ࡱ> QSP[@ *bjbj44 4HViVi"&&&8^T!" '!)!)!)!)!)!)!$"R$M! M!b! '! '!T( /с&'!x!0!,% %%8 a  M!M!D&&CARTELS IN LACANIAN PSYCHOANALYSIS Ian Parker In the founding act of the Ecole Freudienne de Paris in 1964 Jacques Lacan outlined some proposals for a new form of organisational structure. This organisational structure revolved around small groups that were to be referred to as cartels. Here, in full, is the section of that founding act where Lacan outlines how the cartel will work: For the execution of the work, we shall adopt the principle of an elaboration sustained in a small group. Each of them (we have a name for designating the groups) will be composed of at least three individuals, five at most, four being the proper measure. PLUS ONE charged with selection, discussion, and the outcome to be accorded to the efforts of each. After a certain period of functioning, the elements of the group will be invited to shift to a different group. The task of directing will not constitute a form of leadership whose service rendered might be capitalized into access to a higher rank, and no one will be inclined to regard himself demoted for entering at a rank of base-level work. For the reason that every personal endeavor will place its author in conditions of criticism and supervision to which every work pursued will be subject in the Ecole. This in no way implies an inverted hierarchy, but a circular organization whose easy to program functioning will take on consistency with experience. (Lacan, 1964, pp. 96-97) The theoretical innovation that Lacan is proposing here was embedded in a certain history of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic institutions, and the problems that he was grappling with in the formation of the new school are still very evident today. So it is worth unpicking some of the issues that are at stake. I will briefly point to ten points that we might bear in mind as we think about forming cartels to read Lacan in Manchester now. 1. The organisation Freud founded in 1910, the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), had crystallised into a bureaucratic apparatus that found new ideas and clinical techniques threatening. Already in Freuds lifetime the centre of gravity of the IPA was shifting from Europe to the United States, and Freud argued in vain against the control of psychoanalysis by medical doctors. Lacans group first came into conflict with the IPA in 1953 over the role of medical psychiatry in the curriculum. By 1963 the IPA had focused on Lacans variable length sessions as the problem, and this departure from the standard fifty-minute hour of psychoanalysis was given as a reason for his excommunication from the IPA. Hence, a new psychoanalytic school open to innovations in theory and technique would require something critical of vertical structures, something more like a circular organisation. 2. When psychoanalysts fled Europe with the rise of Nazism and arrived in the United States many of them had to train or retrain as medics in order to be recognised by the IPA there as practising psychoanalysts. The political conditions for psychoanalysis in the US, with a focus on individual achievement, were very different from those in Europe. The adaptation of psychoanalysts to these cultural and institutional forces also led to changes in the goals of psychoanalysis. The strengthening of the ego and the adaptation of the individual to society is antithetical to the ethics of psychoanalysis, and one way to keep that ethics alive would be through continual criticism and supervision. 3. Psychoanalytic groups fall prey to the same kind of forces that Freud identified in all human groups, that individuals identify with each other as members of the same organisation and install a leader in the place of an ego-ideal. This means that something radically different has to be tried to disturb and question that classical mass psychology coming into operation inside psychoanalytic organisations. So, the formation and dissolution of cartels as small workgroups which do not have a leader as such, but which install a plus one with a different temporary function is an attempt to tackle the problem of lesser and higher rank in the organisation. 4. The term cartel has many meanings beyond the dominant one that we think of today; that it is something like a business conglomerate or trust aiming at monopolising the market. The discussions of the different historical resonances of the term in Lacans school noted, for example, that the cartel in the sixteenth century designated a piece of card, on which would be written a text or a charter. It would then carry the coat of arms of a knight, and the card might be exchanged in a challenge to a dual. So, the contemporary meaning of cartel as an agreement between business partners has covered over significations of cartel as concerned with quarrelling, with necessary continual disagreement. 5. This disagreement inside the psychoanalytic organisation would have to draw upon theoretical reference points outside clinical practice. The cartels in Lacans school are a site where psychoanalysis is enriched by those who are members of the school but not practising clinicians, and by those who are outwith psychoanalysis altogether. It is worth noting that one of the problems with the government registration of psychotherapists through training organisations is that in the Lacanian tradition not all members of the school of analysts are necessarily involved in clinical practice. 6. There is an implicit opposition to orthodox notions of education and training and an attempt to develop something different. In the IPA recently there has also been some attention to the problems with orthodox models, with the publication of a paper in 1996, for example, called Thirty methods to destroy the creativity of psychoanalytic candidates. Lacans concern was with what he was to term the discourse of the university and way it turns psychoanalysis into a kind of psychotherapy that can be delivered to trainees in course credits and then administered to clients. The cartel demands a different kind of engagement with knowledge. 7. The cartel as a work group also forces some theoretical development of psychoanalysis over the relation of the individual to the group. And here, first of all, is an example of how Lacanian theory attempts to connect with other traditions of work. When Lacan visited London in 1945 he was very impressed with the work of Bion and colleagues in British psychiatry. It seems to be the group as such as a different site for the emergence of the subject that interested him. The question that faces each member is that it must deal with its existence as a group. 8. The closest Lacan came to developing a theory of group psychology was in a paper just after the war on logical time. His account of the instant of the glance, the time for comprehending and the moment of concluding was an attempt to grasp the intersubjective relations in a group that are necessary for the subject to appear. He describes three prisoners who have to come to a reasoned judgement about who they are how they have been symbolically designated and provide this to the warden in order to get out, and they can only do this by noticing the hesitation and movement on the part of each of the others as they too try to make the same judgement. So there is a necessary tension in that necessary relation of each to the other in the group. 9. This is not to say that the plus one for a cartel is necessarily like the prison warden. There may be three members in a cartel, but the proper measure is four. The plus one is a function that will provoke the members of the group to work, but not as a group that sticks together or produces something they all think they agree on. It could be that the plus one is, as Jacques-Alain Miller puts it, an agent provocateur, and a necessary function because there is otherwise no vocation to work. 10. Again, there is a point of connection with other traditions in psychoanalysis that have taken the group as a necessary function, theorising the role of the conductor of the group. Group analysis after Foulkes, a tradition of psychoanalysis that is quite important as a tendency in Manchester, attends to the matrix as a free-associative network within which the work of the group takes place as it defines its task. Not to make the group work better, but for the group to know better what it is doing. So, the idea that our cartels are in a kind of matrix might be a good way of thinking about what we are doing. This is not a school for training psychoanalysts, but it is an attempt to make the structures in which we do our work reflexively part of the theoretical work that we will take on. It aims to be psychoanalytic in its practice. This paper was given at the founding meeting of Manchester Psychoanalytic Matrix, which took place on 1 June 2005. 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