ࡱ> '` Sbjbj{P{P 8d::J%  .NNN8 OO.LVS^S"SSSTTT˧ͧͧͧͧͧͧ$hb|uTTuuSSuSS˧u˧SJS ِMNvyO$ 0Li:ެެ4ެTJ _ htnoTTTTTTLuuuu...GN...N...   HARVARD FOR BEGINNERS  Liz van Aswegen (Assoc. Prof.) Research Directorate March 2010 HARVARD FOR BEGINNERS COMPILING A BIBLIOGRAPHY OR LIST OF REFERENCES One of the most important tenets of academic writing is the avoidance of plagiarism. A Bibliography contains all sources consulted, including those providing background reading; a list of References comprises only sources cited in the text. Even if you have paraphrased (that is, put the authors words into your own words) or summarised information, the author or authors should be acknowledged in a textual reference, and, of course, in the Bibliography/References. The Bibliography/References is the backbone of research writing, and should be compiled correctly and consistently, according to established academic and bibliographic stylistic conventions. The Cape Peninsula University of Technology uses the Harvard style of bibliographic citation. The following are some common errors encountered in bibliographic citation and compilation. Textual references without corresponding items in the bibliography Textual references without accompanying page numbers (or incorrectly cited page numbers) Bibliography not in alphabetical order Incorrect spelling of authors, titles, publishers Transposing authors surname and first name Vagueness about the use of et al. for three or more authors No indication of editor/s No indication of edition, if not first Omission of subtitles of books, journal titles and journal articles Incorrect date of publication (impression rather than edition date) Inconsistent use of sentence case and title case in titles of books, titles of journal articles and titles of journals Confusion in respect of italicisation of titles of books and titles of journals (titles of journal articles incorrectly placed in italics) Underlining instead of italicising titles Insufficient details given for newspaper articles (author, date, title of article, page, column) Confusion between publisher and printer Confusion about place of publication (countries, cities, US states, UK counties) Omission of page numbers of journal articles and chapters in books Incorrect corporate author (frequently no author) cited in government publications and legislation (e.g. Acts of Parliament) Unnecessary details cited for publishers Date of downloading of Internet citations omitted Changing American spellings of book, journal article and journal titles to UK or SA English General inconsistencies in respect of format. Filing items under A, An and The as initial words. The examples given below are largely fictitious. BIBLIOGRAPHYTEXTUAL REFERENCE Note: When textual references for multiple authors appear entirely in brackets, the ampersand & is used, e.g. (Ellis & Peters, 2000:14). When the authors names are not within brackets, and is used, e.g. Ellis and Peters (2000:14) Only when you are citing an authors work in general, are the page numbers omitted, e.g. Noam Chomskys (1957) first book introduced the concept of transformational grammar and revolutionised the teaching of linguistics. ABSTRACTS IN DATABASESUnderwood, M. 1998. The role of anti-oxidants in cancer of the colon. The Lancet, 135(3):34-45. [Abstract in the Medline database, ref. no. 98453765] Underwood, 1998:page numbers citedBOOK REVIEWSAnonymous book review in journal or newspaperAnon. 1997. The beach, by Alex Garland. Reviewed in: Publishers Weekly, 243:39, December 2.Anon, 1997:page number citedBook review with authorReagan, M. 1997. The beach, by Alex Garland. Reviewed in: Village Voice, 42:56, March 11. Reagan, 1997:page numbers citedBOOKSBooks: one authorChase, J. 1979. Advertising in the modern world. New York: Simon & Schuster.Chase, 1979:page numbers citedBooks: two authorsEllis, R. & Peters, J.P. 2000. Writing about literature. London: Macmillan.Ellis & Peters, 2000:page numbers citedBooks: multiple authors (three or more)Henderson, R.S., Smith, P.G., Rossiter, I. & King, P.Q. 1987. The tenets of moral philosophy. New York: Van Nostrand.Henderson et al., 1987:page numbers citedBooks: editorsDu Plessis, I.P. (red.). 1981. Bemarking en reklame. 2de uitg. Kaapstad: Human & Rossouw. [Language used is that of book.]Du Plessis, 1981:page numbers citedGardner, B.P. & Smith, G. (eds). 1984. Child psychology: an introductory guide for parents and teachers. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Gardner & Smith, 1984:page numbers citedChapter in book, with an editor (or editors), where each chapter has been written by a different author.Puttnam, R.A. 1981. The place of values in a world of facts. In Duff, A. & Smithson, W.O. (eds). The nature of the physical universe. