ࡱ> ~ [ mbjbj 4nΐΐZZ< &#;(f#8888888$=a@N8 8#:VVV#8V8VV*D-,~ ,J8:0#;,J@@D-D-* @n8(V88V#;@Z c: Meaning of life( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the philosophical concept. For other uses, see  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life_%28disambiguation%29" \o "Meaning of life (disambiguation)" Meaning of life (disambiguation).  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woher_kommen_wir_Wer_sind_wir_Wohin_gehen_wir.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woher_kommen_wir_Wer_sind_wir_Wohin_gehen_wir.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Do_We_Come_From%3F_What_Are_We%3F_Where_Are_We_Going%3F" \o "Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?" Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? One of Post-Impressionist  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" \o "Paul Gauguin" Paul Gauguin's most famous paintings. The meaning of life is a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept" \o "Concept" concept that provides an answer to the philosophical question concerning the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpose" \o "Purpose" purpose and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_value_%28ethics%29" \o "Intrinsic value (ethics)" significance of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" \o "Life" life or  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence" \o "Existence" existence in general. It can be expressed through answering a variety of related questions, such as "Why are we here?", "What is life all about?", and "What is the meaning of it all?" It has been the subject of much  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical" \o "Philosophical" philosophical,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific" \o "Scientific" scientific, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological" \o "Theological" theological speculation throughout history. There have been a large number of theories to these questions from many different  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural" \o "Cultural" cultural and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideological" \o "Ideological" ideological backgrounds. The meaning of life is deeply mixed with the philosophical and religious conceptions of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence" \o "Existence" existence,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_ties" \o "Social ties" social ties,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" \o "Consciousness" consciousness, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness" \o "Happiness" happiness, and touches many other issues, such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_meaning" \o "Linguistic meaning" symbolic meaning,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" \o "Ontology" ontology,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_%28philosophy%29" \o "Value (philosophy)" value, purpose,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" \o "Ethics" ethics,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_and_evil" \o "Good and evil" good and evil,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will" \o "Free will" free will,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" \o "Conceptions of God" conceptions of God, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_of_God" \o "Existence of God" existence of God, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%28spirit%29" \o "Soul (spirit)" soul, and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" \o "Afterlife" afterlife. Scientific contributions focus more on describing related  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism" \o "Empiricism" empirical  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact" \o "Fact" facts about the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" \o "Universe" universe, and the focus is more on the context and parameters describing the "how?" of life. Science also provides its own recommendations for the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology" \o "Positive psychology" pursuit of well-being and a related  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_morality" \o "Science of morality" conception of morality. An alternative,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic" \o "Humanistic" humanistic approach is the question "What is the meaning of my life?" The value of the question pertaining to the purpose of life may coincide with the achievement of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" \o "Mysticism" ultimate reality, or a feeling of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneness_%28mysticism%29" \o "Oneness (mysticism)" oneness, or a feeling of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred" \o "Sacred" sacredness. Contents [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" hide]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Questions" 1 Questions  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Western_philosophical_perspectives" 2 Western philosophical perspectives  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Ancient_Greek_philosophy" 2.1 Ancient Greek philosophy  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Enlightenment_philosophy" 2.2 Enlightenment philosophy  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "19th_century_philosophy" 2.3 19th century philosophy  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "20th_century_philosophy" 2.4 20th century philosophy  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "East_Asian_philosophy" 3 East Asian philosophy  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Mohism" 3.1 Mohism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Confucianism" 3.2 Confucianism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Legalism" 3.3 Legalism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Religious_perspectives" 4 Religious perspectives  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Western_and_Middle_Eastern_religions" 4.1 Western and Middle Eastern religions  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "South_Asian_religions" 4.2 South Asian religions  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "East_Asian_religions" 4.3 East Asian religions  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Scientific_inquiry_and_perspectives" 5 Scientific inquiry and perspectives  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Psychological_significance_and_value_in_life" 5.1 Psychological significance and value in life  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Origin_and_nature_of_biological_life" 5.2 Origin and nature of biological life  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Origins_and_ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" 5.3 Origins and ultimate fate of the universe  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Scientific_questions_about_the_mind" 5.4 Scientific questions about the mind  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "In_popular_culture" 6 In popular culture  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Popular_views" 7 Popular views  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "To_Discover" 7.1 To Discover  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "To_realize_one.27s_potential_and_ideals" 7.2 To realize one's potential and ideals  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "To_achieve_biological_perfection" 7.3 To achieve biological perfection  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "To_seek_wisdom_and_knowledge" 7.4 To seek wisdom and knowledge  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "To_do_good.2C_to_do_the_right_thing" 7.5 To do good, to do the right thing  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "To_attain_spiritual_enlightenment" 7.6 To attain spiritual enlightenment  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "To_love.2C_to_feel.2C_to_enjoy_the_act_of_living" 7.7 To love, to feel, to enjoy the act of living  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "To_have_power.2C_to_be_better" 7.8 To have power, to be better  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Life_has_no_meaning" 7.9 Life has no meaning  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "One_should_not_seek_to_know_and_understand_the_meaning_of_life" 7.10 One should not seek to know and understand the meaning of life  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Life_is_bad" 7.11 Life is bad  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "See_also" 8 See also  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "References" 9 References  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "External_links" 10 External links[ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=1" \o "Edit section: Questions" edit] Questions  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_038-crop.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_038-crop.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"  Philosopher in Meditation (detail) by  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt" \o "Rembrandt" Rembrandt Questions about the meaning of life have been expressed in a broad variety of ways, including the following: What is the meaning of life? What's it all about? Who are we? HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Westphal-0" [1] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Nozick-1" [2] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Jewell-2" [3] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-WITMOL-3" [4] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Yeffeth-4" [5] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Baggini-6" [7] Why are we here? What are we here for? HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Baggini-6" [7] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Thiemann_.26_Placher-7" [8] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Marcellino-8" [9] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Curtiss-9" [10] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Badke-10" [11] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Hua-11" [12] What is the origin of life? HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Davies-12" [13] What is the nature of life? What is the nature of reality? HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Davies-12" [13] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Christiansen_.26_Baum_.26_Bass-Haugen-13" [14] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Walker-14" [15] What is the purpose of life? What is the purpose of one's life? HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-WITMOL-3" [4] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Baggini-6" [7] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Christiansen_.26_Baum_.26_Bass-Haugen-13" [14] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-warren-15" [16] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Krishnamurti-16" [17] What is the significance of life? HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Krishnamurti-16" [17] see also  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Psychological_significance_and_value_in_life" Psychological significance and value in life What is meaningful and valuable in life? HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-UIUC-17" [18] What is the value of life? HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Van_Hooft-18" [19] What is the reason to live? What are we living for? HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Hua-11" [12] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Shafer-Landau_.26_Cuneo-19" [20] These questions have resulted in a wide range of competing answers and arguments, from  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific" \o "Scientific" scientific theories, to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical" \o "Philosophical" philosophical,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological" \o "Theological" theological, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality" \o "Spirituality" spiritual explanations. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=2" \o "Edit section: Western philosophical perspectives" edit] Western philosophical perspectives The philosophical perspectives on the meaning of life are those ideologies which explain life in terms of ideals or abstractions defined by humans. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=3" \o "Edit section: Ancient Greek philosophy" edit] Ancient Greek philosophy  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"  Plato and Aristotle in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" \o "The School of Athens" The School of Athens fresco, by  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael" \o "Raphael" Raphael. Plato is pointing heavenwards to the sky, and Aristotle is gesturing to the world. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=4" \o "Edit section: Platonism" edit] Platonism Main article:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonism" \o "Platonism" Platonism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" \o "Plato" Plato was one of the earliest, most influential philosophers mostly for  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_idealism" \o "Philosophical idealism" idealism - a belief in the existence of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universals_%28metaphysics%29" \o "Universals (metaphysics)" universals. In the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" \o "Theory of Forms" Theory of Forms, universals do not physically exist, like objects, but as ghostly, heavenly forms. In  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato%27s_Republic" \o "Plato's Republic" The Republic, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" \o "Socrates" Socrates character's  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue" \o "Dialogue" dialogue describes the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" \o "Form of the Good" Form of the Good. In Platonism, the meaning of life is in attaining the highest form of knowledge, which is the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_idealism" \o "Platonic idealism" Idea ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_realism" \o "Platonic realism" Form) of the Good, from which all good and just things derive utility and value. Human beings are duty-bound to pursue the good. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=5" \o "Edit section: Aristotelianism" edit] Aristotelianism Main article:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics" \o "Aristotelian ethics" Aristotelian ethics  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" \o "Aristotle" Aristotle, an apprentice of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" \o "Plato" Plato, was another early and influential philosopher, who argued that ethical knowledge is not certain knowledge (like  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" \o "Metaphysics" metaphysics and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" \o "Epistemology" epistemology), but is general knowledge. Because it is not a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical" \o "Theoretical" theoretical discipline, a person had to study and practice in order to become "good", thus if the person were to become  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuous" \o "Virtuous" virtuous, he could not simply study what virtue is, he had to be virtuous, via virtuous activities. To do this, Aristotle established what is virtuous: Every skill and every inquiry, and similarly, every action and choice of action, is thought to have some good as its object. This is why the good has rightly been defined as the object of all endeavor [...] Everything is done with a goal, and that goal is "good".  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" \o "Nicomachean Ethics" Nicomachean Ethics 1.1 Yet, if action A is done towards achieving goal B, then goal B also would have a goal, goal C, and goal C also would have a goal, and so would continue this pattern, until something stopped its  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_regression" \o "Infinite regression" infinite regression. Aristotle's solution is the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summum_bonum" \o "Summum bonum" Highest Good, which is desirable for its own sake, it is its own goal. The Highest Good is not desirable for the sake of achieving some other good, and all other "goods" desirable for its sake. This involves achieving  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudaemonia" \o "Eudaemonia" eudaemonia, usually translated as "happiness", "well-being", "flourishing", and "excellence". What is the highest good in all matters of action? To the name, there is almost complete agreement; for uneducated and educated alike call it happiness, and make happiness identical with the good life and successful living. They disagree, however, about the meaning of happiness.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" \o "Nicomachean Ethics" Nicomachean Ethics 1.4 [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=6" \o "Edit section: Cynicism" edit] Cynicism In the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period" \o "Hellenistic period" Hellenistic period, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynic" \o "Cynic" Cynic philosophers said that the purpose of life is living a life of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue" \o "Virtue" Virtue that agrees with  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" \o "Nature" Nature. Happiness depends upon being self-sufficient and master of one's mental attitude; suffering is consequence of false judgments of value, which cause negative  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions" \o "Emotions" emotions and a concomitant vicious character. The Cynical life rejects conventional desires for  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth" \o "Wealth" wealth,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_%28sociology%29" \o "Power (sociology)" power,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health" \o "Health" health, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity" \o "Celebrity" fame, by being free of the possessions acquired in pursuing the conventional. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-20" [21] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-21" [22] As reasoning creatures, people could achieve happiness via rigorous training, by living in a way natural to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" \o "Human" human beings. The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World" \o "World" world equally belongs to everyone, so  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering" \o "Suffering" suffering is caused by false judgments of what is valuable and what is worthless per the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradition" \o "Tradition" customs and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_%28norm%29" \o "Convention (norm)" conventions of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society" \o "Society" society. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=7" \o "Edit section: Cyrenaicism" edit] Cyrenaicism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaicism" \o "Cyrenaicism" Cyrenaicism, founded by  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristippus_of_Cyrene" \o "Aristippus of Cyrene" Aristippus of Cyrene, was an early Socratic school that emphasized only one side of Socrates's teachingsthat happiness is one of the ends of moral action and that pleasure is the supreme good; thus a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonistic" \o "Hedonistic" hedonistic world view, wherein bodily gratification is more intense than mental pleasure. Cyrenaics prefer immediate gratification to the long-term gain of delayed gratification; denial is unpleasant unhappiness. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-22" [23] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-23" [24] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=8" \o "Edit section: Epicureanism" edit] Epicureanism Main article:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicureanism" \o "Epicureanism" Epicureanism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epicurus_Louvre.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epicurus_Louvre.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"  Bust of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus" \o "Epicurus" Epicurus leaning against his disciple  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_%28the_younger%29" \o "Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger)" Metrodorus in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre" \o "Louvre" Louvre Museum. To  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus" \o "Epicurus" Epicurus, the greatest good is in seeking modest pleasures, to attain tranquility and freedom from fear ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataraxia" \o "Ataraxia" ataraxia) via knowledge, friendship, and virtuous, temperate living; bodily pain ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aponia" \o "Aponia" aponia) is absent through one's knowledge of the workings of the world and of the limits of one's desires. Combined, freedom from pain and freedom from fear are happiness in its highest form. Epicurus' lauded enjoyment of simple pleasures is quasi-ascetic "abstention" from sex and the appetites: "When we say ... that pleasure is the end and aim, we do not mean the pleasures of the prodigal or the pleasures of sensuality, as we are understood to do, by some, through ignorance, prejudice or wilful misrepresentation. By pleasure we mean the absence of pain in the body and of trouble in the soul. It is not by an unbroken succession of drinking bouts and of revelry, not by sexual lust, nor the enjoyment of fish, and other delicacies of a luxurious table, which produce a pleasant life; it is sober reasoning, searching out the grounds of every choice and avoidance, and banishing those beliefs through which the greatest tumults take possession of the soul." HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-24" [25] The Epicurean meaning of life rejects immortality and mysticism; there is a soul, but it is as mortal as the body. There is no  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" \o "Afterlife" afterlife, yet, one need not fear death, because "Death is nothing to us; for that which is dissolved, is without sensation, and that which lacks sensation is nothing to us." HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Russel-25" [26] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=9" \o "Edit section: Stoicism" edit] Stoicism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism" \o "Stoicism" Stoicism teaches that living according to reason and virtue is to be in harmony with the universe's divine order, entailed by one's recognition of the universal  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos" \o "Logos" logos (reason), an essential value of all people. The meaning of life is "freedom from  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering" \o "Suffering" suffering" through apatheia (Gr: ), that is, being  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_%28philosophy%29" \o "Objectivity (philosophy)" objective, having "clear judgement", not indifference. Stoicism's prime directives are  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue" \o "Virtue" virtue,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason" \o "Reason" reason, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law" \o "Natural law" natural law, abided to develop personal self-control and mental fortitude as means of overcoming destructive  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion" \o "Emotion" emotions. The Stoic does not seek to extinguish emotions, only to avoid emotional troubles, by developing clear judgement and inner calm through diligently practiced logic, reflection, and concentration. The Stoic ethical foundation is that "good lies in the state of the soul", itself, exemplified in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom" \o "Wisdom" wisdom and self-control, thus improving one's spiritual well-being: "Virtue consists in a will which is in agreement with Nature." HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Russel-25" [26] The principle applies to one's personal relations thus: "to be free from anger, envy, and jealousy". HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Russel-25" [26] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=10" \o "Edit section: Enlightenment philosophy" edit] Enlightenment philosophy Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_philosophy" \o "Enlightenment philosophy" Enlightenment philosophy The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" \o "Age of Enlightenment" Enlightenment and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism" \o "Colonialism" colonial era both changed the nature of European philosophy and exported it worldwide. Devotion and subservience to God were largely replaced by notions of inalienable natural rights and the potentialities of reason, and universal ideals of love and compassion gave way to civic notions of freedom, equality, and citizenship. The meaning of life changed as well, focusing less on humankind's relationship to God and more on the relationship between individuals and their society. This era is filled with theories that equate meaningful existence with the social order. