ࡱ> sur5@ !bjbj22 &PXXR%L8D"t.Mhl"000YDLLLLLLL$NRPL%W%%L00'L)))%600L)%L)) )RHJ@]K0 :R&IKL0.MIvQ4'rvQ<]KvQ]K<qN) !QLLbD(^bAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) DefinitionAutism is a brain disorder that typically affects a person's ability to communicate, form relationships with others, and respond appropriately to the environment. -Autism Resource Centre, Singapore (2007) SubtypesAutistic Disorder Aspergers Syndrome Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Retts Disorder PDD Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) (PDD - Pervasive Developmental Disorder)General Characteristics Impairment in language and communication skills Lack of imagination Repetitive or restricted patterns of thought and behaviour Unlike children with autism, children with Aspergers Syndrome retain their early language skills. Emotionally immature and has difficulty interacting with others. Problems with non-verbal communication Clumsiness and uncoordinated motor movements. (Zee, P.)PrevalenceOnce considered to be a very rare condition, affecting only 3-4 individuals in every 10,000, recent studies have suggested much higher prevalence rates. If people within the wider 'autistic spectrum' are included the prevalence rate maybe as high as 91 per 10,000 (Wing, 1996). Retrieved on 27 August, 2007 from Autism Association (Singapore) via  HYPERLINK "http://web.singnet.com.sg/~autism/autism.htm" http://web.singnet.com.sg/~autism/autism.htmDiagnostic criteriaThere is no medical test for diagnosing autism. However, diagnosis must be based on observation of the individuals communication, behaviour and the developmental levels. (Autism Society of America) A comprehensive evaluation involves a team of psychologist, neurologist, psychiatrist, speech therapist to conduct a thorough neurological assessment and cognitive and language testing. Retrieived on 27 August, 2007 from  HYPERLINK "http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/autism/detail_autism.htm" http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/autism/detail_autism.htmAspergers SyndromeDescription of conditionA milder form of autism that typically affects a persons ability to communicate, form relationships with others, and respond appropriately to the environment. Sometimes known as high functioning autism. - Austism Society of America    Characteristics exhibited by students with Aspergers Syndrome No clinically significant general delay in language. No clinically significant delay in cognitive development or in age-appropriate self-help skills. Good rote memory skills Interests in a particular subject Impairment in social interaction multiple non-verbal behavior e.g. eye-to- eye gaze, failure to develop pure relationship lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, achievement with others. Lack of social or emotional reciprocity Speech patterns are unusual, lack infection (maybe too formal, loud or high-pitched) Cannot understand subtleties of language (eg, irony and humor) Have motor skills delays Other Associated Characteristicsweak in comprehension cognitively inflexible needs support in helping the pupil make decision about his/her next step. Local internet resourcesInformation on assessment of autism, schools with specific programmes for children with autism, support for parents and working professionals can be found in the following websites. a) Autism Association (Singapore)  HYPERLINK "http://web.singnet.com.sg/~autism/programmes.htm" http://web.singnet.com.sg/~autism/programmes.htm b) WeCan  HYPERLINK "http://www.autism-we-can.com/HTML/index.html" http://www.autism-we-can.com/HTML/index.html c) SPED schools  HYPERLINK "http://www.moe.gov.sg/specialeducation/SPED%20Schools%20Table.htm" http://www.moe.gov.sg/specialeducation/SPED%20Schools%20Table.htm d) Autism Resource Centre  HYPERLINK "http://www.autism.org.sg/public_html/html/index.html" http://www.autism.org.sg/public_html/html/index.html e) Pathlight School  HYPERLINK "http://www.pathlight.org.sg/Pathlight/content/content.asp?categoryId=3365285062108761&contentId=3365282149190046" http://www.pathlight.org.sg/Pathlight/content/content.asp?categoryId=3365285062108761&contentId=3365282149190046 f) Dynamics OTC Pte Ltd  HYPERLINK "http://www.therapy.com.sg/?gclid=CI3mi7ammI4CFRDVYAodeEuTSQ" http://www.therapy.com.sg/?gclid=CI3mi7ammI4CFRDVYAodeEuTSQ g) Zee School  HYPERLINK "http://www.zeeschool.com.sg" http://www.zeeschool.com.sg Overseas Internet ResourcesMore information on autism, its assessment, support till adulthood in these websites: Autism Society of America  HYPERLINK "http://www.autism-society.org/site/PageServer" http://www.autism-society.org/site/PageServer Association for Science in Autism Treatment  HYPERLINK "http://www.asatonline.org" http://www.asatonline.org Autism Network International  HYPERLINK "http://ani.autistics.org" http://ani.autistics.org Autism National Committee  HYPERLINK "http://www.autcom.org" http://www.autcom.org Autism Research Institute  HYPERLINK "http://www.autismresearchinstitute.com" http://www.autismresearchinstitute.com Cure Autism Now (CAN) Foundation  HYPERLINK "http://www.cureautismnow.org" http://www.cureautismnow.org Autism Speak/National Alliance for Autism Research  HYPERLINK "http://maapservices.org" http://maapservices.org Institute of Mental Health  HYPERLINK "http://www.nimh.nih.gov/healthinformation/autismmenu.cfm" http://www.nimh.nih.gov/healthinformation/autismmenu.cfm  Reference American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistics manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Autism Resource Centre (2007). Special School In Singapore. Retrieved on 27 August, 2007 from  HYPERLINK "http://www.autism.org.sg/public_html/html/index.html" http://www.autism.org.sg/public_html/html/index.html Autism Society of America (2007). The Voice of Autism. Retrieved on 27August, 2007 from http://www.autism-society.org National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD 20892 Poon, K. K., & Khaw, J. ( 2007). Supporting Students with Special Needs In Mainstream Schools. Singapore: Pearson Prentice Hall. Zee, P. Provides parents with coping strategies for their children! Retrieved on 27 August 2007 from  HYPERLINK "http://www.zeeschool.com.sg" http://www.zeeschool.com.sg and  HYPERLINK "http://www.nimh.nih.gov/healthinformation/autismmenu.cfm" http://www.nimh.nih.gov/healthinformation/autismmenu.cfm Done by TSN     PAGE  PAGE 3 Mild autism Severe autism ASD Austistic Disorder Aspergers Syndrome  +    3 4 J <=>yzŞ֋ueL0jhh-thh-tOJQJU^JmHnHtHuhh-th40JOJQJ\^J*jhh-th4OJQJU\^J$jhh-th4OJQJU\^J%hh-th40JB*OJQJ^Jph'jhh-th4OJQJU^J!jhh-th4OJQJU^Jhh-th4OJQJ\^Jhh-th4OJQJ^Jhh-th4>*OJQJ^J +   , dN$ & F 0$If`0a$ykd$$Ifl04<'~" t0)44 la $h$If^ha$ dd$If[$\$$IfR!w!!, @ b r _YY$Ifykd$$Ifl04<'~" t0)44 la$0$If^`0a$$ & F 0$If`0a$  % `  + c d o \V$IfykdD$$Ifl04<'~" t0)44 la & F $If^` & F 0$If`0 o 5 6 J {yss$Ifykd$$Ifl04<'~" t0)44 la dd$If[$\${|~$If{kd*$$Ifl04<'~" t0)44 laz$Iffkd$$Ifl4') t0)44 la  #$%UV`a+,-noڻڧڻڃpZppp*jp hh-th4OJQJU\^J$jhh-th4OJQJU\^J'jG hh-th4OJQJU^Jhh-th40JOJQJ\^J'jhh-th4OJQJU^J!jhh-th4OJQJU^Jhh-th4OJQJ\^Jhh-th4OJQJ^J0jhh-th4OJQJU^JmHnHtHu ymZmmm & F $If^ & F x$If`x$IfykdN$$Ifl04<'~" t0)44 la->WX x$If`x & F x$If`x & F $If^ & F x$If`xXYzmmm & F x$If`x$Ifykd$$Ifl04<'~" t0)44 la Wp ~q~~qqqq~~~ $If[$\$$If{kdv$$Ifl{04<'~" t0)44 la   %&opq׹׹׹׹׹wfMw0jhh-th4B*OJQJU^Jph3f!hh-th4B*OJQJ^Jph3f*jhh-th4B*OJQJU^Jph3f*jghh-th4OJQJU\^J*j. hh-th4OJQJU\^Jhh-th4OJQJ\^Jhh-th40JOJQJ\^J$jhh-th4OJQJU\^J*j hh-th4OJQJU\^J-.UVWpqŸp\H'jFhh-th4OJQJU^J'jkhh-th4OJQJU^J'jhh-th4OJQJU^Jhh-th40JOJQJ^J'j_hh-th4OJQJU^J!jhh-th4OJQJU^Jhh-th4OJQJ^J!hh-th4B*OJQJ^Jph3f*jhh-th4B*OJQJU^Jph3f%hh-th40JB*OJQJ^Jph3f$zr)v]]]]]]] & F A$If]A^` A$If]A$Ifykd$$Ifl04<'~" t0)44 la '(CDxyz  ABghiҾҪҖwa*jhh-th4B*OJQJU^Jph3fhh-th4OJQJ\^J!hh-th4B*OJQJ^Jph3f'jhh-th4OJQJU^J'j(hh-th4OJQJU^J'jhh-th4OJQJU^Jhh-th4OJQJ^Jhh-th40JOJQJ^J!jhh-th4OJQJU^J !$0 +,nopѾѱtdtS?S'jhh-th4OJQJU^J!jhh-th4OJQJU^Jhh-th46OJQJ\^Jhh-th4OJQJ\^Jhh-th4H*OJQJ^Jhh-th45>*OJQJ^J!hh-th45H*OJQJ\^Jhh-th4OJQJ^J%hh-th40JB*OJQJ^Jph3f*jhh-th4B*OJQJU^Jph3f0jhh-th4B*OJQJU^Jph3f !"#$/0&gee``eeee$a$ykd[$$Ifl04<'~" t0)44 la$If & F A$If]A^` p N p q !!!>!?!@!A!E!P!Q!R!S!U!V!X!άΘΈxhZxRNRNhxjhxUh.rhh-t6OJQJ^Jh.rh.r6OJQJ\^Jhh-thh-t5OJQJ\^Jhh-th45OJQJ\^J'jOhh-th4OJQJU^J'jPhh-th4OJQJU^Jhh-th46OJQJ^Jhh-th4OJQJ^J!jhh-th4OJQJU^J%hh-th40JB*OJQJ^Jph&Us @!A!B!C!D!E!Q!R!T!U!W!X!Z![!]!^!g!&`#$A]AX!Y![!\!^!_!e!f!g!i!j!p!q!r!s!t!v!w!!!!!!!!!!!!ߵߨߘhh-thh-t5OJQJ\^Jhh-th4OJQJ^Jhh-th45OJQJ^J hh-th4CJOJQJ^JaJh.r0JmHnHuh4 h40Jjh40JUhxjhxUg!h!i!t!u!v!w!!!!!!!!!!!!!%&`#$h]h$&P 1h. 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