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall: 124-139. [NB. In American places of publication, the abbreviated form of the state is placed after the city.]Putnam, 1981:page numbers cited First edition of a bookChase, J.P. 1979. Advertising in the modern world. New York: Simon & Schuster.Chase, 1979:page numbers citedSubsequent editions of a bookNB. Reprints or impressions are not new editionsBrunner, H. 1972. Hieroglyphic writing: the Egyptian legacy. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brunner, 1972:page numbers citedCONFERENCE PAPERSConference papers published in proceedingsTruter, M. 1995. The role of the court interpreter in the new South Africa. In Jennings, A. (ed.). Tower of Babel or Lingua Franca? Proceedings of the 1994 Conference of the South African Institute of Translators, Bloemfontein, 18-23 June 1994. Johannesburg: The Institute: 34-45. [NB. The date of publication and the date of the conference often differ. Use the date of publication.]Truter, 1995:page numbers cited Conference papers delivered but not publishedSithole, J. 2004. Outcomes-based education in the new universities of technology: a role for experiential learning. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of Tertiary Educators, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, 3-5 October 2004. [NB. No italics not published.] Sithole, 2004 CORRESPONDENCETheron, C. 1997. Letter to the Town Clerk of Stellenbosch, 5 May. [NB. No italics not published] Theron, 1997 COURSE NOTES AND CLASS HANDOUTSVan Aswegen, E.S. 2000. English literature: from Beowulf to Virginia Woolf. Cape Town: Cape Technikon. [NB. No italics not published.]Van Aswegen, 2000:page numbers cited DICTIONARIESConcise Oxford English dictionary. 11th ed. 2004. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 2004:page number citedENCYCLOPAEDIAS Anonymous entryAnon. 1983. Medieval manuscripts. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14:346-347.Anon, 1983:page numbers citedAuthor or contributor indicatedLessing, B.P. 1985. Nuclear energy. McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and technology, 12:127-129. Lessing, 1985:page numbers citedGOVERNMENT GAZETTEThe Government Gazette is a weekly newspaper, the official organ of the government of the Republic of South Africa. Treat as for journal/newspaper articles.South Africa. 1997. White Paper on environmental management policy for South Africa. Notice 1096 of 1997. Government Gazette, 385(18164):1-96, July 28. South Africa, 1997:page numbers citedGOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS (see also LEGISLATION)South Africa. Department of Home Affairs. 1980. Guidelines for chairmen of publications committees. Pretoria: Government Printer. South Africa. Department of Home Affairs, 1980:page numbers citedINTERNETCape Peninsula University of Technology. n.d. Intellectual property policy.  HYPERLINK "http://www.cput.ac.za/polic/ippolicy.html" http://www.cput.ac.za/polic/ippolicy.html [15 November 2004]. [Date indicated in square brackets is date downloaded.]Cape Peninsula University of Technology, n.d. [No date indicated on document.] New Media Publishing. 2005. New Media Publishing scoops prime position for 2005.  HYPERLINK "http://www.newmediapub.co.za" http://www.newmediapub.co.za [16 November 2005]. New Media Publishing, 2005.INTERVIEWSShuttleworth, M. 2004. Interview with the researcher on 4 August 2004, Cape Town. Shuttleworth, 2004JOURNAL AND MAGAZINE ARTICLES Journals vary in their frequency and details such as volume, issue number, etc. The following cover most examples you will encounter. NB. Indicate volume, issue and page numbers as indicated below, despite the style followed in the journal (e.g. vol., no., pp.)No indication of volume or issue numberCrabtree, S.W. 1987. The best books of 1986. Books and Bookmen: 34-36, DecemberCrabtree, 1987:page numbers cited Indication of volume, issue, pages, dateKruger, J.P. 1988. Sexism in advertising. Communicare, 7(3):12-15, March 11.Kruger, 1988:page numbers citedIndication of volume, pages and seasonLee, S.T. 1986. The semantics of advertising. Psychology Today, 19:34-37, Fall.Lee, 1986:page numbers citedIndication of volume, issue, pages, monthPringle, G.S. 1982. Aspects of style in the novels of J.M. Coetzee. College English, 35(6):34-41, September.Pringle, 1982:page numbers citedJournal which is not EnglishVan Zyl, L. 1988. Afrikaanse digkuns in die jare tagtig. Insig, 2(3):21-22, Maart. Van Zyl, 1988:page numbers cited Journal which is electronicNaud, F., Rensleigh, C. & Du Toit, A.S.A. 2005. Analysis of the citation of Web-based information resources by Unisa academic researchers. South African Journal of Information Management, 7(3).  HYPERLINK "http://general.rau.ac.za/infosci/raujournal" http://general.rau.ac.za/infosci/raujournal [16 November 2005].Naude et al., 2005 LEGISLATIONLegislation promulgated by ParliamentSouth Africa. 