ࡱ> %` %:bjbjNN ;,,%2TTTTTTTh////dt/h||0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0*,,,,,,$'hPT<|0|0<<PTT|0|0eI?I?I?<ZT|0T|0*I?<*I?I?.JHTT|0p0 P/S>@~{0Ҕ0Y>RYYT||0V4I?74J9|0|0|0PP?? |0|0|0<<<<hhh$hhhhhhTTTTTT Regents Review Session: Supreme Court Cases Ms. Mazzini-Chin John Marshall served as Chief Justice for a record 34 years, along with several Associate Justices who served for over 20 years. During his time on the bench, Marshall succeeded in molding the federal judicial system into what many consider to be today's most powerful branch of government. Before settling at nine in 1869, the number of Supreme Court Justices changed six times. In its entire history, the Supreme Court has had only 17 Chief Justices (currently, number 17 John Roberts), and over 100 Associate Justices. Supreme Court Case NameFactsConstitutional Issue or AmendmentMajority Opinion/ OutcomeMarbury v. Madison (1803, Pres. Jefferson)At the end of his term, Federalist Pres. Adams appointed Marbury as a judge. The Secretary of State, failed to give the job to Marbury and left that task to the new Secretary of State duringJeffersons Presidency, James Madison. Pres. Jefferson told Madison not to deliver the commission. Murbury filed suit and asked the Supreme Court to issue a writ of mandamus, or a court order which would require Madison to deliver the commission. Article III of the Constitution power of the Court.Chief Justice Marshall said that while Marbury was entitled to the commission, the Supreme Court did not have the authority (power) to issue the writ of mandamus (requiring the court to act). Why? The Judiciary Act of 1789, where Congress authorized the Supreme Court to issue such writs, was unconstitutional. The Court gave up the power to issue writs because of that decision, but affirmed their power of judicial review, saying that if a law written by the legislature conflicts with the Constitution, the law is null and void.M'Culloch (McCulloch ) v.Maryland (1819, Pres. Monroe)State of Maryland wanted to tax the Federal Government for having a Federal bank in its state. MCulloch, the cashier, refused to pay the tax.Article I, 8, Clause 18The Federal Constitution and the laws made to support it are supreme; if state laws win over Federal laws, than states may tax any act of the Federal govt.which would defeat the point of the Federal govt. The decision is that states have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to burden or in any way control, the constitutional laws enacted by congress to carry out the powers vested in the general government. Supremacy of the federal law given by the Constitution.Gibbons v. Ogden (1824, Pres. Monroe) Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government was almost powerless to make policies affecting the actions of states. A shipping company had a monopoly right given by the NY State legislature to operate steamboats on state waters. Monopoly extended to interstate waterways. Ogden held a license to operate steamboats under this monopoly. Gibbons license, from Congress, for operateing steamboats b/w NJ and NY that competed with Ogden's.Commerce Clause, Article I, 8; Congress has the power "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States By giving Congress such a power it helped unify commerce policies. Interstate commerce = commerce/trade between states. If there were no power in the general government, to control this extreme belligerent (combative) legislation of the States, the powers of the government were deficient (lacking) Supremacy of the federal law given by the Constitution. Dred Scott Decision (1857, Pres. Pierce)Scott was a slave taken by his master to the free states of Ill. & WI. His master died & he went back to MO (slave state). Scott sued for his freedom claiming that because he lived in free states he should be free.Declaration of IndependenceThe Constitution of the United States recognizes slaves as property. the Declaration of Independence, does not show that slaves from Africa/their descendants, whether they had become free or not, were part of the people to be included in and protected by the words used in the Declaration of Independence. Scott was property and a slave, and therefore not granted freedom.Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896, Pres. Cleveland)Suit brought over segregation on railway cars; action was planned.14th Amendment equal treatment under the law.Court said separate but equal, in public facilities, was Constitutionally allowed.Schenck v. U.S. (1919, Pres. Wilson)During World War I, the Espionage and Sedition Acts were passed, making it illegal to speak badly about the government or Americas role in the war. Schenck was arrested during this time period for distributing anti-war pamphlets. Goal = to speak against the draft.1st Amendment, right to free speech and press.In ordinary times, the defendants pamphlet would have been within their constitutional rights. But the character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done. The question is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. Obstructing the draft is speech that can be limited if there is a clear and present danger, and there is now war.Scopes Monkey Trial (1926, Pres. Coolidge)Tennessee State Law: unlawful for any teacher in all public schools in the State to teach the theory that denies the divine creation of man taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals. Scopes taught evolution.1st Amendment, Establishment Clause the govt. cannot make a national religion.No evolution in schools, for the general welfare of the people. (Now this is no longer the case, as a matter of fact, religious beliefs may not be taught as truths in public schools).Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935, Pres. FDR) Schechter = a butcher. All of Schechters business took place in New York. Schechter Poultry Corp. was charged under the NIRA. The Federal govt. argued that the National Industrial Recovery Act allowed the federal government to regulate trade throughout the nation.National Industrial Recovery Act: Establishes fair-competition codes such as setting wages, hours, working conditions; & guarantees labors right to organize.The Congress, not the President, has the power to create codes governing interstate. Therefore, the NIRA violates the constitutional separation of powers and is unconstitutional. Plus this is intrastate (within a state) trade, not interstate trade, and therefore is regulated by the state, not the federal government. Carter v. Carter Coal Co. (1936, Pres. FDR)A federal law to make the coal mining industry more stable and to promote interstate commerce.NIRA Issue of FederalismSupreme Court saw mining regulations as a state act, therefore it could not be regulated by the Federal Government as interstate commerce. NIRA was unconstitutional.U.S. vs. Butler (1936, Pres. FDR) The AAA was to limit production to increase the value and price of food, to help farmers. For cooperating with this program, farmers were to be paid w/ funds raised by taxing processors of agricultural (farm) products. Butler, a processor, challenged this in court.Agricultural Adjustment Act: Direct payments to farms to reduce production. taxes are legal when the money raised is used to support the government, not other citizensTaxation has never been thought to mean taking money from one group to give it to another. AAA was unconstitutional.Korematsu v. U.S. (1944, Pres. FDR) Rather than submit to confinement in a relocation center, he ran away; posing as Chinese. Arrested Korematsu was tried and convicted of knowingly violating the order. Korematsu argued the Order was unconstitutional b/c it discriminated against Jap. American s on the basis of race. Executive Order 9066 14th Amendment- equal treatment under the law; no discrimination based on race.Justice Black: Korematsu was excluded because we are at war with the Japanese, because military authorities feared invasion of our West Coast and felt forced to take proper security measures, temporarily placing Japanese citizens in internment camps.Baker v. Carr (1962, Pres. JFK) Warren CourtWhether citizens have standing (the right to bring a case) to figure out the fairness of dividing up the voting districts under the equal protection part of the 14th Amendment.14th AmendmentVoting rights are given to us by the Federal Government cannot be limited. The Court said that the districts had to be divided fairly so that all vote carried equal weight.Escobedo v. Illinois (1963) Arrested but during interrogation (questioning after arrest, with intention of accusations) asked for a lawyer and did not get one; questioning continued. 6th Amendment right to counsel.When questioning moves from just asking questions to accusing the person, with the intention to get a confession, the accused must be allowed to have a lawyer if they ask for one. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Warren CourtWhether the right to counsel (a lawyer) in the 6th Amendment is guaranteed to all, even if the accused cannot afford counsel.6th Amendment right to counsel.The assistance of counsel may be provided for you if you cannot afford one yourself, no matter what the charge is against you (even if it is a minor crime).Engel v. Vitale (1963) Warren CourtPrayer said in NYC public schools (government institutions), supported by government workers. non-denominational prayer = a general prayer a non-specific G-d /religion.1st Amendment: freedom from religion; no national religion (Establishment clause).Neither a prayer that is voluntary or non-denominational in character is okay both of these violate the Establishment Clause of the 1st Amendment.Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Warren CourtMiranda was arrested and not reminded of his rights. Miranda had been arrested before and should have been familiar w/ his rights, according to the police. Miranda confessed to the crime. 5th and 6th Amendments (right against self-incrimination I plead the 5th!)We cannot blame the accused for not understanding the law, and therefore must make them aware of the 5th Amendment right against self-incrimination before interrogation (questioning). Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) Warren CourtStudent war black arm bands in protest of the Vietnam War and were suspended from public school.1st Amendment right to free speech (and expression).1st Amendment does protect constitutionally allowable speech or expression in the public school so long as such speech does not materially or substantially interfere with education or discipline in the school.McSurely v. McClellan (1967, Pres. LBJ) Warren Court Entering the house for repairs, McSurelys landlord noticed photographs & reading materials from the Black Power movement. Terrified that there were communists living on his land, the landlord called the sheriff. McSurely was arrested w/ a search warrant to search & seize seditious matter and printing press to print/circulate them;more than material stated was seized.4th Amendment right to privacyThe evidence could not be used in Court; Senator McClellan was not protected by Congressional immunity and was civilly liable for using evidence not legally obtained.The New York Times v. United States (1971, Nixon) The Pentagon Papers were top-secret documents on the Vietnam War. Daniel Ellsberg, a former Pentagon employee, illegally copied the Pentagon Papers and leaked them to The New York Times and The Washington Post, which published excerpts from the documents. The U.S. government obtained a court order to forbid further publication of the Pentagon Papers1st Amendment freedom of press Executive Privilege and use of prior restraint (stop before act).Court said the papers did not endanger national security and therefore were able to be printed. Nixon vs. U.S. (1974, Pres. Nixon!)Nixon claimed he did not have to give up Watergate tapes because of Executive Privilege and security of the nation.Executive Privilege; Article II.Executive privilege could not be used for withholding information from the courts in criminal cases. Regents of the University of California v Bakke (1978, Pres. Carter)Affirmative Action case, white male applied to med school and was not accepted but candidates w/ lower scores who were minorities were admitted. Executive Order 11246 no discrimination; Civil Rights Act of 1964.Quotas (taking a percentage of different races) cannot be used; but race based admission when candidates are equally qualified is okay.Roe v. Wade Womans right to choose whether or not she will have an abortion was in question. 4th Amendment right to privacy.Women have the right to choose.  +.;PQRef I i t u    ; ^ _ K L D T Z pǼzhqyhA[CJaJhmJ6h<CJaJhmJ6h<>*CJaJhmJ6hA[6CJaJhmJ6hA[>*CJaJhqyCJaJhmJ6hA[CJaJ h<h<h<h<6h<h<5hA[ h9hA[h8@h)Ch<h<h<OJQJ,QR^ _ w } $$Ifa$gd<[$\$`gdA[ %: ]QQD7 & F$IfgdA[ & F$Ifgdqy $$Ifa$gdmJ6kd$$Ifl\ (#h.I` 4@ l t0@J44 laytmJ6 @kd$$Ifl\ (#h.I` 4@ l t0@J44 laytmJ6 & F$If & F$IfgdA[$Ifp&'(?AKT[=@noӸ˳ݐ݁uuuuuuuuhqyB*CJaJphhmJ6hpB*CJaJphhmJ6hA[CJaJhmJ6hpCJaJhqyhp\ hA[\ hmJ6\hA[6\]hA[hA[6\]hA[hA[\hA[hA[6\hmJ6h<CJaJhqyhA[CJaJhqyhA[5CJaJ,'o & Fdd$If[$\$gdZ@C & Fdd$If[$\$gdp$If & F$IfgdA[$d8$@&Ifa$gdqy$d8$@&Ifa$gdmJ6o*3<TUVøth\K\h hmJ6hmJ65B*CJaJphhqyB*CJaJphhd B*CJaJphhmJ6hmJ6CJaJhmJ6hmJ6B*CJaJphh< hmJ6hmJ6 hmJ6\ hmJ6\]hmJ6hmJ6\hmJ6hmJ66\]hmJ6h<CJaJhmJ6hZ@CB*CJaJphhZ@CB*CJaJphhmJ6hpB*CJaJph#hmJ6hp5>*B*CJaJphU[OOI<< & F$IfgdmJ6$If $$Ifa$gdmJ6kd$$Ifl+\ (#h.I` 4@ l t0@J44 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