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=11" \o "Edit section: Classical liberalism" edit] Classical liberalism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism" \o "Classical liberalism" Classical liberalism is a set of ideas that arose in the 17th and 18th centuries, out of conflicts between a growing, wealthy, propertied class and the established aristocratic and religious orders that dominated Europe. Liberalism cast humans as beings with inalienable natural  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_rights" \o "Individual rights" rights (including the right to retain the wealth generated by one's own work), and sought out means to balance rights across society. Broadly speaking, it considers  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism" \o "Individualism" individual  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty" \o "Liberty" liberty to be the most important goal, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-26" [27] because only through ensured liberty are the other inherent rights protected. There are many forms and derivations of liberalism, but their central conceptions of the meaning of life trace back to three main ideas. Early thinkers such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" \o "John Locke" John Locke,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" \o "Jean-Jacques Rousseau" Jean-Jacques Rousseau and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" \o "Adam Smith" Adam Smith saw humankind beginning in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_nature" \o "State of nature" state of nature, then finding meaning for existence through labor and property, and using  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contracts" \o "Social contracts" social contracts to create an environment that supports those efforts. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=12" \o "Edit section: Kantianism" edit] Kantianism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant_%28portrait%29.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant_%28portrait%29.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" \o "Immanuel Kant" Immanuel Kant is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of the late  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" \o "Age of Enlightenment" Enlightenment.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantianism" \o "Kantianism" Kantianism is a philosophy based on the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical" \o "Ethical" ethical,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemological" \o "Epistemological" epistemological, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" \o "Metaphysics" metaphysical works of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" \o "Immanuel Kant" Immanuel Kant. Kant is known for his  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deontological" \o "Deontological" deontological theory where there is a single moral obligation, the " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_Imperative" \o "Categorical Imperative" Categorical Imperative", derived from the concept of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty" \o "Duty" duty. Kantians believe all actions are performed in accordance with some underlying  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_%28philosophy%29" \o "Maxim (philosophy)" maxim or principle, and for actions to be ethical, they must adhere to the categorical imperative. Simply put, the test is that one must universalize the maxim (imagine that all people acted in this way) and then see if it would still be possible to perform the maxim in the world without contradiction. In Groundwork, Kant gives the example of a person who seeks to borrow money without intending to pay it back. This is a contradiction because if it were a universal action, no person would lend money anymore as he knows that he will never be paid back. The maxim of this action, says Kant, results in a contradiction in conceivability (and thus contradicts perfect duty). Kant also denied that the consequences of an act in any way contribute to the moral worth of that act, his reasoning being that the physical world is outside one's full control and thus one cannot be held accountable for the events that occur in it. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=13" \o "Edit section: 19th century philosophy" edit] 19th century philosophy Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century_philosophy" \o "19th century philosophy" 19th century philosophy [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=14" \o "Edit section: Utilitarianism" edit] Utilitarianism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeremy_Bentham_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill_detail.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"  Jeremy Bentham The origins of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism" \o "Utilitarianism" utilitarianism can be traced back as far as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus" \o "Epicurus" Epicurus, but, as a school of thought, it is credited to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" \o "Jeremy Bentham" Jeremy Bentham, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-27" [28] who found that "nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure", then, from that moral insight, deriving the Rule of Utility: "that the good is whatever brings the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people". He defined the meaning of life as the " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_happiness_principle" \o "Greatest happiness principle" greatest happiness principle".  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" \o "Jeremy Bentham" Jeremy Bentham's foremost proponent was  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mill" \o "James Mill" James Mill, a significant philosopher in his day, and father of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" \o "John Stuart Mill" John Stuart Mill. The younger Mill was educated per Bentham's principles, including transcribing and summarizing much of his father's work. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Mill-28" [29] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=15" \o "Edit section: Nihilism" edit] Nihilism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism" \o "Nihilism" Nihilism suggests that life is without objective meaning.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" \o "Friedrich Nietzsche" Friedrich Nietzsche characterized nihilism as emptying the world, and especially human existence, of meaning, purpose, comprehensible truth, and essential value; succinctly, nihilism is the process of "the devaluing of the highest values". HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Bind.C3.A9-29" [30] Seeing the nihilist as a natural result of the idea that  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_is_dead" \o "God is dead" God is dead, and insisting it was something to overcome, his questioning of the nihilist's life-negating values returned meaning to the Earth. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Reginster-30" [31]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MARTIN_John_Great_Day_of_His_Wrath.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MARTIN_John_Great_Day_of_His_Wrath.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_the_World_%28painting%29" \o "The End of the World (painting)" The End of the World, by John Martin. To  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" \o "Martin Heidegger" Martin Heidegger, nihilism is the movement whereby " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being" \o "Being" being" is forgotten, and is transformed into value, in other words, the reduction of being to exchange value. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Bind.C3.A9-29" [30] Heidegger, in accordance with Nietzsche, saw in the so-called " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_is_dead" \o "God is dead" death of God" a potential source for nihilism: If God, as the supra-sensory ground and goal, of all reality, is dead; if the supra-sensory world of the Ideas has suffered the loss of its obligatory, and above it, its vitalizing and up-building power, then nothing more remains to which Man can cling, and by which he can orient himself. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-31" [32] The French philosopher  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus" \o "Albert Camus" Albert Camus asserts that the absurdity of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_condition" \o "Human condition" human condition is that people search for external values and meaning in a world which has none, and is indifferent to them. Camus writes of value-nihilists such as Meursault, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-32" [33] but also of values in a nihilistic world, that people can instead strive to be "heroic nihilists", living with dignity in the face of absurdity, living with "secular saintliness", fraternal solidarity, and rebelling against and transcending the world's indifference. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-33" [34] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=16" \o "Edit section: 20th century philosophy" edit] 20th century philosophy Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_century_philosophy" \o "20th century philosophy" 20th century philosophy The current era has seen radical changes in conceptions of human nature. Modern science has effectively rewritten the relationship of humankind to the natural world, advances in medicine and technology have freed us from the limitations and ailments of previous eras, and philosophyparticularly following the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_turn" \o "Linguistic turn" linguistic turnaltered how the relationships people have with themselves and each other is conceived. Questions about the meaning of life have seen equally radical changes, from attempts to reevaluate human existence in biological and scientific terms (as in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Pragmatism" pragmatism and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Logical_positivism" logical positivism), to efforts to meta-theorize about meaning-making as an activity ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Existentialism" existentialism,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "Secular_humanism" secular humanism). [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=17" \o "Edit section: Pragmatism" edit] Pragmatism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" \o "Pragmatism" Pragmatism, originated in the late-19th-century U.S., to concern itself (mostly) with  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth" \o "Truth" truth, positing that "only in struggling with the environment" do data, and derived theories, have meaning, and that consequences, like utility and practicality, are also components of truth. Moreover, pragmatism posits that anything useful and practical is not always true, arguing that what most contributes to the most human good in the long course is true. In practice, theoretical claims must be practically verifiable, i.e. one should be able to predict and test claims, and, that, ultimately, the needs of mankind should guide human intellectual inquiry. Pragmatic philosophers suggest that the practical, useful understanding of life is more important than searching for an impractical abstract truth about life.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" \o "William James" William James argued that truth could be made, but not sought. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-James-34" [35] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Corti-35" [36] To a pragmatist, the meaning of life is discoverable only via experience. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=18" \o "Edit section: Existentialism" edit] Existentialism Main article:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_%28existential%29" \o "Meaning (existential)" Meaning (existential)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Scream.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Scream.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Munch" \o "Edvard Munch" Edvard Munch's  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scream" \o "The Scream" The Scream, a representation of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism" \l "Angst" \o "Existentialism" existential angst. Each man and each woman creates the essence (meaning) of his and her life; life is not determined by a supernatural god or an earthly authority, one is free. As such, one's ethical prime directives are action, freedom, and decision, thus,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism" \o "Existentialism" existentialism opposes  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" \o "Rationalism" rationalism and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism_%28philosophy%29" \o "Positivism (philosophy)" positivism. In seeking meaning to life, the existentialist looks to where people find meaning in life, in course of which using only reason as a source of meaning is insufficient; the insufficiency gives rise to the emotions of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety" \o "Anxiety" anxiety and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angst" \o "Angst" dread, felt in facing one's radical  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will" \o "Free will" freedom, and the concomitant awareness of death. To the existentialist,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" \o "Existence precedes essence" existence precedes essence; the ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence" \o "Essence" essence) of one's life arises only after one comes to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence" \o "Existence" existence.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" \o "Sren Kierkegaard" Sren Kierkegaard coined the term " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_of_faith" \o "Leap of faith" leap of faith", arguing that  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdism" \o "Absurdism" life is full of absurdity, and one must make his and her own values in an indifferent world. One can live meaningfully (free of despair and anxiety) in an unconditional commitment to something finite, and devotes that meaningful life to the commitment, despite the vulnerability inherent to doing so. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Hall-36" [37]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" \o "Arthur Schopenhauer" Arthur Schopenhauer answered: "What is the meaning of life?" by determining that one's life reflects one's will, and that the will (life) is an aimless, irrational, and painful drive. Salvation, deliverance, and escape from suffering are in aesthetic contemplation, sympathy for others, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism" \o "Asceticism" asceticism. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Jacquette-37" [38] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Murray-38" [39] For  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" \o "Friedrich Nietzsche" Friedrich Nietzsche, life is worth living only if there are goals inspiring one to live. Accordingly, he saw nihilism ("all that happens is meaningless") as without goals. He discredited asceticism, because it denies one's living in the world; denied that values are objective facts, that are rationally necessary, universally binding commitments: Our evaluations are interpretations, and not reflections of the world, as it is, in itself, and, therefore,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectivism" \o "Perspectivism" all ideations take place from a particular perspective. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Reginster-30" [31] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=19" \o "Edit section: Absurdism" edit] Absurdism Main article:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdism" \o "Absurdism" Absurdism "... in spite of or in defiance of the whole of existence he wills to be himself with it, to take it along, almost defying his torment. For to hope in the possibility of help, not to speak of help by virtue of the absurd, that for God all things are possible no, that he will not do. And as for seeking help from any other no, that he will not do for all the world; rather than seek help he would prefer to be himself with all the tortures of hell, if so it must be."  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" \o "Sren Kierkegaard" Sren Kierkegaard,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sickness_Unto_Death" \o "The Sickness Unto Death" The Sickness Unto Death HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-KierkegaardSuD-39" [40] In absurdist philosophy, the Absurd arises out of the fundamental disharmony between the individual's search for meaning and the apparent meaninglessness of the universe. As beings looking for meaning in a meaningless world, humans have three ways of resolving the dilemma. Kierkegaard and Camus describe the solutions in their works,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sickness_Unto_Death" \o "The Sickness Unto Death" The Sickness Unto Death (1849) and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_Sisyphus" \o "The Myth of Sisyphus" The Myth of Sisyphus (1942):  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide" \o "Suicide" Suicide (or, "escaping existence"): a solution in which a person simply ends one's own life. Both Kierkegaard and Camus dismiss the viability of this option.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious" \o "Religious" Religious belief in a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_%28religion%29" \o "Transcendence (religion)" transcendent realm or being: a solution in which one believes in the existence of a reality that is beyond the Absurd, and, as such, has meaning. Kierkegaard stated that a belief in anything beyond the Absurd requires a non-rational but perhaps necessary religious acceptance in such an intangible and empirically unprovable thing (now commonly referred to as a " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_of_faith" \o "Leap of faith" leap of faith"). However, Camus regarded this solution as "philosophical suicide". Acceptance of the Absurd: a solution in which one accepts and even embraces the Absurd and continues to live in spite of it. Camus endorsed this solution, while Kierkegaard regarded this solution as "demoniac madness": "He rages most of all at the thought that eternity might get it into its head to take his misery from him!" HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-40" [41] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=20" \o "Edit section: Secular humanism" edit] Secular humanism Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_Humanism" \o "Secular Humanism" Secular Humanism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HumanismSymbol.PNG"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HumanismSymbol.PNG" \o "\"Enlarge\"  The " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Human" \o "Happy Human" Happy Human" symbol representing  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_Humanism" \o "Secular Humanism" Secular Humanism. Per  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism" \o "Secular humanism" secular humanism, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_race" \o "Human race" human race came to be by reproducing in a progression of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" \o "Evolution" unguided evolution as an integral part of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" \o "Nature" nature, which is self-existing. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-humanifesto1-41" [42] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-humanifesto2-42" [43] Knowledge does not come from supernatural sources, but from human observation, experimentation, and rational analysis (the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" \o "Scientific method" scientific method): the nature of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" \o "Universe" universe is what people discern it to be. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-humanifesto1-41" [42] Likewise, " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_value_%28ethics%29" \o "Intrinsic value (ethics)" values and realities" are determined "by means of intelligent inquiry" HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-humanifesto1-41" [42] and "are derived from human need and interest as tested by experience", that is, by  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking" \o "Critical thinking" critical intelligence. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-humanifesto3-43" [44] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-CDSH-44" [45] "As far as we know, the total personality is [a function] of the biological organism transacting in a social and cultural context." HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-humanifesto2-42" [43] People determine human purpose, without supernatural influence; it is the human personality (general sense) that is the purpose of a human being's life; humanism seeks to develop and fulfill: HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-humanifesto1-41" [42] "Humanism affirms our ability, and responsibility, to lead ethical lives of personal fulfillment that aspire to the greater good of humanity". HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-humanifesto3-43" [44] Humanism aims to promote  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened_self-interest" \o "Enlightened self-interest" enlightened self-interest and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_good" \o "Common good" common good for all people. It is based on the premises that the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness" \o "Happiness" happiness of the individual person is inextricably linked to the well-being of humanity, as a whole, in part, because humans are social animals, who find meaning in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" \o "Interpersonal relationship" personal relations, and because cultural progress benefits everybody living in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" \o "Culture" culture. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-humanifesto2-42" [43] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-humanifesto3-43" [44] The philosophical sub-genres  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumanism" \o "Posthumanism" posthumanism and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" \o "Transhumanism" transhumanism (sometimes used synonymously) are extensions of humanistic values. One should seek the advancement of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_race" \o "Human race" humanity and of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocentrism_%28ethics%29" \o "Biocentrism (ethics)" all life to the greatest degree feasible, to reconcile  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" \o "Renaissance humanism" Renaissance humanism with the 21st century's  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoscientific" \o "Technoscientific" technoscientific culture, thus, every living creature has the right to determine its personal and social "meaning of life". HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-45" [46] From a humanistic-psychotherapeutic point of view, the question of the meaning of life could also be reinterpreted as "What is the meaning of my life?" HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-46" [47] Instead of becoming focused on cosmic or religious questions about overarching purpose, this approach suggests that the question is intensely personal. There are many therapeutic responses to this question, for example  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" \o "Viktor Frankl" Viktor Frankl argues for "Dereflection", which largely translates as ceasing to endlessly reflect on the self, instead of engaging in life. On the whole, the therapeutic response is that the question of meaning of life evaporates if one is fully engaged in life. The question then morphs into more specific worries such as "What delusions am I under?", "What is blocking my ability to enjoy things?", "Why do I neglect loved-ones?". See also:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_Therapy" \o "Existential Therapy" Existential Therapy and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvin_Yalom" \o "Irvin Yalom" Irvin Yalom [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=21" \o "Edit section: Logical positivism" edit] Logical positivism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivists" \o "Logical positivists" Logical positivists ask: "What is the meaning of life?", "What is the meaning in asking?" HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-47" [48] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-48" [49] and "If there are no objective values, then, is life meaningless?" HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-49" [50]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" \o "Ludwig Wittgenstein" Ludwig Wittgenstein and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivists" \o "Logical positivists" logical positivists said:[ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" \o "Wikipedia:Citation needed" citation needed] "Expressed in language, the question is meaningless"; because, in life the statement the "meaning of x", usually denotes the consequences of x, or the significance of x, or what is notable about x, etc., thus, when the meaning of life concept equals "x", in the statement the "meaning of x", the statement becomes  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion" \o "Recursion" recursive, and, therefore, nonsensical, or it might refer to the fact that biological life is essential to having a meaning in life. The things (people, events) in the life of a person can have meaning (importance) as parts of a whole, but a discrete meaning of (the) life, itself, aside from those things, cannot be discerned. A person's life has meaning (for himself, others) as the life events resulting from his achievements, legacy, family, etc., but, to say that life, itself, has meaning, is a misuse of language, since any note of significance, or of consequence, is relevant only in life (to the living), so rendering the statement erroneous.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" \o "Bertrand Russell" Bertrand Russell wrote that although he found that his distaste for torture was not like his distaste for broccoli, he found no satisfactory, empirical method of proving this: HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Russel-25" [26] When we try to be definite, as to what we mean when we say that this or that is "the Good," we find ourselves involved in very great difficulties. Bentham's creed, that pleasure is the Good, roused furious opposition, and was said to be a pig's philosophy. Neither he nor his opponents could advance any argument. In a scientific question, evidence can be adduced on both sides, and, in the end, one side is seen to have the better case or, if this does not happen, the question is left undecided. But in a question, as to whether this, or that, is the ultimate Good, there is no evidence, either way; each disputant can only appeal to his own emotions, and employ such rhetorical devices as shall rouse similar emotions in others ... Questions as to "values" that is to say, as to what is good or bad on its own account, independently of its effects lie outside the domain of science, as the defenders of religion emphatically assert. I think that, in this, they are right, but, I draw the further conclusion, which they do not draw, that questions as to "values" lie wholly outside the domain of knowledge. That is to say, when we assert that this, or that, has "value", we are giving expression to our own emotions, not to a fact, which would still be true if our personal feelings were different. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-50" [51] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=22" \o "Edit section: Postmodernism" edit] Postmodernism Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism" \o "Postmodernism" Postmodernism Postmodernist thoughtbroadly speakingsees human nature as constructed by language, or by structures and institutions of human society. Unlike other forms of philosophy, postmodernism rarely seeks out  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" \o "A priori and a posteriori" a priori or innate meanings in human existence, but instead focuses on analyzing or critiquing given meanings in order to rationalize or reconstruct them. Anything resembling a "meaning of life", in postmodernist terms, can only be understood within a social and linguistic framework, and must be pursued as an escape from the power structures that are already embedded in all forms of speech and interaction. As a rule, postmodernists see  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness" \o "Awareness" awareness of the constraints of language as necessary to escaping those constraints, but different theorists take different views on the nature of this process: from radical reconstruction of meaning by individuals (as in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstructionism" \o "Deconstructionism" deconstructionism) to theories in which individuals are primarily extensions of language and society, without real autonomy (as in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poststructuralism" \o "Poststructuralism" poststructuralism). In general, postmodernism seeks meaning by looking at the underlying structures that create or impose meaning, rather than the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphenomenal" \o "Epiphenomenal" epiphenomenal appearances of the world. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=23" \o "Edit section: Evolutionary psychology" edit] Evolutionary psychology  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" \o "Evolutionary psychology" Evolutionary psychology holds that the ultimate meaning of life is to seek the fulfillment of the human  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instincts" \o "Instincts" instincts, and that all actions in life are results of instincts and in particular reproductive needs. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=24" \o "Edit section: Naturalistic pantheism" edit] Naturalistic pantheism According to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalistic_pantheism" \o "Naturalistic pantheism" naturalistic pantheism, the meaning of life is to care for and look after nature and the environment. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=25" \o "Edit section: Eglis Observation" edit] Eglis Observation  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" This section does not  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" \o "Wikipedia:Citing sources" cite any  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" \o "Wikipedia:Verifiability" references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" \o "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources" reliable sources. Unsourced material may be  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" \o "Template:Citation needed" challenged and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" \l "Burden_of_evidence" \o "Wikipedia:Verifiability" removed. (November 2011)The physicist David Egli proposes an Observation that there are only two possibilities for the meaning of life: Everything is the product of coincidence. There is a higher power or, if you want to call it like this, a God who is behind some of the coincidences, and not everything is coincidence. The first case leads to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdism" \o "Absurdism" Absurdism, meaning that nothing makes sense at all, because coincidences never make sense. This would mean that every life of every human being is senseless. Also things like love or preserving human life or a good conscience. In the second case, the question remains of what nature this God is in order to speculate what the meaning of life could be. If this God is a person, it implies, that the meaning of life is, what this God intends it to be. In this case it is also natural to suppose that all life came into existence by intention of that God. It then is quite obvious, that the meaning of life must have something to do with this God, or that even He himself is the meaning of life. But still the question of the character of that God remains. The first conclusion could be that God is a devil because of all the terrible things in this world. But there are also things in this world only a loving and holy God would create like love, forgiveness, mercy, grace, joy, beauty, nature. Suppose God is evil, then the meaning of live would be to be evil. It is quite natural to conclude that this can't be the meaning of life, and if it would be, life would not be worth living, and therefore the conclusion is that God is perfectly good and there is absolutely no evil in the character of God, because otherwise God would still be evil. But if God is absolutely good, why does He expose man to evil, or what is the meaning of this life where both the good and the evil coexist? Obviously if God is perfectly good, then the evil cannot be the final thing, but still the evil is here, why? If we think further, even we ourselves are evil, because we all do evil things everyday. So if we are evil and God is perfectly good, it is obvious that God wants to deliver us from evil, but there must be a purpose in creating us evil first. If God is perfectly good, He wants us to love him. But love is based on free will. A robot cannot have true love. Therefore love cannot exist, if there is not the possibility for hatred. Even our love will be proven the most, if we love in spite of evil. Like the love of Jesus for God and mankind in spite of his crucifixion. It seems natural, that the meaning of life is to choose. Either choose evil or either choose love and good. In this case the meaning of life is to choose the good in spite of evil. If God is perfectly good, then the good is actually God. This means the sense of life is to choose God in spite of evil. This also explains the purpose of evil. The purpose of evil is to prove and mature our love and our mercy. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=26" \o "Edit section: East Asian philosophy" edit] East Asian philosophy Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" \o "Chinese philosophy" Chinese philosophyand HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" \o "Japanese philosophy" Japanese philosophy [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=27" \o "Edit section: Mohism" edit] Mohism Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohism" \o "Mohism" Mohism The Mohist philosophers believed that the purpose of life was universal, impartial  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love" \o "Love" love. Mohism promoted a philosophy of impartial caring - a person should care equally for all other individuals, regardless of their actual relationship to him or her. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-philosophers-51" [52] The expression of this indiscriminate caring is what makes man a righteous being in Mohist thought. This advocacy of impartiality was a target of attack by the other Chinese philosophical schools, most notably the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian" \o "Confucian" Confucians who believed that while love should be unconditional, it should not be indiscriminate. For example, children should hold a greater love for their parents than for random strangers. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=28" \o "Edit section: Confucianism" edit] Confucianism Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism" \o "Confucianism" Confucianism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism" \o "Confucianism" Confucianism recognizes human nature in accordance with the need for discipline and education. Because mankind is driven by both positive and negative influences, Confucianists see a goal in achieving virtue through strong relationships and reasoning as well as minimizing the negative. This emphasis on normal living is seen in the Confucianist scholar  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_Wei-Ming" \o "Tu Wei-Ming" Tu Wei-Ming's quote, "we can realize the ultimate meaning of life in ordinary human existence." HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-52" [53] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=29" \o "Edit section: Legalism" edit] Legalism Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalism_%28Chinese_philosophy%29" \o "Legalism (Chinese philosophy)" Legalism (Chinese philosophy) The Legalists believed that finding the purpose of life was a meaningless effort. To the Legalists, only practical knowledge was valuable, especially as it related to the function and performance of the state. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=30" \o "Edit section: Religious perspectives" edit] Religious perspectives The religious perspectives on the meaning of life are those ideologies which explain life in terms of an implicit purpose not defined by humans. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=31" \o "Edit section: Western and Middle Eastern religions" edit] Western and Middle Eastern religions  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ReligionSymbolAbr.PNG"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ReligionSymbolAbr.PNG" \o "\"Enlarge\"  Symbols of the three main Abrahamic religions Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" \o "Abrahamic religion" Abrahamic religionand HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" \o "Iranian philosophy" Iranian philosophy [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=32" \o "Edit section: Christianity" edit] Christianity  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cristo_Redentor_-_Rio.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cristo_Redentor_-_Rio.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_%28statue%29" \o "Christ the Redeemer (statue)" Christ the Redeemer statue on  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcovado_%28Brazil%29" \o "Corcovado (Brazil)" Corcovado mountain in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" \o "Rio de Janeiro" Rio de Janeiro is symbolic of Christianity, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-53" [54] illustrating the concept of seeking  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemption_%28theology%29" \o "Redemption (theology)" redemption through  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ" \o "Jesus Christ" Jesus Christ. Though Christianity has its roots in Judaism, and shares much of the latter faith's  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" \o "Ontology" ontology, its central beliefs derive from the teachings of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ" \o "Jesus Christ" Jesus Christ, as presented in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" \o "New Testament" New Testament. Life's purpose in Christianity is to seek divine salvation through the grace of God and intercession of Christ. (cf.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John" \o "Gospel of John" John 11:26) The New Testament speaks of God wanting to have a relationship with humans both in this life and the life to come, which can happen only if one's  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" \o "Atonement in Christianity" sins are forgiven (John 3:1621; 2 Peter 3:9). In the Christian view, humankind was made in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_God" \o "Image of God" Image of God and perfect, but the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Man" \o "Fall of Man" Fall of Man caused the progeny of the first Parents to inherit  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Sin" \o "Original Sin" Original Sin. The sacrifice of Christ's passion, death and resurrection provide the means for transcending that impure state (Romans 6:23). The means for doing so varies between different groups of Christians, but all rely on belief in Jesus, his work on the cross and his resurrection as the fundamental starting point for a relationship with God. Faith in God is found in Ephesians 2:89 "[8]For by grace you have been saved through faith; and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God; [9]not as a result of works, that no one should boast." (New American Standard Bible; 1973). People are justified by belief in the propitiatory sacrifice of Jesus' death on the cross. The Gospel maintains that through this belief, the barrier that sin has created between man and God is destroyed, and allows God to change people and instill in them a new heart after His own will, and the ability to do it. This is what the term reborn or saved almost always refers to. This places Christianity in stark contrast to other religions which claim that believers are justified with God through adherence to guidelines or law given to us by God. In the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Shorter_Catechism" \o "Westminster Shorter Catechism" Westminster Shorter Catechism, the first question is: "What is the chief end of Man?", that is, "What is Man's main purpose?". The answer is: "Man's chief end is to glorify God, and enjoy him forever". God requires one to obey the revealed moral law saying: "love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind; and your neighbour as yourself". HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-54" [55] The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Catechism" \o "Baltimore Catechism" Baltimore Catechism answers the question "Why did God make you?" by saying "God made me to know Him, to love Him, and to serve Him in this world, and to be happy with Him forever in heaven." HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-55" [56] The Apostle Paul also answers this question in his speech on the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areopagus" \o "Areopagus" Areopagus in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens" \o "Athens" Athens: "And He has made from one blood every nation of men to dwell on all the face of the earth, and has determined their preappointed times and the boundaries of their dwellings, so that they should seek the Lord, in the hope that they might grope for Him and find Him, though He is not far from each one of us." HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-56" [57] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=33" \o "Edit section: Islam" edit] Islam In  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" \o "Islam" Islam, man's ultimate life objective is to worship the creator  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" \o "Allah" Allah by abiding by the Divine guidelines revealed in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" \o "Qur'an" Qur'an and the Tradition of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" \o "Muhammad" Prophet. Earthly life is merely a test, determining one's afterlife, either in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannat" \o "Jannat" Jannat (Paradise) or in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahannam" \o "Jahannam" Jahannam (Hell). For Allah's satisfaction, via the Qur'an, all Muslims must believe in God, His revelations, His  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" \o "Angels in Islam" angels, His  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" \o "Prophets in Islam" messengers, and in the " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyamah" \o "Qiyamah" Day of Judgment". HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-57" [58] The Qur'an describes the purpose of creation as follows: "Blessed be he in whose hand is the kingdom, he is powerful over all things, who created death and life that he might examine which of you is best in deeds, and he is the almighty, the forgiving" (Qur'an 67:12) and "And I (Allh) created not the jinn and mankind except that they should be obedient (to Allah)." (Qur'an 51:56). Obedience testifies to the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawhid" \o "Tawhid" oneness of God in His lordship, His names, and His attributes. Terrenal life is a test; how one acts (behaves) determines whether one's soul goes to Jannat (Heaven) or to Jahannam (Hell). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-58" [59][ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" \o "Wikipedia:Citation needed" citation needed] The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" \o "Five Pillars of Islam" Five Pillars of Islam are duties incumbent to every Muslim; they are:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahadah" \o "Shahadah" Shahadah (profession of faith);  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah" \o "Salah" Salah (ritual prayer);  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakah" \o "Zakah" Zakah (charity);  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawm" \o "Sawm" Sawm (fasting during  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan" \o "Ramadan" Ramadan), and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj" \o "Hajj" Hajj (pilgrimage to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" \o "Mecca" Mecca). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-59" [60] They derive from the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" \o "Hadith" Hadith works, notably of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih_Al-Bukhari" \o "Sahih Al-Bukhari" Sahih Al-Bukhari and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" \o "Sahih Muslim" Sahih Muslim. Beliefs differ among the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" \o "Kalam" Kalam. The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni" \o "Sunni" Sunni concept of pre-destination is  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadr_%28doctrine%29" \o "Qadr (doctrine)" divine decree; HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-60" [61] likewise, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a" \o "Shi'a" Shi'a concept of pre-destination is  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalah" \o "Adalah" divine justice; in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric" \o "Esoteric" esoteric view of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi" \o "Sufi" Sufis, the universe exists only for God's pleasure; Creation is a grand game, wherein Allah is the greatest prize. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=34" \o "Edit section: Bah' Faith" edit] Bah' Faith  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ringstone.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ringstone.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"  The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_symbols" \l "Ringstone_symbol" \o "Bah' symbols" Ringstone symbol represents humanity's connection to God The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" \o "Bah' Faith" Bah' Faith emphasizes the unity of humanity. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-61" [62] To Bah's, the purpose of life is focused on spiritual growth and service to humanity. Human beings are viewed as intrinsically spiritual beings. People's lives in this material world provide extended opportunities to grow, to develop divine qualities and virtues, and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifestation_of_God" \o "Manifestation of God" prophets were sent by God to facilitate this. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-62" [63] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-63" [64] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=35" \o "Edit section: Judaism" edit] Judaism In the Judaic world view, the meaning of life is to elevate life, both in this world ('Olam HaZeh) and in the world to come ('Olam HaBa). The most important way to elevate life is through the observance of "mitzvot" (divine commandments in the Torah), of which the most significant are to serve the One God of Israel and to prepare for the world to come. In Judaism God is not effected or benefited through worship, but a person benefits when drawing close to God through prayer and service of the heart, by bringing out their own intrinsic holiness and divine nature. Among other crucial values in the Torah is pursuit of justice, compassion, peace, kindness, hard work, prosperity, humility, and education. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cohn-Sherbok-64" [65] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Heschel-65" [66] The " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" \l "Olam_Haba_-_the_afterlife_and_the_world_to_come" \o "Jewish eschatology" Olam Haba" HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Shuchat-66" [67] thought is about elevating oneself spiritually, connecting to God in preparing for "Olam Haba"; Jewish thought is to use " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olam_Hazeh" \o "Olam Hazeh" Olam Hazeh" (this world) to elevate oneself. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Braham-67" [68] "Al shlosha devarim," a well-known  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah" \o "Mishnah" Mishnah from  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" \o "Pirkei Avot" Pirkei Avot, relates to one of the first scholars of the Oral Law,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_the_Righteous" \o "Simeon the Righteous" Simeon the Righteous, the saying that "the world stands on three things: on torah, on worship, and on acts of loving kindness." This concept further explains the Jewish mentality towards the meaning of it all.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" \o "Judaism" Judaism's most important feature is the worship of a single, incomprehensible,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_%28religion%29" \o "Transcendence (religion)" transcendent, one, indivisible,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaism" \o "God in Judaism" Being of absolute existence, who  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" \o "Genesis creation myth" created the universe and governs it. Closeness with the one God of Israel, and adherence to the laws revealed in the Torah for the benefit of the world, is the central concept of Judaism. Per traditional Judaism, God established a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_%28Israel%29" \o "Covenant (Israel)" covenant with the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_people" \o "Jewish people" Jewish people, at  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai" \o "Mount Sinai" Mount Sinai, revealing his laws and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/613_mitzvot" \o "613 mitzvot" commandments in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" \o "Torah" Torah. In  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" \o "Rabbinic Judaism" Rabbinic Judaism, the Torah comprises the written  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentateuch" \o "Pentateuch" Pentateuch (Torah) and the oral law tradition (later transcribed as sacred writing). Kabbalistically, the meaning of life is to connect with the One God.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaballah" \o "Kaballah" Kaballah posits that there only God exists, though "Klipot" (shells) separate the holiness of God, therefore, the meaning of life is to remove those shells and connect to God. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=36" \o "Edit section: Zoroastrianism" edit] Zoroastrianism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism" \o "Zoroastrianism" Zoroastrianism is the religion and philosophy named after its prophet  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroaster" \o "Zoroaster" Zoroaster, which is believed to have influenced the beliefs of Judaism and its descendant religions. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-68" [69] Zoroastrians believe in a universe created by a transcendental God,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" \o "Ahura Mazda" Ahura Mazda, to whom all worship is ultimately directed. Azhura Mazda's creation is  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha" \o "Asha" asha, truth and order, and it is in conflict with its  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antithesis" \o "Antithesis" antithesis, druj, falsehood and disorder. (See also  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrian_eschatology" \o "Zoroastrian eschatology" Zoroastrian eschatology). Since humanity possesses  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will" \o "Free will" free will, people must be responsible for their moral choices. By using free will, people must take an active role in the universal conflict, with good thoughts, good words and good deeds to ensure happiness and to keep chaos at bay. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=37" \o "Edit section: South Asian religions" edit] South Asian religions Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions" \o "Indian religions" Indian religionsand HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_philosophy" \o "Indian philosophy" Indian philosophy [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=38" \o "Edit section: Hindu philosophies" edit] Hindu philosophies Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" \o "Hinduism" Hinduism, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" \o "Hindu philosophy" Hindu philosophy,and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" \o "Dharma" Dharma  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_Aum.png"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_Aum.png" \o "\"Enlarge\"  A golden  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum" \o "Aum" Aum written in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" \o "Devanagari" Devanagari. The Aum is sacred in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" \o "Hinduism" Hindu,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" \o "Jainism" Jain and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" \o "Buddhism" Buddhist religions.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" \o "Hinduism" Hinduism is a religious category including many beliefs and traditions. Since Hinduism was the way of expressed meaningful living for quite a long time immemorial, when there was no need for naming this as a separate religion, Hindu doctrines are supplementary and complementary in nature, generally non-exclusive, suggestive and tolerant in content. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-weightman-69" [70] Most believe that the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_%28Hinduism%29" \o "tman (Hinduism)" tman (spirit, soul) the person's true self is eternal. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-monierwilliams-70" [71] In part, this stems from Hindu beliefs that spiritual development occurs across many lifetimes, and goals should match the state of development of the individual. There are four possible aims to human life, known as the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purusharthas" \o "Purusharthas" purusharthas (ordered from least to greatest):  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ma" \o "Kma" Kma (wish, desire, love and sensual pleasure),  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artha" \o "Artha" Artha (wealth, prosperity, glory),  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" \o "Dharma" Dharma (righteousness, duty, morality,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue" \o "Virtue" virtue,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" \o "Ethics" ethics, encompassing notions such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa" \o "Ahimsa" ahimsa (non-violence) and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya" \o "Satya" satya (truth)) and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha" \o "Moksha" Moksha (liberation, i.e. liberation from  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" \o "SaCsra" SaCsra, the cycle of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation" \o "Reincarnation" reincarnation). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-71" [72] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-72" [73] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-73" [74] In all schools of Hinduism, the meaning of life is tied up in the concepts of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" \o "Karma" karma (causal action),  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansara" \o "Sansara" sansara (the cycle of birth and rebirth), and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha" \o "Moksha" moksha (liberation). Existence is conceived as the progression of the tman (similar to the western concept of a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%28spirit%29" \o "Soul (spirit)" soul) across numerous lifetimes, and its ultimate progression towards liberation from karma. Particular goals for life are generally subsumed under broader  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" \o "Yoga" yogas (practices) or  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" \o "Dharma" dharma (correct living) which are intended to create more favorable reincarnations, though they are generally positive acts in this life as well. Traditional schools of Hinduism often worship  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_%28Hinduism%29" \o "Deva (Hinduism)" Devas which are manifestations of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvara" \o "Ishvara" Ishvara (a personal or chosen God); these Devas are taken as ideal forms to be identified with, as a form of spiritual improvement. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=39" \o "Edit section: Advaita and Dvaita Hinduism" edit] Advaita and Dvaita Hinduism Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" \o "Advaita Vedanta" Advaita Vedantaand HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita" \o "Dvaita" Dvaita Later schools reinterpreted the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas" \o "Vedas" vedas to focus on  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman" \o "Brahman" Brahman, "The One Without a Second", HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-bhaskaranandaessential-74" [75] as a central God-like figure. In  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monist" \o "Monist" monist Advaita Vedanta, tman is ultimately indistinguishable from Brahman, and the goal of life is to know or realize that one's  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_%28Hinduism%29" \o "tman (Hinduism)" tman (soul) is identical to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman" \o "Brahman" Brahman. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-75" [76] To the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" \o "Upanishads" Upanishads, whoever becomes fully aware of the tman, as one's core of self, realizes identity with Brahman, and, thereby, achieves  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha" \o "Moksha" Moksha (liberation, freedom). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-monierwilliams-70" [71] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-werner-76" [77] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-77" [78]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualist" \o "Dualist" Dualist Dvaita Vedanta and other  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" \o "Bhakti" bhakti schools have a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism" \l "Consciousness.2FMatter_dualism" \o "Dualism" dualist interpretation.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman" \o "Brahman" Brahman is seen as a supreme being with a personality and manifest qualities. The tman depends upon Brahman for its existence; the meaning of life is achieving Moksha through love of God and upon His grace. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-werner-76" [77] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=40" \o "Edit section: Vaishnavism" edit] Vaishnavism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism" \o "Vaishnavism" Vaishnavism is a branch of Hinduism in which the principal belief is the identification of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu" \o "Vishnu" Vishnu or  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana" \o "Narayana" Narayana as the one supreme God. This belief contrasts with the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnaism" \o "Krishnaism" Krishna-centered traditions, such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallabha" \o "Vallabha" Vallabha,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbaraka" \o "Nimbaraka" Nimbaraka and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya" \o "Gaudiya" Gaudiya, in which  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" \o "Krishna" Krishna is considered to be the One and only Supreme God and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" \o "Svayam Bhagavan" source of all avataras. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-RG-78" [79] Vaishnava theology includes the central beliefs of Hinduism such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism" \o "Monotheism" monotheism,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation" \o "Reincarnation" reincarnation,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" \o "Samsara" samsara,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" \o "Karma" karma, and the various  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" \o "Yoga" Yoga systems, but with a particular emphasis on devotion ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" \o "Bhakti" bhakti) to Vishnu through the process of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" \o "Bhakti yoga" Bhakti yoga, often including singing Vishnu's name's ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan" \o "Bhajan" bhajan), meditating upon his form ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharana" \o "Dharana" dharana) and performing  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity" \o "Deity" deity worship ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puja_%28Hinduism%29" \o "Puja (Hinduism)" puja). The practices of deity worship are primarily based on texts such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%B1caratra" \o "Pacaratra" Pacaratra and various  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhita_%28disambiguation%29" \o "Samhita (disambiguation)" Samhitas. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-79" [80] One popular school of thought,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" \o "Gaudiya Vaishnavism" Gaudiya Vaishnavism, teaches the concept of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" \o "Achintya Bheda Abheda" Achintya Bheda Abheda. In this, Krishna is worshipped as the single true God, and all living entities are eternal parts and the Supreme Personality of the Godhead Krishna. Thus the constitutional position of a living entity is to serve the Lord with love and devotion. The purpose of human life especially is to think beyond the animalistic way of eating, sleeping, mating and defending and engage the higher intelligence to revive the lost relationship with Krishna. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=41" \o "Edit section: Jainism" edit] Jainism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jain_hand.svg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jain_hand.svg" \o "\"Enlarge\"  The Jainist Vow of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" \o "Ahimsa in Jainism" Ahimsa. The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmacakra" \o "Dharmacakra" dharmacakra (wheel) is the resolve to halt the cycle of reincarnation via truth and non-violence. Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" \o "Jainism" Jainismand HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_philosophy" \o "Jain philosophy" Jain philosophy  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism" \o "Jainism" Jainism is a religion originating in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_India" \o "Iron Age India" ancient India, its ethical system promotes self-discipline above all else. Through following the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism" \o "Asceticism" ascetic teachings of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" \o "Tirthankara" Jina, a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" \o "Human" human achieves  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksa_%28Jainism%29" \o "Moksa (Jainism)" enlightenment (perfect knowledge). Jainism divides the universe into living and non-living beings. Only when the non-living become attached to the living does suffering result. Therefore, happiness is the result of self-conquest and freedom from external objects. The meaning of life may then be said to be to use the physical body to achieve self-realization and bliss. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-80" [81] Jains believe that every human is responsible for his or her actions and all living beings have an eternal  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_%28spirit%29" \o "Soul (spirit)" soul,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiva" \o "Jiva" jiva. Jains believe all souls are equal because they all possess the potential of being liberated and attaining  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksa_%28Jainism%29" \o "Moksa (Jainism)" Moksha. The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" \o "Karma in Jainism" Jain view of karma is that every action, every word, every thought produces, besides its visible, an invisible, transcendental effect on the soul. Jainism includes strict adherence to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" \o "Ahimsa in Jainism" ahimsa (or ahins), a form of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence" \o "Nonviolence" nonviolence that goes far beyond  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" \o "Vegetarianism" vegetarianism. Jains refuse food obtained with unnecessary cruelty. Many practice a lifestyle similar to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism" \o "Veganism" veganism due to the violence of modern dairy farms, and others exclude  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_vegetable" \o "Root vegetable" root vegetables from their diets in order to preserve the lives of the plants from which they eat. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-81" [82] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=42" \o "Edit section: Buddhism" edit] Buddhism [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=43" \o "Edit section: Early Buddhism" edit] Early Buddhism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" \o "Buddhism" Buddhism is a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondualism" \o "Nondualism" nondual  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine" \o "Doctrine" doctrine, in which subject, object, and action are all viewed as illusory. Buddhists believe that life is inherent with  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" \o "Dukkha" suffering or frustration. This does not imply that there is no pleasure in life, but rather that pleasure alone does not lend itself to lasting happiness. True suffering is caused by attachment to objects material or non-material, which in turn causes one to be born again and again in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_%28Buddhism%29" \o "Rebirth (Buddhism)" the cycle of existence. The Buddhist  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABtras" \o "Sktras" sktras and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantras" \o "Tantras" tantras do not speak about "the meaning of life" or "the purpose of life", but about the potential of human life to end suffering through detaching oneself from cravings and conceptual attachments. Suffering can be overcome through human activity, simply by removing the cause of suffering. Attaining and perfecting dispassion is a process of many levels that ultimately results in the state of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_%28concept%29" \o "Nirvana (concept)" Nirvana. Nirvana means freedom from both  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" \o "Dukkha" suffering and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebirth_%28Buddhism%29" \o "Rebirth (Buddhism)" rebirth. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-82" [83]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" \o "\"Enlarge\"  The eight-spoked  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmachakra" \o "Dharmachakra" Dharmachakra  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" \o "Theravada" Theravada Buddhism is generally considered to be close to the early Buddhist practice. It promotes the concept of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibhajjavada" \o "Vibhajjavada" Vibhajjavada ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81li" \o "Pli" Pali), literally "Teaching of Analysis", which says that insight must come from the aspirant's experience, critical investigation, and reasoning instead of by blind faith. However, the Theravadin tradition also emphasizes heeding the advice of the wise, considering such advice and evaluation of one's own experiences to be the two tests by which practices should be judged. The Theravadin goal is liberation (or freedom) from suffering, according to the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" \o "Four Noble Truths" Four Noble Truths. This is attained in the achievement of Nirvana, or Unbinding which also ends the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation" \o "Reincarnation" repeated cycle of birth, old age, sickness and death. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=44" \o "Edit section: Mahayana Buddhism" edit] Mahayana Buddhism Further information:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana" \o "Mahayana" Mahayana Mahayana Buddhist schools de-emphasize the traditional view (still practiced in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" \o "Theravada" Theravada) of the release from individual Suffering ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukkha" \o "Dukkha" Dukkha) and attainment of Awakening ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_%28concept%29" \o "Nirvana (concept)" Nirvana). In Mahayana, the Buddha is seen as an eternal, immutable, inconceivable,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipresent" \o "Omnipresent" omnipresent being. The fundamental principles of Mahayana doctrine are based on the possibility of universal liberation from suffering for all beings, and the existence of the transcendent  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha-nature" \o "Buddha-nature" Buddha-nature, which is the eternal Buddha essence present, but hidden and unrecognised, in all living beings.[ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" \o "Wikipedia:Citation needed" citation needed] Philosophical schools of Mahayana Buddhism, such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" \o "Zen" Chan/Zen and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana" \o "Vajrayana" vajrayana Tibetan and Shingon schools, explicitly teach that  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva" \o "Bodhisattva" bodhisattvas should refrain from full liberation, allowing themselves to be reincarnated into the world until all beings achieve enlightenment. Devotional schools such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Land" \o "Pure Land" Pure Land Buddhism seek the aid of celestial buddhasindividuals who have spent lifetimes[ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" \o "Wikipedia:Citation needed" citation needed] accumulating positive karma, and use that accumulation to aid all. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=45" \o "Edit section: Sikhism" edit] Sikhism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khanda1.svg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khanda1.svg" \o "\"Enlarge\"  The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanda_%28religious_symbol%29" \o "Khanda (religious symbol)" Khanda, an important symbol of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" \o "Sikhism" Sikhism. The monotheistic  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" \o "Sikhism" Sikh religion was founded by  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev" \o "Guru Nanak Dev" Guru Nanak Dev, the term "sikh" means student, which denotes that followers will lead their lives forever learning. This system of religious  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" \o "Philosophy" philosophy and expression has been traditionally known as the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmat" \o "Gurmat" Gurmat (literally "the counsel of the gurus") or the Sikh Dharma. The followers of Sikhism are ordained to follow the teachings of the ten  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Gurus" \o "Sikh Gurus" Sikh Gurus, or enlightened leaders, as well as the holy scripture entitled the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C5%AB_Granth_S%C4%81hib" \o "Gurk Granth Shib" Gurk Granth Shib, which includes selected works of many philosophers from diverse socio-economic and religious backgrounds. The Sikh Gurus say that salvation can be obtained by following various spiritual paths, so Sikhs do not have a monopoly on salvation: "The Lord dwells in every heart, and every heart has its own way to reach Him." HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Singh-83" [84] Sikhs believe that all people are equally important before  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waheguru" \o "Waheguru" God. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Mayled-84" [85] Sikhs balance their moral and spiritual values with the quest for knowledge, and they aim to promote a life of peace and equality but also of positive action. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-85" [86] A key distinctive feature of Sikhism is a non- HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism" \l "In_religion_and_mythology" \o "Anthropomorphism" anthropomorphic concept of God, to the extent that one can interpret God as the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" \o "Universe" Universe itself ( HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism" \o "Pantheism" pantheism). Sikhism thus sees life as an opportunity to understand this God as well as to discover the divinity which lies in each individual. While a full understanding of God is beyond human beings, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-p252-86" [87]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev" \o "Guru Nanak Dev" Nanak described God as not wholly unknowable, and stressed that God must be seen from "the inward eye", or the "heart", of a human being: devotees must  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditate" \o "Meditate" meditate to progress towards enlightenment. Nanak emphasized the revelation through meditation, as its rigorous application permits the existence of communication between God and human beings. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-p252-86" [87] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=46" \o "Edit section: East Asian religions" edit] East Asian religions [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=47" \o "Edit section: Taoism" edit] Taoism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yin_yang.svg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yin_yang.svg" \o "\"Enlarge\"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taijitu" \o "Taijitu" Taijitu symbolizes the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_of_opposites" \o "Unity of opposites" unity of opposites between yin and yang.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist" \o "Taoist" Taoist  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogony" \o "Cosmogony" cosmogony emphasizes the need for all sentient beings and all man to return to the primordial or to rejoin with the Oneness of the Universe by way of self cultivation and self realization. All adherents should understand and be in tune with the ultimate truth. Taoists believe all things were originally from  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiji" \o "Taiji" Taiji and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao" \o "Tao" Tao, and the meaning in life for the adherents is to realize the temporal nature of the existence. "Only introspection can then help us to find our innermost reasons for living ... the simple answer is here within ourselves." HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Ming-Dao-87" [88] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=48" \o "Edit section: Shinto" edit] Shinto  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg" \o "\"Enlarge\"  Shinto  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torii" \o "Torii" torii, a traditional Japanese gate  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" \o "Shinto" Shinto is the native religion of Japan. Shinto means "the path of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami" \o "Kami" kami", but more specifically, it can be taken to mean "the divine crossroad where the kami chooses his way". The "divine" crossroad signifies that all the universe is divine spirit. This foundation of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will" \o "Free will" free will, choosing one's way, means that life is a creative process. Shinto wants life to live, not to die. Shinto sees death as pollution and regards life as the realm where the divine spirit seeks to purify itself by rightful self-development. Shinto wants individual human life to be prolonged forever on earth as a victory of the divine spirit in preserving its objective personality in its highest forms. The presence of evil in the world, as conceived by Shinto, does not stultify the divine nature by imposing on divinity responsibility for being able to relieve human suffering while refusing to do so. The sufferings of life are the sufferings of the divine spirit in search of progress in the objective world. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Mason-88" [89] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=49" \o "Edit section: New religions" edit] New religions There are many  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movements" \o "New religious movements" new religious movements in East Asia, and some with millions of followers:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondogyo" \o "Chondogyo" Chondogyo,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenrikyo" \o "Tenrikyo" Tenrikyo,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" \o "Cao i" Cao i, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seicho-No-Ie" \o "Seicho-No-Ie" Seicho-No-Ie. New religions typically have unique explanations for the meaning of life. For example, in Tenrikyo, one is expected to live a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyous_Life" \o "Joyous Life" Joyous Life by participating in practices that create happiness for oneself and others. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=50" \o "Edit section: Scientific inquiry and perspectives" edit] Scientific inquiry and perspectives  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_Overview.png"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_Overview.png" \o "\"Enlarge\"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" \o "DNA" DNA, the substance containing the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all known  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" \o "Life" living organisms. Members of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_community" \o "Scientific community" scientific community and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy-of-science" \o "Philosophy-of-science" philosophy-of-science communities believe that science may be able to provide some context, and set some parameters for conversations on topics related to meaning in life. This includes offering insights from the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology" \o "Positive psychology" science of happiness or studies of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_management_theory" \o "Terror management theory" death anxiety. This also means providing context for, and understanding of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" \o "Life" life itself through explorations of the theories related to the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_bang" \o "Big bang" big bang,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis" \o "Abiogenesis" abiogenesis and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" \o "Evolution" evolution. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=51" \o "Edit section: Psychological significance and value in life" edit] Psychological significance and value in life Science may or may not be able to tell us what is of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_value" \o "Essential value" essential value in life (and various materialist philosophies such as dialectical materialism challenge the very idea of an absolute value or meaning of life), but some studies definitely bear on aspects of the question: researchers in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology" \o "Positive psychology" positive psychology (and, earlier and less rigorously, in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" \o "Humanistic psychology" humanistic psychology) study factors that lead to life satisfaction, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-89" [90] full  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_%28psychology%29" \o "Flow (psychology)" engagement in activities, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-90" [91] making a fuller contribution by utilizing one's personal strengths, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-91" [92] and meaning based on investing in something larger than the self. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-92" [93] One value system suggested by  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology_%28psychology%29" \o "Social psychology (psychology)" social psychologists, broadly called  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_Management_Theory" \o "Terror Management Theory" Terror Management Theory, states that all human meaning is derived out of a fundamental fear of death, whereby values are selected when they allow us to escape the mental reminder of death.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" \o "Neuroscience" Neuroscience has produced theories of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reward_system" \o "Reward system" reward,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure" \o "Pleasure" pleasure, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation" \o "Motivation" motivation in terms of physical entities such as neurotransmitter activity, especially in the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system" \o "Limbic system" limbic system and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" \o "Ventral tegmental area" ventral tegmental area in particular. If one believes that the meaning of life is to maximize pleasure, then these theories give normative predictions about how to act to achieve this. Likewise, some ethical naturalists advocate a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_morality" \o "Science of morality" science of morality - the empirical pursuit of flourishing for all conscious creatures.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" \o "Sociology" Sociology examines value at a social level using theoretical constructs such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_theory" \l "Sociology" \o "Value theory" value theory, norms,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomie" \o "Anomie" anomie, etc. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=52" \o "Edit section: Origin and nature of biological life" edit] Origin and nature of biological life The exact mechanisms of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis" \o "Abiogenesis" abiogenesis are unknown: notable theories include the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" \o "RNA world hypothesis" RNA world hypothesis (RNA-based replicators) and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-sulfur_world_theory" \o "Iron-sulfur world theory" iron-sulfur world theory (metabolism without genetics). The theory of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" \o "Evolution" evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life but the process by which different lifeforms have developed throughout history via  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" \o "Gene" genetic  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation" \o "Mutation" mutation and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection" \o "Natural selection" natural selection. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-93" [94] At the end of the 20th century, based upon insight gleaned from the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" \o "Gene-centered view of evolution" gene-centered view of evolution, biologists  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Williams" \o "George C. Williams" George C. Williams,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" \o "Richard Dawkins" Richard Dawkins,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Haig_%28biologist%29" \o "David Haig (biologist)" David Haig, among others, conclude that if there is a primary function to life, it is the replication of DNA and the survival of one's genes. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Dawkins_selfish_gene-94" [95] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Dawkins_river-95" [96] However, though scientists have intensively studied  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" \o "Organism" life on Earth, defining  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" \o "Life" life in unequivocal terms is still a challenge. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-96" [97] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-97" [98] Physically, one may say that life "feeds on  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negentropy" \o "Negentropy" negative entropy" HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-98" [99] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-99" [100] which refers to the process by which living entities decrease their internal  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy" \o "Entropy" entropy at the expense of some form of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" \o "Energy" energy taken in from the environment. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-100" [101] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-101" [102] Biologists generally agree that lifeforms are  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organization" \o "Self-organization" self-organizing systems  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis" \o "Homeostasis" regulating the internal environment as to maintain this organized state,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" \o "Metabolism" metabolism serves to provide energy, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction" \o "Reproduction" reproduction causes life to continue over a span of multiple generations. Typically, organisms are responsive to stimuli and genetic information tends to change from generation to generation resulting in adaptation through evolution, these characteristics optimizing the chances of survival for the individual organism and its descendants respectively. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-102" [103] Non-cellular replicating agents, notably  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" \o "Virus" viruses, are generally not considered to be organisms because they are incapable of "independent" reproduction or metabolism. This controversy is problematic, though, since some  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite" \o "Parasite" parasites and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiont" \o "Endosymbiont" endosymbionts are also incapable of independent life.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology" \o "Astrobiology" Astrobiology studies the possibility of different forms of life on other worlds, such as replicating structures made from materials other than DNA. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=53" \o "Edit section: Origins and ultimate fate of the universe" edit] Origins and ultimate fate of the universe  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"  The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_expansion_of_space" \o "Metric expansion of space" metric expansion of space. The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflationary_epoch" \o "Inflationary epoch" inflationary epoch is the expansion of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tensor" \o "Metric tensor" metric tensor at left. Though the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang" \o "Big Bang" Big Bang model was met with much skepticism when first introduced, partially because it appears to contradict some models of the religious concept of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism" \o "Creationism" creation, it has become well-supported by several independent observations. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-103" [104] However, current physics can only describe the early universe from 10"43 seconds after the Big Bang (where zero time corresponds to infinite temperature); a theory of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity" \o "Quantum gravity" quantum gravity would be required to go further back in time. Nevertheless, many physicists have speculated about what would have preceded this limit, and how the universe came into being. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Prantzos_.26_Lyle-104" [105] Some physicists think that the Big Bang occurred coincidentally, and when considering the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle" \o "Anthropic principle" anthropic principle, it is most often interpreted as implying the existence of a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse" \o "Multiverse" multiverse. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Edwards-105" [106] The ultimate fate of the universe, and implicitly humanity, is hypothesized as one in which biological life will eventually become unsustainable, be it through a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Freeze" \o "Big Freeze" Big Freeze,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Rip" \o "Big Rip" Big Rip, or  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch" \o "Big Crunch" Big Crunch. However, there are conceivable ways in which these fates can be avoided, as it may be possible given sufficiently advanced technology to survive indefinitely by directing the flow of energy on a cosmic scale and altering the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" \o "Ultimate fate of the universe" fate of the universe. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Prantzos_.26_Lyle-104" [105][ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" \o "Wikipedia:Citing sources" pageneeded] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=54" \o "Edit section: Scientific questions about the mind" edit] Scientific questions about the mind The true nature and origin of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" \o "Consciousness" consciousness and the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" \o "Mind" mind itself are also widely debated in science. The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanatory_gap" \o "Explanatory gap" explanatory gap is generally equated with the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" \o "Hard problem of consciousness" hard problem of consciousness, and the question of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will" \o "Free will" free will is also considered to be of fundamental importance. These subjects are mostly addressed in the fields of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science" \o "Cognitive science" cognitive science,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" \o "Neuroscience" neuroscience (e.g. the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_free_will" \o "Neuroscience of free will" neuroscience of free will) and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" \o "Philosophy of mind" philosophy of mind, though some  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biologist" \o "Evolutionary biologist" evolutionary biologists and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" \o "Theoretical physicist" theoretical physicists have also made several allusions to the subject. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Whitehouse-106" [107] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Gray-107" [108]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascent_of_the_Blessed.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ascent_of_the_Blessed.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" \o "Hieronymus Bosch" Hieronymus Bosch's  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascent_of_the_Blessed" \o "Ascent of the Blessed" Ascent of the Blessed depicts a tunnel of light and spiritual figures, often described in reports of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-death_experience" \o "Near-death experience" near-death experiences.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionistic" \o "Reductionistic" Reductionistic and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" \o "Eliminative materialism" eliminative materialistic approaches, for example the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Drafts_Model" \o "Multiple Drafts Model" Multiple Drafts Model, hold that consciousness can be wholly explained by neuroscience through the workings of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain" \o "Human brain" brain and its  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron" \o "Neuron" neurons, thus adhering to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_naturalism" \o "Biological naturalism" biological naturalism. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Gray-107" [108] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Churchland-108" [109] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Dennett-109" [110] On the other hand, some scientists, like  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Linde" \o "Andrei Linde" Andrei Linde, have considered that consciousness, like spacetime, might have its own intrinsic degrees of freedom, and that one's perceptions may be as real as (or even more real than) material objects. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Barrow.2C_Davies.2C_Harper-110" [111] Hypotheses of consciousness and spacetime explain consciousness in describing a "space of conscious elements", HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Barrow.2C_Davies.2C_Harper-110" [111] often encompassing a number of extra dimensions. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Millay.2C_Heinze-111" [112]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness" \o "Electromagnetic theories of consciousness" Electromagnetic theories of consciousness solve the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_problem" \o "Binding problem" binding problem of consciousness in saying that the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" \o "Electromagnetic field" electromagnetic field generated by the brain is the actual carrier of conscious experience, there is however disagreement about the implementations of such a theory relating to other workings of the mind. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-112" [113] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Buccheri_.26_Di_Ges.C3.B9_.26_Saniga-113" [114]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind" \o "Quantum mind" Quantum mind theories use  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" \o "Quantum mechanics" quantum theory in explaining certain properties of the mind. Explaining the process of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will" \o "Free will" free will through  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum" \o "Quantum" quantum phenomena is a popular alternative to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism" \o "Determinism" determinism, such postulations may variously relate free will to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation" \o "Quantum fluctuation" quantum fluctuations, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Bohm_.26_Hiley-114" [115] quantum amplification, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Bruce-115" [116] quantum potential HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Bohm_.26_Hiley-114" [115] and quantum probability. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Libet.2C_Freeman.2C_Sutherland-116" [117] Based on the premises of non-materialistic explanations of the mind, some have suggested the existence of a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_consciousness" \o "Cosmic consciousness" cosmic consciousness, asserting that consciousness is actually the "ground of all being". HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Walker-14" [15] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Bruce-115" [116] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Ho-117" [118] Proponents of this view cite accounts of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" \o "Paranormal" paranormal phenomena, primarily  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" \o "Extrasensory perception" extrasensory perceptions and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychic" \o "Psychic" psychic powers, as evidence for an  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporeal" \o "Incorporeal" incorporeal  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_consciousness" \o "Higher consciousness" higher consciousness. In hopes of proving the existence of these phenomena,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychologist" \o "Parapsychologist" parapsychologists have orchestrated various experiments. Meta-analyses of these experiments indicate that the effect size (though very small) has been relatively consistent, resulting in an overall  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_significance" \o "Statistical significance" statistical significance. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Radnin97-118" [119] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Dunne-119" [120] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Dunne85-120" [121] Although some critical analysts feel that parapsychological study is  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific" \o "Scientific" scientific, they are not satisfied with its experimental results. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Alcock03-121" [122] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Hyman-122" [123] Skeptical reviewers contend that apparently successful results are more likely due to sloppy procedures, poorly trained researchers, or methodological flaws than to actual effects. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Akers-123" [124] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-124" [125] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-125" [126] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-126" [127] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=55" \o "Edit section: In popular culture" edit] In popular culture  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allisvanity.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allisvanity.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Allan_Gilbert" \o "Charles Allan Gilbert" Charles Allan Gilbert's All is Vanity, an example of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanitas" \o "Vanitas" vanitas, depicts a young  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman" \o "Woman" woman gazing at her reflection in a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror" \o "Mirror" mirror, but all is positioned in such a way as to make the image of a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skull" \o "Human skull" skull appear. The mystery of life and its meaning is an often recurring subject in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture" \o "Popular culture" popular culture, featured in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media" \o "Mass media" entertainment media and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts" \o "The arts" various forms of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" \o "Art" art. In  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Adams" \o "Douglas Adams" Douglas Adams' popular comedy book, movie, television, and radio series  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy" \o "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_to_the_Ultimate_Question_of_Life,_the_Universe,_and_Everything" \o "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything" Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything is given the numeric solution " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42_%28number%29" \o "42 (number)" 42", after seven and a half million years of calculation by a giant  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer" \o "Supercomputer" supercomputer called  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_characters_from_The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy" \l "Deep_Thought" \o "Minor characters from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" Deep Thought. When this answer is met with confusion and anger from humanity, Deep Thought explains that "I think the problem, to be quite honest with you, is that you've never actually known what the question is." HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Yeffeth-4" [5] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Baggini-6" [7] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Badke-10" [11] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Adams_H2G2_book1-127" [128] In the continuation of the book, the question is proposed to be the song of Bob Dylan "How many roads must a man walk down, before you can call him a man.". The book later states that the question is 6x9 which of course does not equal 42 and does in fact answer 54.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HamletSkullHCSealous.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HamletSkullHCSealous.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"  Hamlet with  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorick" \o "Yorick" Yorick's skull In  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_The_Meaning_of_Life" \o "Monty Python's The Meaning of Life" Monty Python's The Meaning of Life, there are several allusions to the meaning of life. At the end of the film, a character played by  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Palin" \o "Michael Palin" Michael Palin is handed an envelope containing "the meaning of life", which he opens and reads out to the audience: "Well, it's nothing very special. Uh, try to be nice to people, avoid eating fat, read a good book every now and then, get some walking in, and try to live together in peace and harmony with people of all creeds and nations." HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-useless_website-128" [129] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Burnham-129" [130] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Fernandez-130" [131] Many other Python sketches and songs are also existential in nature, questioning the importance we place on life (" HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always_Look_on_the_Bright_Side_of_Life" \o "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" Always Look on the Bright Side of Life") and other meaning-of-life related questioning. John Cleese also had his sit-com character  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Fawlty" \o "Basil Fawlty" Basil Fawlty contemplating the futility of his own existence in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawlty_Towers" \o "Fawlty Towers" Fawlty Towers. In  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons" \o "The Simpsons" The Simpsons episode " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_the_Heretic" \o "Homer the Heretic" Homer the Heretic", a representation of God agrees to tell Homer what the meaning of life is, but the show's credits begin to roll just as he starts to say what it is. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Pinsky-131" [132] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=56" \o "Edit section: Popular views" edit] Popular views "What is the meaning of life?" is a question many people ask themselves at some point during their lives, most in the context "What is the purpose of life?" HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-WITMOL-3" [4] Here are some of the life goals people choose, and some of their beliefs on what the purpose of life is: [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=57" \o "Edit section: To Discover" edit] To Discover [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=58" \o "Edit section: To realize one's potential and ideals" edit] To realize one's potential and ideals To chase dreams. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] To live one's dreams. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Ellerton-132" [133] To spend it for something that will outlast it. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cook-133" [134] To matter: to count, to stand for something, to have made some difference that you lived at all. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cook-133" [134] To expand one's potential in life. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Ellerton-132" [133] To become the person you've always wanted to be. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Chandler-134" [135] To become the best version of yourself. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Kelly-135" [136] To seek happiness HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-136" [137] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-137" [138] and flourish. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Baggini-6" [7] To be a true authentic human being. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Kultgen-138" [139] To be able to put the whole of oneself into one's feelings, one's work, one's beliefs. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cook-133" [134] To follow our destiny. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cappannelli-139" [140] To submit to our destiny. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-West-140" [141] To create your own destiny. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Madorsky-141" [142] To achieve  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudaimonia" \o "Eudaimonia" eudaimonia  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-142" [143], a flourishing of human spirit. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=59" \o "Edit section: To achieve biological perfection" edit] To achieve biological perfection To survive, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-143" [144] that is, to live as long as possible, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-144" [145] including pursuit of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality" \o "Immortality" immortality (through scientific means). HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Kurweil_.26_Grossmann-145" [146] To  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_lifespan" \o "Indefinite lifespan" live forever HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Kurweil_.26_Grossmann-145" [146] or die  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_extension" \o "Life extension" trying. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Appleyard-146" [147] To evolve. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-147" [148] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-148" [149] To replicate, to reproduce. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] "The 'dream' of every cell is to become two cells." HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Lane-149" [150] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Weiss_.26_Buchanan-150" [151] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Ackerman-151" [152] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Rensberger-152" [153] To be fruitful and multiply. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Burke-153" [154] ( HYPERLINK "http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Genesis&verse=1:28&src=%21" Genesis 1:28) [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=60" \o "Edit section: To seek wisdom and knowledge" edit] To seek wisdom and knowledge  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_038-crop.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_038-crop.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"  Philosopher in Meditation (detail) by  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt" \o "Rembrandt" Rembrandt To expand one's perception of the world. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Ellerton-132" [133] To follow the clues and walk out the exit. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Chris_Grau-154" [155] To learn as many things as possible in life. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cooper_.26_Hutchinson-155" [156] To know as much as possible about as many things as possible. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Findling_.26_Thackeray-156" [157] To seek  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom" \o "Wisdom" wisdom and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" \o "Knowledge" knowledge and to tame the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" \o "Mind" mind, as to avoid  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering" \o "Suffering" suffering caused by  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignorance" \o "Ignorance" ignorance and find  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness" \o "Happiness" happiness. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Dalai_Lama-157" [158] To face our  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear" \o "Fear" fears and accept the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesson" \o "Lesson" lessons life offers us. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cappannelli-139" [140] To find the meaning of life. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Simmons-158" [159] To find the purpose of life. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Bowell-159" [160] To find a reason to live. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Gibbs_.26_Basinger_.26_Fuller-160" [161] To resolve the imbalance of the mind by understanding the nature of reality. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Tang-161" [162] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=61" \o "Edit section: To do good, to do the right thing" edit] To do good, to do the right thing To leave the world a better place than you found it. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] To do your best to leave every situation better than you found it. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] To benefit others. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Hua-11" [12] To give more than you take. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] To end suffering. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Roberts-162" [163] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Costigan-163" [164] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Jeffers_.26_Smith-164" [165] To create equality. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Jeffrey-165" [166] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Williams-166" [167] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Muller-167" [168] To challenge oppression. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Nash_.26_Stewart-168" [169] To distribute wealth. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Yao-169" [170] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Turner_.26_Rojek-170" [171] To be generous. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Goonewardene-171" [172] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Ferry-172" [173] To contribute to the well-being and spirit of others. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Stephan_.26_Pace-173" [174] To help others, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Baggini-6" [7] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Ferry-172" [173] to help one another. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Steinberg-174" [175] To take every chance to help another while on your journey here. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] To be creative and innovative. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Stephan_.26_Pace-173" [174] To forgive. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] To accept and forgive human flaws. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Caunt-175" [176] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-176" [177] To be emotionally sincere. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cook-133" [134] To be responsible. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cook-133" [134] To be honorable. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cook-133" [134] To seek peace. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cook-133" [134]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg"   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" \o "\"Enlarge\"  Dante and Beatrice see God as a point of light surrounded by angels; from  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" \o "Gustave Dor" Gustave Dor's illustrations for the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy" \o "Divine Comedy" Divine Comedy [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=62" \o "Edit section: To attain spiritual enlightenment" edit] To attain spiritual enlightenment To reach the highest heaven and be at the heart of the Divine. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Halevi-177" [178] To have a pure soul and experience God. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cook-133" [134] To understand the mystery of God. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cappannelli-139" [140] To know God. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Girard-178" [179] To know oneself, know others, and know the will of heaven. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Mahadevan-179" [180] To attain union with God. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Kashmir_Shaivism-180" [181] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=63" \o "Edit section: To love, to feel, to enjoy the act of living" edit] To love, to feel, to enjoy the act of living To love more. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] To love those who mean the most. Every life you touch will touch you back. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] To treasure every enjoyable sensation one has. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] To seek  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty" \o "Beauty" beauty in all its forms. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] To have fun. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Stephan_.26_Pace-173" [174] To enjoy life. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cappannelli-139" [140] To seek pleasure HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cook-133" [134] and avoid pain. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Mitchell-181" [182] To be compassionate. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Cook-133" [134] To be moved by the tears and pain of others, and try to help them out of love and compassion. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] To love others as best we possibly can. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] To love something bigger, greater, and beyond ourselves, something we did not create or have the power to create, something intangible and made holy by our very belief in it. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] To love God HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Girard-178" [179] and all of his creations. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Scully-182" [183] To glorify God by enjoying him forever. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Piper-183" [184] To eat, drink, and be merry. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Ecclesiastes8:15-184" [185] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=64" \o "Edit section: To have power, to be better" edit] To have power, to be better To  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_to_power" \o "Will to power" strive for power HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Reginster-30" [31] and superiority. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Mitchell-181" [182] To rule the world. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-West-140" [141] To know and master the world. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Harrison-185" [186] HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Dillon-186" [187] To know and master nature. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Aron-187" [188] To fill the Earth and subdue it. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Burke-153" [154] ( HYPERLINK "http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Genesis&verse=1:28&src=%21" Genesis 1:28) ...To crush your enemiesSee them driven before you, and to hear the lamentation of their women!  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-188" [189] To obtain freedom ( HYPERLINK "http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Romans&verse=8:20-21&src=%21" Romans 8:20-21) [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=65" \o "Edit section: Life has no meaning" edit] Life has no meaning Life or human existence has no real meaning or purpose because human existence occurred out of a random chance in nature, and anything that exists by chance has no intended purpose. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Tang-161" [162] Life has no meaning, but as humans we try to associate a meaning or purpose so we can justify our existence. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] There is no point in life, and that is exactly what makes it so special. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=66" \o "Edit section: One should not seek to know and understand the meaning of life" edit] One should not seek to know and understand the meaning of life The answer to the meaning of life is too profound to be known and understood. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Tang-161" [162] You will never live if you are looking for the meaning of life. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] The meaning of life is to forget about the search for the meaning of life. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Seaman-5" [6] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=67" \o "Edit section: Life is bad" edit] Life is bad Life is a bitch, and then you die. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Chandler-134" [135] Life sucks and in the end you die. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_note-Nash_.26_Stewart-168" [169] See also  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_tears" \o "Vale of tears" Vale of tears [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=68" \o "Edit section: See also" edit] See also Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Life" Life Look up  HYPERLINK "http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meaning_of_life" meaning of life in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_sociology.svg"  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Personal_life" \o "Portal:Personal life" Personal life portal HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socrates.png"  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" \o "Portal:Philosophy" Philosophy portal HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EndlessKnot03d.png"  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spirituality" \o "Portal:Spirituality" Spirituality portalOrigin and nature of life and reality  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis" \o "Abiogenesis" Abiogenesis  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness" \o "Awareness" Awareness  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being" \o "Being" Being  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosemiotics" \o "Biosemiotics" Biosemiotics  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence" \o "Existence" Existence  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos" \o "Logos" Logos  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" \o "Metaphysical naturalism" Metaphysical naturalism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" \o "Perception" Perception  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality" \o "Reality" Reality  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated_reality" \o "Simulated reality" Simulated reality  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology" \o "Teleology" Teleology  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" \o "Ultimate fate of the universe" Ultimate fate of the universe Value of life  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_life" \o "Culture of life" Culture of life  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethics" \o "Bioethics" Bioethics  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life" \o "Quality of life" Quality of life  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_of_life" \o "Value of life" Value of lifePurpose of life  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny" \o "Destiny" Destiny  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_living" \o "Ethical living" Ethical living  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_living" \o "Intentional living" Intentional living  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_extension" \o "Life extension" Life extension  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27s_Search_for_Meaning" \o "Man's Search for Meaning" Man's Search for Meaning  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_to_an_end" \o "Means to an end" Means to an end Miscellaneous  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_stance" \o "Life stance" Life stance  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" \o "Perennial philosophy" Perennial philosophy  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_riddle" \o "World riddle" World riddle  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_view" \o "World view" World view[ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=69" \o "Edit section: References" edit] References  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Westphal_0-0" ^ Jonathan Westphal (1998). Philosophical Propositions: An Introduction to Philosophy. Routledge.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415170532" \o "Special:BookSources/0415170532" 0415170532.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Nozick_1-0" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozick" \o "Robert Nozick" Robert Nozick (1981).  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Explanations" \o "Philosophical Explanations" Philosophical Explanations. Harvard University Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674664795" \o "Special:BookSources/0674664795" 0674664795.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Jewell_2-0" ^ Albert Jewell (2003). Ageing, Spirituality and Well-Being. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/184310167X" \o "Special:BookSources/184310167X" 184310167X. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-WITMOL_3-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-WITMOL_3-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-WITMOL_3-2" c  HYPERLINK "http://www.philosophynow.org/issue59/59question.htm" "Question of the Month: What Is The Meaning Of Life?".  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_Now" \o "Philosophy Now" Philosophy Now. Issue 59. Retrieved 2007-07-26. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Yeffeth_4-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Yeffeth_4-1" b Glenn Yeffeth (2005). The Anthology at the End of the Universe: Leading Science Fiction Authors on Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. BenBella Books, Inc.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1932100563" \o "Special:BookSources/1932100563" 1932100563. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-2" c  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-3" d  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-4" e  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-5" f  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-6" g  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-7" h  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-8" i  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-9" j  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-10" k  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-11" l  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-12" m  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-13" n  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-14" o  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-15" p  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-16" q  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-17" r  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Seaman_5-18" s David Seaman (2005). The Real Meaning of Life. New World Library.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1577315146" \o "Special:BookSources/1577315146" 1577315146. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Baggini_6-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Baggini_6-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Baggini_6-2" c  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Baggini_6-3" d  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Baggini_6-4" e  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Baggini_6-5" f  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Baggini" \o "Julian Baggini" Julian Baggini (September 2004). What's It All About? Philosophy and the Meaning of Life. USA: Granta Books.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1862076618" \o "Special:BookSources/1862076618" 1862076618.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Thiemann_.26_Placher_7-0" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_F._Thiemann" \o "Ronald F. Thiemann" Ronald F. Thiemann; William Carl Placher (1998). Why Are We Here?: Everyday Questions and the Christian Life. Continuum International Publishing Group.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563382369" \o "Special:BookSources/1563382369" 1563382369.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Marcellino_8-0" ^ Dennis Marcellino (1996). Why Are We Here?: The Scientific Answer to this Age-old Question (that you don't need to be a scientist to understand). Lighthouse Pub.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0945272103" \o "Special:BookSources/0945272103" 0945272103.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Curtiss_9-0" ^ F. Homer Curtiss (2003). Why Are We Here. Kessinger Publishing.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0766138992" \o "Special:BookSources/0766138992" 0766138992. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Badke_10-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Badke_10-1" b William B. Badke (2005). The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Meaning of Everything. Kregel Publications.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0825420695" \o "Special:BookSources/0825420695" 0825420695. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Hua_11-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Hua_11-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Hua_11-2" c Hsuan Hua (2003). Words of Wisdom: Beginning Buddhism. Dharma Realm Buddhist Association.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881393029" \o "Special:BookSources/0881393029" 0881393029. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Davies_12-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Davies_12-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Davies" \o "Paul Davies" Paul Davies (March 2000).  HYPERLINK "http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?tab=1&pid=410133" The Fifth Miracle: The Search for the Origin and Meaning of Life. Simon & Schuster.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86309-X" \o "Special:BookSources/0-684-86309-X" 0-684-86309-X. Retrieved 2007-07-26. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Christiansen_.26_Baum_.26_Bass-Haugen_13-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Christiansen_.26_Baum_.26_Bass-Haugen_13-1" b Charles Christiansen; Carolyn Manville Baum; Julie Bass-Haugen (2005). Occupational Therapy: Performance, Participation, and Well-Being. SLACK Incorporated.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1556425309" \o "Special:BookSources/1556425309" 1556425309. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Walker_14-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Walker_14-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Harris_Walker" \o "Evan Harris Walker" Evan Harris Walker (2000). The Physics of Consciousness: The Quantum Mind and the Meaning of Life. Perseus Books.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0738204366" \o "Special:BookSources/0738204366" 0738204366.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-warren_15-0" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Warren" \o "Rick Warren" Rick Warren (2002).  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Purpose_Driven_Life" \o "The Purpose Driven Life" The Purpose Driven Life: What on Earth Am I Here For?. Zondervan.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0310255252" \o "Special:BookSources/0310255252" 0310255252. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Krishnamurti_16-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Krishnamurti_16-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" \o "Jiddu Krishnamurti" Jiddu Krishnamurti (2001). What Are You Doing With Your Life?. Krishnamurti Foundation of America.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/188800424X" \o "Special:BookSources/188800424X" 188800424X.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-UIUC_17-0" ^ Puolimatka, Tapio; Airaksinen, Timo (2002).  HYPERLINK "http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/2001/tapio%2001.pdf" "Education and the Meaning of Life" (PDF). Philosophy of Education.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" \o "University of Helsinki" University of Helsinki. Retrieved 2007-07-26.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Van_Hooft_18-0" ^ Stan Van Hooft (2004). Life, Death, and Subjectivity: Moral Sources in Bioethics. Rodopi.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9042019123" \o "Special:BookSources/9042019123" 9042019123.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Shafer-Landau_.26_Cuneo_19-0" ^ Russ Shafer-Landau; Terence Cuneo (2007). Foundations of Ethics: An Anthology. Blackwell Publishing.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405129514" \o "Special:BookSources/1405129514" 1405129514.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-20" ^ Kidd, I., "Cynicism," in The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy. (ed.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.O._Urmson" \o "J.O. Urmson" J.O. Urmson and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_R%C3%A9e" \o "Jonathan Re" Jonathan Re), Routledge. (2005)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-21" ^ Long, A.A., "The Socratic Tradition: Diogenes, Crates, and Hellenistic Ethics," in The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy. (ed. Branham and Goulet-Caz), University of California Press, (1996).  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-22" ^ "Cyrenaics." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The University of Tennessee At Martin. 4 Nov. 2007 < HYPERLINK "http://www.iep.utm.edu/" http://www.iep.utm.edu/>.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-23" ^ "The Cyrenaics and the Origin of Hedonism." Hedonism.org. BLTC. 4 Nov. 2007 < HYPERLINK "http://www.hedonism.org" http://www.hedonism.org>.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-24" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus" \o "Epicurus" Epicurus, "Letter to Menoeceus", contained in Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book X ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Russel_25-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Russel_25-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Russel_25-2" c  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Russel_25-3" d  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" \o "Bertrand Russell" Bertrand Russell (1946).  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_Philosophy_%28Russell%29" \o "History of Western Philosophy (Russell)" A History of Western Philosophy, New York: Simon and Schuster; London: George Allen and Unwin  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-26" ^ A: "'Liberalism' is defined as a social ethic that advocates liberty, and equality in general."  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._A._J._%28Tony%29_Coady" \o "C. A. J. (Tony) Coady" C. A. J. (Tony) Coady Distributive Justice, A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, editors Goodin, Robert E. and Pettit, Philip. Blackwell Publishing, 1995, p.440. B: "Liberty is not a means to a higher political end. It is itself the highest political end."  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" \o "John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton" Lord Acton  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-27" ^ Rosen, Frederick (2003). Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill. Routledge, p. 28.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415220947" ISBN 0-415-22094-7 "It was Hume and Bentham who then reasserted most strongly the Epicurean doctrine concerning utility as the basis of justice."  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Mill_28-0" ^ Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty, ed. Himmelfarb. Penguin Classics, 1974, Ed.'s introduction, p. 11. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Bind.C3.A9_29-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Bind.C3.A9_29-1" b Jrme Bind (2004). The Future Of Values: 21st-Century Talks. Berghahn Books.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1571814426" \o "Special:BookSources/1571814426" 1571814426. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Reginster_30-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Reginster_30-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Reginster_30-2" c Bernard Reginster (2006). The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism. Harvard University Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674021991" \o "Special:BookSources/0674021991" 0674021991.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-31" ^ Heidegger, "The Word of Nietzsche," 61.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-32" ^ Camus (1946) L'Etranger  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-33" ^ Camus (1955) The Myth of Sisyphus  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-James_34-0" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" \o "William James" William James (1909). The Meaning of Truth. Prometheus Books.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-138-6" \o "Special:BookSources/1-57392-138-6" 1-57392-138-6.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Corti_35-0" ^ Walter Robert Corti (1976). The Philosophy of William James. Meiner Verlag.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3787303529" \o "Special:BookSources/3787303529" 3787303529.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Hall_36-0" ^ Amy Laura Hall (2002). Kierkegaard and the Treachery of Love. Cambridge University Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521893119" \o "Special:BookSources/0521893119" 0521893119.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Jacquette_37-0" ^ Dale Jacquette (1996). Schopenhauer, Philosophy, and the Arts. Cambridge University Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521473888" \o "Special:BookSources/0521473888" 0521473888.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Murray_38-0" ^ Durno Murray (1999). Nietzsche's Affirmative Morality. Walter de Gruyter.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110166011" \o "Special:BookSources/3110166011" 3110166011.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-KierkegaardSuD_39-0" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" \o "Sren Kierkegaard" Kierkegaard, Sren (1941). The Sickness Unto Death. Princeton University Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1448675022" \o "Special:BookSources/1448675022" 1448675022.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-40" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" \o "Sren Kierkegaard" Kierkegaard, Sren (1941). The Sickness Unto Death. Princeton University Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1448675022" \o "Special:BookSources/1448675022" 1448675022., Part I, Ch. 3. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-humanifesto1_41-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-humanifesto1_41-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-humanifesto1_41-2" c  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-humanifesto1_41-3" d  HYPERLINK "http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto1.html" " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_I" \o "Humanist Manifesto I" Humanist Manifesto I". American Humanist Association. 1933. Retrieved 2007-07-26. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-humanifesto2_42-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-humanifesto2_42-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-humanifesto2_42-2" c  HYPERLINK "http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto2.html" " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_II" \o "Humanist Manifesto II" Humanist Manifesto II". American Humanist Association. 1973. Retrieved 2007-08-01. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-humanifesto3_43-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-humanifesto3_43-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-humanifesto3_43-2" c  HYPERLINK "http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HumandItsAspirations.php" " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_III" \o "Humanist Manifesto III" Humanist Manifesto III". American Humanist Association. 2003. Retrieved 2007-08-01.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-CDSH_44-0" ^  HYPERLINK "http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=declaration" " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Secular_Humanist_Declaration" \o "A Secular Humanist Declaration" A Secular Humanist Declaration". Council for Democratic and Secular Humanism (now the Council for Secular Humanism). 1980. Retrieved 2007-08-01.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-45" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" \o "Nick Bostrom" Nick Bostrom (2005).  HYPERLINK "http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/values.html" "Transhumanist Values".  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University" \o "Oxford University" Oxford University. Retrieved 2007-07-28.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-46" ^ Irvin Yalom, Existential Psychotherapy, 1980  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-47" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taylor_%28philosopher%29" \o "Richard Taylor (philosopher)" Richard Taylor (January 1970). "Chapter 5: The Meaning of Life". Good and Evil. Macmillan Publishing Company.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0026166909" \o "Special:BookSources/0026166909" 0026166909.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-48" ^ Wohlgennant, Rudolph. (1981). "Has the Question about the Meaning of Life any Meaning?" (Chapter 4). In E. Morscher, ed., Philosophie als Wissenschaft.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-49" ^ McNaughton, David (August 1988). "Section 1.5: Moral Freedom and the Meaning of Life". Moral Vision: An Introduction to Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631159452" \o "Special:BookSources/0631159452" 0631159452.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-50" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" \o "Bertrand Russell" Bertrand Russell (1961).  HYPERLINK "http://www.solstice.us/russell/science-ethics.html" Science and Ethics  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-philosophers_51-0" ^ One hundred Philosophers. A guide to the world's greatest thinkers Peter J. King, Polish edition: Elipsa 2006  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-52" ^ Tu, Wei-Ming. Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-53" ^  HYPERLINK "http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/europe/The-new-Seven-Wonders-of-the-World/235431/Article1-235487.aspx" http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/europe/The-new-Seven-Wonders-of-the-World/235431/Article1-235487.aspx  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-54" ^  HYPERLINK "http://www.creeds.net/reformed/Westminster/shorter_catechism.html" "The Westminster Shorter Catechism". Retrieved 2008-03-21.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-55" ^  HYPERLINK "http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/balt/balt1.htm" "The Baltimore Catechism". Retrieved 2008-06-12.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-56" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" \o "Bible" Bible,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts" \o "Acts" Acts 17:2627,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKJV" \o "NKJV" NKJV  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-57" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" \o "Quran" Quran HYPERLINK "http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php" \l "002.004" 2:4,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" \o "Quran" Quran HYPERLINK "http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php" \l "002.285" 2:285,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" \o "Quran" Quran HYPERLINK "http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php" \l "004.136" 4:136  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-58" ^ In most english translations of Qur'an 51:56 translates the last word to "worship", but any Arabic (and Urdu) speaking person can confirm that "ABADON" means to follow the Will of Allah (NOT worship). This is relevant because the Will of Allah is not just to worship HIM; to be just and good with humanity is equally important.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-59" ^  HYPERLINK "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295625/Pillars-of-Islam" "Pillars of Islam". Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2007-05-02.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-60" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" \o "Sahih Muslim" Sahih Muslim,  HYPERLINK "http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/001-smt.php" \l "001.0001" 1:1  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-61" ^  HYPERLINK "http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bahaism" "Bahaism." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2007.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-62" ^ Smith, P. (1999). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bah' Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. pp.325328.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851681841" \o "Special:BookSources/1851681841" 1851681841.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-63" ^ For a more detailed Bah' perspective, see  HYPERLINK "http://info.bahai.org/article-1-4-0-6.html" "'The Purpose of Life' Bah' Topics An Information Resource of the Bah' International Community".  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Cohn-Sherbok_64-0" ^ Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2003). Judaism: History, Belief, and Practice. Routledge.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415236614" \o "Special:BookSources/0415236614" 0415236614.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Heschel_65-0" ^ Abraham Joshua Heschel (2005). Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations. Continuum International Publishing Group.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826408028" \o "Special:BookSources/0826408028" 0826408028.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Shuchat_66-0" ^ Wilfred Shuchat (2006). The Garden of Eden & the Struggle to Be Human: According to the Midrash Rabbah. Devora Publishing.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1932687319" \o "Special:BookSources/1932687319" 1932687319.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Braham_67-0" ^ Randolph L. Braham (1983). Contemporary Views on the Holocaust. Springer.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/089838141X" \o "Special:BookSources/089838141X" 089838141X.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-68" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism" \l "Relation_to_other_religions_and_cultures" \o "Zoroastrianism" Zoroastrianism Relation to other religions and cultures  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-weightman_69-0" ^ Simon Weightman (1998). "Hinduism". In Hinnells, John (Ed.). The new Penguin handbook of living religions.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_books" \o "Penguin books" Penguin books.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-140-51480-5" \o "Special:BookSources/0-140-51480-5" 0-140-51480-5. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-monierwilliams_70-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-monierwilliams_70-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" \o "Monier Monier-Williams" Monier Monier-Williams (1974).  HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/?id=U5IBXA4UpT0C&dq=isbn=1421265311" Brahmanism and Hinduism: Or, Religious Thought and Life in India, as Based on the Veda and Other Sacred Books of the Hindus. Elibron Classics. Adamant Media Corporation.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1421265311" \o "Special:BookSources/1421265311" 1421265311. Retrieved 2007-07-08.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-71" ^ For dharma, artha, and kama as "brahmanic householder values" see: Flood (1996), p. 17.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-72" ^ For the Dharma Zstras as discussing the "four main goals of life" (dharma, artha, kma, and moksha) see: Hopkins, p. 78.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-73" ^ For definition of the term * A 0 A 7 - 0 M % (puruca-artha) as "any of the four principal objects of human life, i.e. ' 0 M . ,  0 M % ,  > . , and . K  M 7 " see: Apte, p. 626, middle column, compound #1.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-bhaskaranandaessential_74-0" ^ Bhaskarananda, Swami (1994). The Essentials of Hinduism: a comprehensive overview of the world's oldest religion. Seattle, WA: Viveka Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884852-02-5" \o "Special:BookSources/1-884852-02-5" 1-884852-02-5.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-75" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" \o "Swami Vivekananda" Vivekananda, Swami (1987). Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda. Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85301-75-1" \o "Special:BookSources/81-85301-75-1" 81-85301-75-1. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-werner_76-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-werner_76-1" b Werner, Karel (1994). "Hinduism". In Hinnells, John (Ed.). A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0279-2" \o "Special:BookSources/0-7007-0279-2" 0-7007-0279-2.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-77" ^ See also the Vedic statement "ayam tm brahma" (This  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_%28Hinduism%29" \o "tman (Hinduism)" tman is  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman" \o "Brahman" Brahman)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-RG_78-0" ^ Gupta, Ravi M.; Edited by Gavin Flood, University of Stirling (2007). Caitanya Vaisnava Vedanta of Jiva Gosvami: When knowledge meets devotion. Routledge.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415405483" \o "Special:BookSources/0415405483" 0415405483.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-79" ^  HYPERLINK "http://www.vnn.org/editorials/ET9901/ET05-2795.html" Tantric Literature And Gaudiya Vaishnavism  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-80" ^ Shah, Natubhai. Jainism: The World of Conquerors. Sussex Academic Press, 1998.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-81" ^  HYPERLINK "http://www.retoday.org.uk/pdfs/dre/viren.pdf" "Viren, Jain" (PDF).  HYPERLINK "http://www.retoday.org.uk/" RE Today. Retrieved 2007-06-14.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-82" ^  HYPERLINK "http://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/fourtruths.html" "The Four Noble Truths". Thebigview.com. Retrieved 2009-11-06.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Singh_83-0" ^ Daljeet Singh (1971). Guru Tegh Bahadur. Language Dept., Punjab.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Mayled_84-0" ^ Jon Mayled (2002). Modern World Religions: Sikhism. Harcourt Heinemann.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0435336266" \o "Special:BookSources/0435336266" 0435336266.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-85" ^  HYPERLINK "http://www.sikhcoalition.org" The Sikh Coalition ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-p252_86-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-p252_86-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Parrinder" \o "Geoffrey Parrinder" Parrinder, Geoffrey (1971). World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present. United States: Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87196-129-6" \o "Special:BookSources/0-87196-129-6" 0-87196-129-6.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Ming-Dao_87-0" ^ Ming-Dao Deng (1990). Scholar Warrior: An Introduction to the Tao in Everyday Life. HarperCollins.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0062502328" \o "Special:BookSources/0062502328" 0062502328.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Mason_88-0" ^ J. W. T. Mason (2002). The Meaning of Shinto. Trafford Publishing.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412245516" \o "Special:BookSources/1412245516" 1412245516.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-89" ^ E. Diener, J.J. Sapyta, E. Suh (1998). "Subjective Well-Being Is Essential to Well-Being." Psychological Inquiry, Lawrence Erlbaum  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-90" ^ Cskszentmihlyi, Mihly (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper and Row.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060920432" ISBN 0-06-092043-2.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-91" ^ Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  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Harper (2004). Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology and Complexity. Cambridge University Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/052183113X" \o "Special:BookSources/052183113X" 052183113X.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Millay.2C_Heinze_111-0" ^ Jean Millay; Ruth-Inge Heinze (1999). Multidimensional Mind: Remote Viewing in Hyperspace. North Atlantic Books.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1556433069" \o "Special:BookSources/1556433069" 1556433069.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-112" ^ McFadden, J. (2002).  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HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1846191815" \o "Special:BookSources/1846191815" 1846191815.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Jeffrey_165-0" ^ David L. Jeffrey (1992). A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802836348" \o "Special:BookSources/0802836348" 0802836348.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Williams_166-0" ^ Dana A. Williams (2005). "In the Light of Likeness-transformed": The Literary Art of Leon Forrest. Ohio State University Press.  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HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761970495" \o "Special:BookSources/0761970495" 0761970495.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Goonewardene_171-0" ^ Anil Goonewardene (1994). Buddhist Scriptures. Harcourt Heinemann.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0435303554" \o "Special:BookSources/0435303554" 0435303554. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Ferry_172-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Ferry_172-1" b Luc Ferry (2002). Man Made God: The Meaning of Life. University of Chicago Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226244849" \o "Special:BookSources/0226244849" 0226244849. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Stephan_.26_Pace_173-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Stephan_.26_Pace_173-1" b  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Stephan_.26_Pace_173-2" c Eric G. Stephan; R. Wayne Pace (2002). Powerful Leadership: How to Unleash the Potential in Others and Simplify Your Own Life. FT Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0130668362" \o "Special:BookSources/0130668362" 0130668362.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Steinberg_174-0" ^ Dominique Moyse Steinberg. (2004). The Mutual-aid Approach to Working with Groups: Helping People Help One Another. Haworth Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0789014629" \o "Special:BookSources/0789014629" 0789014629.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Caunt_175-0" ^ John Caunt (2002). Boost Your Self-Esteem. Kogan Page.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0749438711" \o "Special:BookSources/0749438711" 0749438711.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-176" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%27oponopono" \o "Ho'oponopono" Ho'oponopono  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Halevi_177-0" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%27ev_ben_Shimon_Halevi" \o "Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi" Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi (1993). The Work of the Kabbalist. Weiser.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/087728637X" \o "Special:BookSources/087728637X" 087728637X. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Girard_178-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Girard_178-1" b Michael Joachim Girard (2006). Essential Believing for the Christian Soul. Xulon Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597815969" \o "Special:BookSources/1597815969" 1597815969.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Mahadevan_179-0" ^ T. M. P. Mahadevan (1974). Philosophy: Theory and Practice (Proceedings of the International Seminar on World Philosophy). Centre for Advanced Study in Philosophy, University of Madras.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Kashmir_Shaivism_180-0" ^ Jaideva Singh (2003). Vijanabhairava. Motilal Banarsidass.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120808207" \o "Special:BookSources/8120808207" 8120808207. ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Mitchell_181-0" a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Mitchell_181-1" b T. W. Mitchell (1927). Problems in Psychopathology. Harcourt, Brace & company, inc..  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Scully_182-0" ^ John T. Scully (2007). The Five Commandments. Trafford Publishing.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1425119107" \o "Special:BookSources/1425119107" 1425119107.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Piper_183-0" ^ John Piper (2006). Desiring God. Multnomah Books.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1590521196" \o "Special:BookSources/1590521196" 1590521196.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Ecclesiastes8:15_184-0" ^ scribe. Bible.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Harrison_185-0" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Harrison_%28historian%29" \o "Peter Harrison (historian)" Peter Harrison (2001). The Bible, Protestantism, and the Rise of Natural Science. Cambridge University Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521000963" \o "Special:BookSources/0521000963" 0521000963.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Dillon_186-0" ^ Steven Dillon (2006). The Solaris Effect: Art and Artifice in Contemporary American Film. University of Texas Press.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0292713452" \o "Special:BookSources/0292713452" 0292713452.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-Aron_187-0" ^ Raymond Aron (2000). The Century of Total War. Wisdom Publications.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" \o "International Standard Book Number" ISBN HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0861711734" \o "Special:BookSources/0861711734" 0861711734.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" \l "cite_ref-188" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_The_Barbarian" \o "Conan The Barbarian" Conan The Barbarian  HYPERLINK "http://www.barbariankeep.com/ctbsecrets.html" [2]  HYPERLINK "http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082198/quotes" [3], originally a quote of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan" \o "Genghis Khan" Genghis Khan from  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lamb" \o "Harold Lamb" Harold Lamb's nonfiction book Genghis Khan: The Emperor Of All Men, pages 106-107  HYPERLINK "http://www.archive.org/stream/genghiskhantheem035122mbp/genghiskhantheem035122mbp_djvu.txt" [4]  HYPERLINK "http://www.scribd.com/doc/14008920/Genghis-Khan-The-Emperor-of-All-Men" [5]  HYPERLINK "http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99029768" [6] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meaning_of_life&action=edit§ion=70" \o "Edit section: External links" edit] External links  HYPERLINK "http://www.phoenix5.org/books/Frankl/FranklMenu.html" Man's Search for Meaning [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life" hide]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Metaphysics" \o "Template:Metaphysics" v  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Metaphysics" \o "Template talk:Metaphysics" d  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Metaphysics&action=edit" e  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" \o "Metaphysics" Metaphysics  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Metaphysicians" \o "Category:Metaphysicians" Metaphysicians  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenides" \o "Parmenides" Parmenides  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" \o "Plato" Plato  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" \o "Aristotle" Aristotle  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" \o "Kapila" Kapila  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotinus" \o "Plotinus" Plotinus  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns_Scotus" \o "Duns Scotus" Duns Scotus  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" \o "Thomas Aquinas" Thomas Aquinas  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" \o "Ren Descartes" Ren Descartes  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" \o "John Locke" John Locke  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" \o "David Hume" David Hume  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" \o "Immanuel Kant" Immanuel Kant  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" \o "Isaac Newton" Isaac Newton  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" \o "Arthur Schopenhauer" Arthur Schopenhauer  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" \o "Baruch Spinoza" Baruch Spinoza  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" \o "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel" Georg W. 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