1982. Atomic Energy Act, No. 92 of 1982. Pretoria: Government Printer.South Africa, 1982:page numbers citedLegislation promulgated by a government departmentSouth Africa. Department of Education. 2003. Draft policy on religion and education. Pretoria: Government PrinterSouth Africa. Department of Education, 2003:page numbers citedProvincial government legislationWestern Cape (South Africa). 2001. The Cape online e-government programme: e-government strategy. Cape Town: s.n. [NB. No indication of publisher is indicated by s.n.]Western Cape (South Africa), 2001:page numbers cited Western Cape (South Africa). Department of Transport and Public Works. 2004. White Paper on the management of provincial property. Cape Town: Department of Transport and Public Works, Provincial Government of the Western Cape. Western Cape (South Africa). Department of Transport and Public Works, 2004:page numbers citedLEGISLATION ON INTERNETSouth Africa. Department of Education. 1995. A qualification structure for universities in South Africa: report 116.  HYPERLINK "http://www.education.gov" http://www.education.gov [25 October 2007].South Africa. Department of Education, 1995 NEWSPAPER ARTICLESAnonymous articles, with no by-line (reporters name)Anon. 1999. Higher education: quo vadis? Mail & Guardian: 15, March 11. Anon, 1999:15Article with by-line (reporters name)Stewart, M.T. 1988. Should privatisation prosper? SAA in the year 1990. Cape Argus: 3, May 17. Stewart, 1988:3THESES AND DISSERTATIONSPringle, G.S. 1982. The allegorical novels of J.M. Coetzee. Unpublished PhD thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. [NB. Theses and dissertations are not considered published in the true meaning of the term, hence no italics.]Pringle, 1982:page numbers cited Potgieter, R.S. 1983. Die advertensiewese in Suid-Afrika: n kritiese ondersoek. Ongepubliseerde PhD-proefskrif, Unisa, Pretoria. [Language used is that of book.] Potgieter, 1983:page numbers cited VIDEOS AND AUDIOVISUAL SOURCESInterview game (The). 1985. London: BBC. [Video cassette]Interview Game, 1985. WHEN AN AUTHOR HAS WRITTEN MORE THAN ONE WORK IN THE SAME YEAR. Use (a), (b), (c) after the date. Note that the arrangement is alphabetical according to the item (title) after the date.Richards, I.A. 2004a. Elements of style. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Richards, 2004a:pageRichards, I.A. 2004b. Style as an element of writing. Journal of Academic Research, 17(3):19-24. Richards, 2004b:pageSOME FURTHER HINTS ON IN-TEXT REFERENCINGCiting multiple authors who published in the same year: the sequence is alphabetical. Note the punctuation (semi-colon) between authors.Black, 2004; Brown, 2004; Green, 2004; White, 2004Citing multiple authors who published in different years: the sequence is chronological. Note the punctuation (semi-colon) between authors. Grey, 2001; Black, 2004Citing multiple pages from one source in textual reference.Grey, 2001:13-15; 21; 34 Using abbreviations in text for lengthy corporate or government authors: use a see reference in the bibliography, leading the reader to the complete reference under the full name. In Bibliography: ANC see African National Congress This leads the reader to the full reference as follows: African National Congress. 1982. Unity in action. London: ANC. In Bibliography: WHO see World Health Organization Full reference in Bibliography: World Health Organization. 1981. Global strategy for health for all by the year 2000. Geneva: World Health Organization. In Bibliography: DoE see South Africa. Department of Education Full reference in Bibliography South Africa. Department of Education. 1995.  In text: ANC, 1982:page In text: WHO, 1981:page In text: DoE, PUNCTUATION AND IN-TEXT REFERENCING Note the closing quotation marks and the position of the full stop in the examples below. A stand-alone quotation i.e. a full sentence, preceded by a comma or colon. The full stop comes before the inverted commas.Eliot (1937:54) notes: The metaphysical poets of the seventeenth century possessed a mechanism of sensibility which could devour any kind of experience.A quotation which is incorporated into a sentence. The full stop is placed after the inverted commas.Eliot (1937:54) claimed that the metaphysical poets of the seventeenth century possessed a mechanism of sensibility which could devour any kind of experience.Even if paraphrasing (i.e., not quoting directly, using quotation marks, but summarising an author). Cite author, date and page.Eliot (1937:54) claimed that the seventeenth-century metaphysical poets possessed a special type of sensibility which could transform even the most mundane experience. It is important to vary your style of referencing you do not want to bore your