ࡱ>  &objbjBrBr 4Z  &g$0xxx$O>xxxxxVVVxVxVVV@X* V0V/4"/V/V4xxVxxxxxVxxxxxxx/xxxxxxxxx : Ch. 14 Prompts 1.The Christian church had experienced periodic calls for reform prior to Luther's rebellion. How can we explain why Luther's challenge to the sale of indulgences sparked such a startling revolution in European history? 2.Although the Protestant Reformation is usually interpreted as a religious movement, it did have a profound impact on European civilization in general. Discuss the political, social, and economic consequences of the Reformation. How did the Reformation affect women? 3.How did the established Christian church, headquartered in Rome, respond to the challenge presented by Luther and subsequent Protestant reformers? How successful was this response? 4.What were the political motivations for European rulers to join the Protestant Reformation? Give specific examples of the links between politics and the reform movement. 5.According to the text, the English Reformation was an act of state initiated by the king's emotional life and by dynastic and political concerns. How accurate is this assessment? What were the long-term consequences of the English Reformation? Ch 15 1.The period from 1450 to 1650 witnessed a profound extension of European society beyond the borders of the continent. What were the factors that facilitated this expansion? What was the motivation, both for individual European explorers and the states that supported them? 2.What role did Africa play in the world trade system prior to Columbus's famous voyages? 3.Describe the rise of Venice as a trading superpower. What accounts for the city's decline in the early sixteenth century? 4.What role did the growth of government power play in the European voyages of exploration and conquest? 5.Describe the problems of the Spanish economy in the sixteenth century. Why did a state that extracted such wealth from the Americas have such a poor domestic economy? 6.The year 1992 marked the quincentenary of Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas, an event that caused much debate about the impact of Columbus. What are the facts about the role of Columbus in the European incursion into the Americas? How do historians interpret his role? Was Columbus a typical European explorer? In what ways do his own words, presented in Listening to the Past, help us to understand Columbus? 7.What was the purpose of Columbus's letter describing his first voyage to the Americas, presented in Listening to the Past? How does the letter's content serve its purpose? Ch 16 1.Explain what is meant by the term mercantilism, and provide historical examples of mercantilist policies based on this chapter. 2.In the seventeenth century, the Spanish monarchy crumbled. Why? 3.Despite the evolution of a strong, centralized, monarchical system of government, France experienced periods of civil unrest and war. Describe these periods. How can we explain these discrete occurrences? Is there an overarching reason why France continued to experience civil unrest? 4.What aspects of royal absolutism do the memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon, excerpted in Listening to the Past, describe? What aspects do they miss? Why might Saint-Simon have overdrawn the power of Louis XIV over the French nobles? 5.Seventeenth-century France has been called the model of royal absolutism. How did the French crown create an absolutist state out of the anarchy of the civil and religious wars of the last half of the sixteenth century? How absolutist was the French monarchy? 6.In the seventeenth century, England displayed little political stability, yet by the end of the century it had laid the foundations for constitutional monarchy. What were the political, social, economic, and religious factors and events that ultimately led to the Glorious Revolution? Ch 17 1.While the monarchs of central and eastern Europe tried to imitate Louis XIV's absolutism, they were forced to modify the French model. How and why did this modification take place? How successful was it? 2.Trace the development of absolutism in Austria and Prussia. What factors influenced the development of each state? What were the similarities and differences in the development of absolutism in these two states? Which state created stronger and more efficient absolutism and why? 3.Absolutism in eastern Europe was built in large part on the social and economic structures that had emerged by the seventeenth century. What were these structures, and how did their evolution affect the development of absolutism in eastern Europe? 4.Describe the course and causes of Ottoman expansion. 5.In Olearius's account of seventeenth-century Russia in Listening to the Past, try to separate the generalizations such as each all, they are slaves and serfs. from what Olearius claims to have seen and experienced personally. Do Olearius's general statements necessarily follow from his observations? What biases does this analysis reveal? 6.Peter the Great's reforms were driven primarily by military exigencies, not by any special attachment to the culture of Western Europe. Make an argument for this statement based on evidence provided in the text. Ch 18 1.The scientific revolution transformed the way Europeans perceived the world. Discuss this change in detail. How did this new way of thinking spread? 