 Opposites 1 -Guess the most common opposite. narrow Other -Finish the sentence with the correct form of "other." Use one/ones. Chris: That cookie was delicious! Can I have one more? Terry: Of course! Have _________________________ Passive Mode 1 -Fill in the blank with the correct form of the passive.Watch tense! This class (teach) __________________ by Professor Snow next semester. Passive Mode 1a -Supply the correct form of the verb in the passive mode. The car (repair) ________________________________________ right now. Passive or Present Perfect -Fill in the correct form of have or be. He _____________ taken to jail for a robbery he committed. Past 1 (Irregular Past/Past Part.) -Give the past and past participle like this: ate, eaten begin (start) _________________________ Past 1a (Mixed Past Tense) -Give the past tense in the affirmative (instead of negative). She didn't wear a skirt. She ____________ a dress. Past 2 (Irregular Past Tense) -Guess the IRREGULAR past tense verb I'm thinking of. That ostrich ________________ an egg the size of a soccer ball. Past and Plural -Correct one with two: I didn't eat one pear.Answer= I ate two pears. I didn't buy one peach. Past Perfect 1 -Put one verb in past, one in past perfect.Use a comma: ate, had gone I (invite)________ her to the movie, but she (already make)________ other plans. Plurals 1 -Give the plural. tooth Plurals 2a -Rewrite the sentence by making [bracketed] words plural. This [person] is not smart enough to work by himself. Plurals 2b -Rewrite the sentence by making [bracketed] words plural. I have a [goose] which cries at night. Plurals 2c -Rewrite the sentence by making [bracketed] words plural. Which is the boss's ? Prepositions 1 (in, on, at, to) -Give the preposition. We don't have school ________ Saturday. Prepositions 2 (in, on, at, to) -Give prepositions.Put hyphens between several answers.[to-on-in] I rarely look _____ people _____ the subway. Prepositions 3a (in, on, at, to) -Give prepositions.Put hyphens between several answers.[at-in-on] Once _____ a while, I like _____ go ______ church _____ night. Prepositions 3b (in, on, at, to) -Give prepositions.Put hyphens between several answers.[in-on-to] Once _____ a while, I like _____ go ______ church _____ night. Prepositions 3c (in, on, at, to) -Give prepositions.Put hyphens between several answers.[on-to-at] I was born ____ 1945 ____ January 1 ____ Albuquerque, New Mexico. Present Perfect 1 -Fill in the correct past or present perfect. [I live] __________________ here for thirty years, and I won't move. Present Perfect 2 -Fill in the present perfect.Use have, has, haven't or hasn't. He _____________________________ many books, but he's never sold one. Presidents of the United States -Give the official name of the president. 16. 1861-1865 Pronouns and Possessives -Give the pronouns and possessives.Put a hyphen [-] between them. wore tie at party. Quantity 1 -Supply a word: a, some, very, few, little, much, many, enough There are a __________ mice in the house. Quantity 1a -Supply a word: a, some, very, few, little, much, many, only, lot, of How __________ time does she need to sew these buttons on my shirt? Questions- Direct 1 -Guess the question for the answer given.DON'T use contractions. I weigh 130 pounds. Questions- Direct 1a -Guess the question.(Use contractions with "is" where possible.) To the bank. (I went to the bank.) Questions- Direct 1b -Guess the question.(Use contractions with "is" where possible.) Yes, he had a good time. Questions Indirect 1 -FINISH the indirect question that begins-- Do you know... How did Maria get to school today? Relative Clauses 1a - Restrictive -Fill in the space with that, who, whose, which, when, where, why A widow is a woman __________ husband has died. Relative Clauses 1b - Restrictive -Fill in the space with that, who, whose, which, when, where, why An apartment building is a place ________ many families live together. Relative Clauses 2a - Non-Restrictive -Rewrite as one sentence.Use who, whom, whose, which, where. We went to Riverside Park. We saw a lot of dogs there. Relative Clauses 2b - Non-Restrictive -Rewrite as one sentence.Use who, whom, whose, which, where. I wrote Sandra a letter of condolence. Her mother had died. Reported Speech 1 -Give the two missing words.Put a hyphen [-] between them. John said, "I'm a doctor." John