reader (i.e. the examiner) with a turgid, pedestrian style of writing. Please see the examples below: In TextTextual referenceDonnellan (1992:35) notes: The methodology of this research incorporates an experimental design which requires only the observation of the homogeneous solution phase chemistry.Author (date:page/s) followed by quotationThe methodology of Donnellans research incorporates an experimental design which requires only the observation of the homogeneous solution phase chemistry (Donnellan, 1992:35)(Author, date:page/s) at end of quote or paraphrased quote Type your Bibliography/References in a table with invisible gridlines. This enables you to sort alphabetically. Use single-line spacing, with an unjustified right margin, with one line space between items. The examples below cover most types of documents you will encounter, and give you an indication of the correct layout. Pay careful attention to spacing (one space after each punctuation mark), and to the use of title case and sentence case in titles of books and journals. Also note the use of italics for titles of books and titles of journals (not journal articles). Do not justify the right margin in the Bibliography if you do, you will get unnecessary white space between items, especially when citing websites. BIBLIOGRAPHY African National Congress. 1982. Unity in action. London: ANC. ANC see African National Congress. Brunner, H. 1972. Hieroglyphic writing: the Egyptian legacy. 3rd ed. New York: Simon & Schuster. Cape Peninsula University of Technology. n.d. Intellectual property policy.  HYPERLINK "http://www.cput.ac.za/polic/ip.html" www.cput.ac.za/polic/ip.html [15 September 2005].Chase, J. 1979. Advertising in the modern world: an international survey. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Collins English dictionary: complete and unabridged. 7th ed. 2005. Glasgow: Collins. CPUT see Cape Peninsula University of Technology. DoE see South Africa. Department of Education. Ellis, R. & Peters, J.P. 2000. Writing about literature. London: Macmillan. Gardner, B.P. & Smith, G. (eds). 1984. Child psychology: an introductory guide for parents and teachers. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Henderson, R.S., Smith, P.G., Rossiter, I. & King, P.Q. 1987. The tenets of moral philosophy. New York: Van Nostrand. Omar, I. & Mncwango, S. 2005. Sanitary landfill energy harnessing and applications. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 3(2):127-139, December. Pringle, G.S. 1982a. Aspects of style in the novels of J.M. Coetzee. College English, 35(6):34-41. Pringle, G.S. 1982b. The early novels of J.M. Coetzee. Unpublished PhD thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. Puttnam, R.A. 1981. The place of values in a world of facts. In Duff, A. & Smithson, W.O. (eds). The nature of the physical universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 124-139. Shuttleworth, M. 2004. Interview with the researcher on 4 August 2004. South Africa. 1982. Atomic Energy Act, No. 92 of 1982. Pretoria: Government Printer. South Africa. Department of Education. 2001a. Education in South Africa: achievements since 1994. Pretoria: Dept of Education. South Africa. Department of Education. 2001b. Special needs education: building an inclusive education and training system: Education White Paper 6. Pretoria: Dept of Education. South Africa. Department of Home Affairs. 1980. Guidelines for chairmen of publications committees. Pretoria: Government Printer. Stewart, M.T. 1988. Should privatisation prosper? SAA in the year 1990. Cape Argus: 3, May 17. Tunzelana, P. 2004. The role of e-commerce in SMMEs. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the E-Business Association of the Western Cape, Stellenbosch, 5-7 September 2004. Truter, M. 1995. The role of the court interpreter in the new South Africa. In Jennings, A. (ed.). Tower of Babel or Lingua Franca? Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the South African Institute of Translators, Bloemfontein, 18-23 June 1994. Johannesburg: The Institute: 34-45. [NB. The conference was held in 1994, but the Proceedings were published only in 1995.] Van Aswegen, L. 2006a. Harvard for dummies. Cape Town: CPUT. Van Aswegen, L. 2006b. Research and the Harvard method of bibliographic citation: a research writing and style guide for postgraduate students. Cape Town: CPUT. WHO see World Health Organization. World Health Organization. 1981. Global strategy for health by all by the year 2000. Geneva: World Health Organization.   Consult Van Aswegen, L. 2008. Research and the Harvard method of bibliographic citation: a research writing and style guide for postgraduate students, for a more detailed account of the research writing process.     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