2.Some monarchs of the eighteenth century have been called enlightened despots. Who were these rulers? What did their contemporaries mean when they called them enlightened? How have historians treated these rulers and their policies? Were they really enlightened? Explain your answer. 3.The Enlightenment had a profound effect on politics in France and the rest of Europe. Compare its impact on French absolutism with its impact on the eastern absolute monarchies. How can we account for the differences? 4.Read Voltaire on Religion in Listening to the Past. How does Voltaire use Newton's model of the universe to justify his belief in a Supreme Being? What is Voltaire's view of Christ? Does it make him a Christian? 5.The scientists of the seventeenth century constructed a new worldview; the philosophes of the eighteenth century popularized it. How? Why did the philosophes pursue this effort? 6.Although the most well-known Enlightenment thinkers today are the French philosophes, the roots of the Enlightenment were in England as much as in France. Make an argument to support this proposition. 7.Enlightenment political thought was clustered into two distinct schools epitomized by the beliefs of Montesquieu and Voltaire. What were those beliefs? What impact did their thinking have on the governments of western and eastern Europe? Ch 19 1.During the eighteenth century, the population of Europe underwent a sharp increase. What factors influenced that growth? What were the social consequences of population expansion? 2.What were the most important elements of the agricultural revolution in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? What factors explain the Dutch leadership in this revolution? Why and how did it spread to England? 3.Read The Debate over the Guilds in Listening to the Past. How does French finance minister Turgot justify his abolition of the guilds (1776)? How do Turgot's arguments parallel those of Adam Smith as presented in the textbook? How do they seem to differ? One might also ask students to read an excerpt from Smith's Wealth of Nations and compare Smith's thinking, in more detail, to Turgot's. 4.While England was building a preeminent world empire and the greatest economic power base in Europe, its society was undergoing profound changes. Describe these changes, being sure to identify their causes and consequences. 5.The Dutch dominated European trade with Asia in the seventeenth century. How did they achieve this ascendency? What led to the decline in their position in the eighteenth century?  Ch 20 1.What were marriage and family life like in eighteenth-century western Europe? What had changed from the past?  2.What was the consumer revolution?  3.While the Enlightenment was spreading among the educated elites, religion remained a strong force in the lives of the common people. What were the patterns of popular religion for both Catholics and Protestants in the late eighteenth century? How did the church leaders, Protestant and Catholic, respond to popular religion? 4.The eighteenth century was an era of improving health and increased life expectancy. Why? What impact did improving health and longevity have on European society? 5.Trace the growing intervention of the state in ordinary people's lives in eighteenth-century Europe. Ch 21 1.Technological innovation was critical to the industrial development of Britain. Assess the impact of technology on the British economy by examining innovations in textile production. 2.Britain was the first industrial nation. Why? 3.The Industrial Revolution profoundly affected the British working classes. Describe its impact on working-class men, women, and children. What is meant by the concept of class-consciousness, and how did it reflect the reality of the situation in Britain during this period? Overall, was the Industrial Revolution beneficial or harmful for the working class? 4.Explain how available forms of credit catalyzed or inhibited the Industrial Revolution in different countries. 5.What was the impact of industrialization on the women of Britain? How does the evidence of the Ashley Mines Commission in Listening to the Past broaden our understanding of this process? How have historians interpreted these changes? Were these changes positive or negative? Why? 6.While Britain was the workshop of the world, industrialization began to spread to the European continent soon after the fall of Napoleon in 1815. Trace the course of industrial development on the continent. What were the key features of this development? What were the positive and negative aspects of being a follower nation? 7.How did the Industrial Revolution impact political and economic thought in eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century Europe? 8.The Industrial Revolution not only transformed British industry and society, but it also called forth a multifaceted reform effort to cope with the societal problems created by industrialization. What were the goals and motivations of both the parliamentary reform movement and the labor movement in nineteenth-century Britain? What were their successes and failures? Ch 22 1.Technological innovation was critical to the industrial development of Britain. Assess the impact of technology on the British economy by examining innovations in textile production. 2.Britain was the first industrial nation. Why? 3.The Industrial Revolution profoundly affected the British working classes. Describe its impact on working-class men, women, and children. What is meant by the concept of class-consciousness, and how did it reflect the reality of the situation in Britain during this period? Overall, was the Industrial Revolution beneficial or harmful for the working class? 4.Explain how available forms of credit catalyzed or inhibited the Industrial Revolution in different countries. 5.What was the impact of industrialization on the women of Britain? How does the evidence of the Ashley Mines Commission in Listening to the Past broaden our understanding of this process? How have historians interpreted these changes? Were these changes positive or negative? Why? 6.While Britain was the workshop of the world, industrialization began to spread to the European continent soon after the fall of Napoleon in 1815. Trace the course of industrial development on the continent. What were the key features of this development? What were the positive and negative aspects of being a follower nation? 7.How did the Industrial Revolution impact political and economic thought in eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century Europe? 8.The Industrial Revolution not only transformed British industry and society, but it also called forth a multifaceted reform effort to cope with the societal problems created by industrialization. What were the goals and motivations of both the parliamentary reform movement and the labor movement in nineteenth-century Britain? What were their successes and failures? Ch 23 1.The Congress of Vienna represented the highest achievements of European balance-of-power politics: faced with the task of creating a lasting peace following the generation of warfare, the statesmen at Vienna succeeded admirably. Assess the validity of this quotation. Who were the leaders at the Congress? What principles guided their actions? What were the primary elements of the peace settlement? How successful was the Congress at creating a stable Europe? 2.The years 1815 to 1848 witnessed the rise and evolution of the ideology of socialism. Describe this evolution, being sure to emphasize the principal components. How did socialism reflect the attitudes and aspirations of working people of the time? How did the Revolutions of 1848 reflect the impact of socialist ideals? 3.Although the Revolutions of 1848 took place at roughly the same time and in reasonable proximity to one another, in certain ways they were very different from one another. Compare the causation, participants, goals, and outcomes of the 1848 uprisings in France and Austria. What were the key differences? In what ways were they similar? 4.From Jules Michelet's point of view, presented in the "Individuals in Society" feature, what were France's most important problems in the 1840s? How did his adherence to the tenets of romanticism shape his description of France's historical development? 5.Austrian chancellor Metternich and other conservatives fought a tenacious battle to resurrect and maintain the prerevolutionary Old Regime. What were the motivations, methods, successes, and failures of Metternich and the conservatives? 6.The uprisings of 1848 enjoyed early success, only to see their gains destroyed by counter-revolution. How do we account for the early success and later collapse of the revolutionary movements of 1848? Ch 24 1.What were the major problems facing nineteenth-century European cities? How and with what degree of success were these problems addressed? 2.One of the most fundamental changes in the second half of the nineteenth century in Europe was the decline in birthrates. Explain some of the reasons for this decline and discuss its consequences. 3.Marx had predicted in 1848 that European society would be increasingly polarized into two classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat. What was the reality of the European social structure in the second half of the nineteenth century? 4.The place for women in the latter half of the nineteenth century seemed to be the home. Why? What other options did European women have? How did economic considerations affect women's career decisions? 5.How did European states' intervention in the daily lives of ordinary people increase during the nineteenth century? Can you connect this intervention with trends in European thought? 6.Much of the change in urban life in the 1800s was the result of scientific advances. What were the contributions of science to the improved urban environment and the economic and social structure of Europe? 