said ____________ he ____________ a doctor. Reported Speech 2 -Give only the missing words.Use "that" for statements. Mary asked, "Was the teacher sick last week?" Mary asked ___________ before. Short Answers (responses) -Use short responses to disagree: e.g., Yes, it will/No, he doesn't. Bill Clinton fought in the Vietnam War Should Have/Shouldn't Have -Supply the three missing words to provide a logical opinion. My son was speeding last night in my car. You [s h l] _____ him your car! Spelling - The Change Y to I Rule -Fill in the missing word. He is studying. He usually ____________ after he gets home. Spelling - The Doubling Rule -Fill in the missing word. They shop here every day. They are ____________ here now. Spelling - The Drop Final E Rule -Fill in the missing word. He writes letters every day. He is __________ a letter now. Spelling 1a (-ing form & past tense) -Give the ING FORM and PAST TENSE.Write it like this: going, went study ____________ Spelling 1b (-ing form & past tense) -Give the ING FORM and PAST TENSE.Write it like this: going, went admit _______ Spelling 2a (past, pp, -s, -ing) -Give the FOUR forms like this: wrote, written, writes, writing ride ______ Spelling 2b (past, pp, -s, -ing) -Give the FOUR forms like this: wrote, written, writes, writing dry ____ Spelling 2c (past, pp, -s, -ing) -Give the FOUR forms like this: wrote, written, writes, writing die ___ Spelling Errors A -Spell the misspelled word correctly.Don't retype the sentence. It was hard, but fortunally, I did well in school. Spelling Errors B -Give the misspelled word correctly.Don't retype the sentence. She weights 220 pounds, and her doctor wants her to eat less Spelling GH (problem -gh- words) -Give the correct word. My daughter/daugther is seven years old. State Capitals -Give the state capital. California State Spelling -Spell the state's name.The two-letter postal code is given. PA Superlative 1 -Fill in the missing words. The Atacama Desert in Chile has rain once or twice every century. It _______ place on earth. Synonyms 1 -Give a word (lower case) meaning the same as the CAPITALIZED one(s). Many INDUSTRIAL PLANTS are closing down and moving abroad Tags 1 -Give the appropriate two-word tag. Bill and Sheila aren't getting married, _______________? Two-Word Verbs 1 -Give a three-word command with a two-word verb.Remember the period. I don't know if this hat will fit me right. Two-Word Verbs 2 -Answer with a two-word verb in a complete sentence. What did John do when he dropped his book? Unreal Past 1 -Fill in the logical words.Use contractions only for negatives. If I _________________________ the answer, I would have raised my hand. Unreal Past 2 -Write an unreal sentence.Start with IF.Use contractions with WOULD. He shaved too fast. He cut himself. Unreal Present 1 -Fill in the logical word.Use contractions if possible. If she __________ better German, she could work in Germany. Unreal Present 2 -Write an unreal sentence.Start with IF.Contract WOULD if possible. You don't pay attention in class. You don't learn anything. Unreal Present and Past -Fill in the logical words.Use contractions for negatives and WOULD. If my boss __________________________ me that raise, I would have quit. Verb + Base Form 1 -Fill in the space with a base (simple) form of a verb. I suggested to her that she _______________ her abusive husband forever. Verb + Gerund 1 -Fill in the space with a gerund (ING form). We have problems ____________ care of our four dogs. Verb + Infinitive 1 -Fill in the space with an infinitive (TO form). We paid him ____________ the grass in our front yard every Saturday. Verb Combinations -Fill in a verb: simple, infinitive (with TO), or gerund (with ING). We'll have trouble ___________ her when she speaks. Her English is bad. Verbs/Adjectives + Prep.1a -Supply the best preposition for each sentence. He's different __________ his brother. His brother is a better student. Verbs/Adjectives + Prep.1b -Supply the best preposition for each sentence. He succeeded ________ getting his diploma after years of studying. Weigh -Supply one of the following: weigh, weighs, weighed, weight What ______________ more, gold or lead? Wish and Hope -Fill in the space with one or two words. I wish you _________________ live in San Francisco. It's so far from LA! 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