7.The second half of the nineteenth century has been called the Golden Age of Science. How was this influence of science reflected in the literature and philosophy of the time? Ch 25 1.The two dominant ideologies of the second half of the nineteenth century were nationalism and socialism. What were the key tenets of each ideology, and who were its leading thinkers or leaders? How did each of these ideologies change over the course of the second half of the nineteenth century? Which of these movements seems to have been stronger? 2.The decade of the 1860s saw the success of the nation-building efforts of Bismarck and Cavour in Germany and Italy, respectively. Choose either case and describe the process by which unification was achieved, assess the reasons for success, and indicate the consequences. 3.Read Adelheid Popp's autobiographical excerpt in Listening to the Past. What early experiences politicized Popp? How did she become informed about politics and determined to take political action? In particular, how did conservative propaganda ironically help turn Popp into a socialist? 4.For both the United States and Russia, the evolution toward a modern nation-state was conditioned by the response to the systems of unfree labor found in both states. How did each state come to grips with this issue? How successful was each? 5.Discuss the changing face of socialism in Europe. What factors influenced these changes? What was the role of Karl Marx, labor unions, Edward Bernstein, the First International, the Paris Commune, and the Second International in the evolution of socialism? What was the impact of economic expansion and the aggressive nation-state? How does the experience of Adelheid Popp, presented in Listening to the Past, illuminate the personal reasons for becoming a socialist? Ch 26 1.Historians have called the extension of European hegemony after 1882 the new imperialism. What were the key components of the new imperialism? How does the case of Egypt exemplify the transition from the old to the new form of imperialism? 2.Both Egypt and Japan, to different degrees and at different times, attempted to modernize their states. Describe these attempts. How can we account for the failure of one and the success of the other? 3.How did Asians and Africans respond to the establishment of European imperialism? Using specific examples, describe these responses. What factors seem to have influenced the choice of a particular response? 4.The Great Migration of the second half of the nineteenth century was one of the most dramatic events in human history. How extensive was this movement of people? Where did they come from, and where did they go? What were the social origins of the various groups of migrants? What were their motivations? Finally, what impact did this movement of people have on imperialist expansion? 5.The Scramble for Africa is the most striking example of the European rush for empire. Trace the history of imperialism in Africa, being sure to identify the key developments and events. How did it epitomize the new imperialism? 6.At the beginning of Chapter 26, the authors describe the immense gap in per capita income between the West and the rest of the world that developed between 1750 and today. Use material from this chapter to trace the origins of that gap. Ch 27 1.Explain the importance of Bismarck's dismissal (1890) in the total course of events that led to the outbreak of World War I. 2.The end of World War I was accompanied by revolutions and revolutionary activity throughout Europe. Describe this activity and identify its causes. How can we explain the failure of more radical revolutionary actions, such as occurred in Russia? 3.Discuss the phenomenon of total war and its impact on the social, political, and economic structure of Europe during and after the war. 4.The textbook asserts that World War I represented the triumph of nationalism. In what ways did nationalism contribute to the origins of the war, its outbreak, and its course? How did nationalism affect the Versailles settlement? 5.In January 1917, Russia was an autocratic empire; by the end of 1920, it was a socialist state. Trace the course of the Russian Revolution from March 1917 through 1920. How can we explain the ultimate victory of Lenin's Bolsheviks? 6.In spite of high-flown phrases about the right of national self-determination, the Treaty of Versailles perpetuated the imperialist world system established in the second half of the nineteenth century. Explain and justify this statement. Ch 28 1.How did the Age of Anxiety manifest itself in the artistic style called modernism? What were the new schools of artistic interpretation, and who were the leading artists? What were their artistic principles? How did they express these principles in their respective media? What factors influenced the emergence and development of modernism? 2.The Age of Anxiety was, in many ways, ushered in by developments in the fields of physics, philosophy, and psychology. How did these developments contribute to the Age of Anxiety? 3.Although anxiety seems to have affected everyone in the 1920s, upper and lower classes retained a sharp division between high and popular culture. Which aspects of the developments in arts, literature, entertainment, and philosophy had an impact on the common person? 4.Read George Orwell's Road to Wigan Pier, excerpted in Listening to the Past. According to Orwell, how is the English working class responding to the Great Depression? Does Orwell see government aid to unemployed workers, the dole, as useful? 5.How did radio and movies allow propagandists and political leaders to reconstruct orderly and reassuring images of the world for ordinary people even as high-culture artists, composers, and writers continued to dismantle traditional cultural norms and express the anxiety and fear arising out of World War I and its aftermath? 6.In many ways this chapter is about the consequences of World War I. Discuss this statement critically, being sure to address the impact of the Great War on European society, politics, economy, and culture as well as the prewar origins of postwar developments in science, art, and philosophy. Do you agree with this assertion? Why or why not? Ch 29 1.Describe Stalin's revolution from above. What factors prompted Stalin's actions, and what were his goals? How successful was the revolution? 2.Some have argued that strong actions by England and France in the mid-1930s would have prevented World War II and that appeasement merely whetted Hitler's appetite. How accurate is this statement? 3.Hitler's diplomatic and military actionsrather than being just irrational actsseemed to complement the domestic aspects of Nazi totalitarianism. Analyze this assessment by examining Hitler's diplomatic and military actions and motivations. What was the connection between domestic and foreign/military policy? What clues to this connection can be discovered in Mein Kampf? 4.Compare collectivization in the Soviet Union and the Final Solution in Nazi-occupied Europe. What were the goals of each operation? What do these goals reveal about the larger differences between the Nazi and Soviet regimes? 5.The Grand Alliance was a smashing military success. What were the factors that contributed to this success? What were the turning points in the Allies' march to victory? 6.How did the Japanese justify their expansion in Asia? Why were some Asians initially receptive to their arguments? Why did support for Japan wane over the course of World War II? Ch 30 1.From the early 1970s well into the 1980s, North American and western European economies stagnated. Explain the causes of this stagnation and discuss its consequences for politics in the West. 2.How did the women's movement in the 1970s seek to realize Simone de Beauvoir's call for women to reach out beyond themselves, transcend themselves, toward society in production and action? 3.Postwar Europe experienced a trend toward unity. What were the successes and failures of the movement? Who were its leaders? What motivated them? What factors explain the successes and failures of the movement toward European unity? 4.International affairs in the postwar era were dominated by the cold war. What were the key events in its development? What were the causes and consequences? Which side was responsible? Given the political, military, and ideological situations at the time, was the cold war unavoidable? Support your conclusions. 5.After the death of Stalin, the Soviet Union underwent a process of de-Stalinization. Describe this process. What impact did de-Stalinization have, domestically and internationally? Why did later Soviet leaders re-Stalinize? 6.The revolutionary surge of the 1960s was primarily a youth movement. Describe this movement. What factors caused it to gain momentum and then explode in the late 1960s and early 1970s? What were the consequences of this movement? 7.Describe Willy Brandt's attempt to answer the German question. What role did the United States and NATO play in Brandt's policies? What was the impact of those policies on the cold war? 8.Early in the cold war, Americans tended to perceive communism as a unified global conspiracy. Discuss the reasons for that perception. Then try to analyze just how close to reality it was. 9.Historians use the term dtente to describe relations between the Soviet bloc and the Western democracies in the 1970s. How did the policy evolve? What were the key elements of this diplomatic change? What were the limits of dtente? What impact did dtente have on the subsequent end of the cold war? Ch 31 1.The year 1989 witnessed an almost unbelievable turn of events in the Eastern bloc. Discuss those changes. What were the long-term causes? What new problems were created? 2.The recent past has seen a quickening of the pace of European integration and unification. Describe this process since 1985. What are the key issues? How have Europeans reacted to the new Europe? 3.The collapse of the Soviet Union led quickly to the declaration that the cold war was over. What have been the consequences of this historic event? 4.The most disturbing consequence of the collapse of the Soviet Union has been the resurgence of ardent nationalism in central and eastern Europe as well as the border states of the former Soviet Union. Trace nationalistic developments in the former Soviet empire. What signs are there of a peaceful resolution of this problem? 5.In your opinion, does the al-Qaeda attack of September 11, 2001, represent a fundamental turning point in Western history? 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