ࡱ> Y V0bjbj[[ d9 \9 \'  EI@A<SA pErErErErErErE$FIEB:JI@BBE_!E$E$E$EBpE$EBpE$E$Eh$E@d{0B$E\EE0E$EKJCKJ$EKJ$E8sA"A$EAAYsAsAsAEErDsAsAsAEBBBBKJsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsAsA > J: Name Date Class  LESSON 1: 20 minutes Where does air apply pressure? With the exception of Mercury, most planets in the solar system have some type of atmosphere. However, Earths atmosphere provides what the atmospheres of other planets cannot: oxygen and water. Oxygen, water vapor, and other gases make up the gaseous mixture in the atmosphere called air. In this activity, you will explore airs effect on objects that are on Earths surface. Procedure 1. Read and complete a lab safety form. 2. Add water to a cup until it is two- thirds full. 3. Place a large index card over the opening of the cup so that it is completely covered. 4. Hold the cup over a tub or large bowl. 5. Place one hand on the index card to hold it in place as you quickly turn the cup upside down. Remove your hand. Data and Observations Think About This 1. What happened when you turned the cup over? 2. How did air play a part in your observation? 3. Key Concept How do you think these results might differ if you repeated the activity in a vacuum? 8 Earths Atmosphere Name Date Class   LESSON 1 Describing Earths Atmosphere Directions: In this word search puzzle, find and circle the seven terms listed below. Then on each line, write the term that correctly completes each sentence. atmosphereionosphereliquidozone layerstratospheretropospherewater vapor  1. The is the layer of atmosphere just above the , which is the layer that is closest to Earths surface. 2. Water exists in the atmosphere in a gaseous form as and in a form as droplets. 3. The area of the stratosphere that contains a high concentration of ozone is called the . 4. Ions are located in the region of the atmosphere called the . 5. is a layer of gases surrounding Earth. Earths Atmosphere 9 Name Date Class  LESSON 1 Describing Earths Atmosphere A. Importance of Earths Atmosphere 1. The is a thin layer of gases surrounding Earth. It is of kilometers high. 2. Earths atmosphere contains a layer of that helps keep temperatures on Earth within a range that living organisms can survive. 3. Earths atmosphere helps protect living organisms from some of the harmful rays. 4. Friction within the atmosphere causes most to burn up before striking Earth. B. Origins of Earths Atmosphere 1. Earths ancient atmosphere formed from hot that escaped from Earths hardening surface. 2. Earths ancient atmosphere consisted of water vapor with a little bit of . 3. is water in its gaseous state. 4. As Earths atmosphere cooled, the water vapor condensed into a(n) that fell as rain. Over thousands of years, the rain formed Earths . 5. from the atmosphere dissolved in rainwater and fell into the oceans. 6. Organisms that use photosynthesis produced the in todays atmosphere. C. Composition of the Atmosphere 1. Nitrogen makes up about percent of Earths atmosphere. 2. Oxygen makes up about percent of Earths atmosphere. 3. The amounts of atmospheric , which include water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone, vary. 4. Volcanoes send and liquid acids into the atmosphere. D. Layers of the Atmosphere 1. The atmospheric layer closest to Earth is the . 10 Earths Atmosphere Name Date Class Lesson Outline continued 2. The warmest part of the troposphere is near . 3. The is the atmospheric layer directly above the troposphere. 4. The area of the stratosphere that has a great amount of ozone gas is the . 5. , which can kill plants and animals, are absorbed more effectively by ozone than by oxygen gas. 6. Combined, the and the are layers of the atmosphere that are much broader than the troposphere and the stratosphere. They have a low of gases. 7. The is a region within the mesosphere and troposphere that contains ions. Displays of colored lights called occur here. 8. In the , gas molecules rarely strike one another. E. Air Pressure and Altitude 1. pulls gas particles in the atmosphere toward Earths surface. 2. Air pressure is near Earths surface because all the molecules of the atmosphere push downward on the lowest layer of air. F. Temperature and Altitude 1. In the troposphere, temperature as altitude increases. The opposite occurs in the next layer up, the . 2. In the mesosphere, temperature as altitude increases. In the thermosphere and exosphere, the happens. Earths Atmosphere 11 Name Date Class  LESSON 1 Describing Earths Atmosphere Directions: On the line before each description, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once. 1. the main component of Earths ancient atmosphere 2. the gas produced by organisms that use photosynthesis 3. is beneficial higher in the atmosphere but is a pollutant down below 4. makes up about 78 percent of todays atmosphere 5. liquids produced by the burning of fossil fuels 6. where weather phenomena occur 7. the atmospheric layer below the mesosphere 8. reflects AM radio waves 9. displays of colored light 10. atmospheric layer farthest from Earths surface 11. always decreases with altitude 12. sometimes decreases with altitude A. exosphere B. auroras C. air pressure D. acids E. temperature F. water vapor G. nitrogen H. ionosphere I. oxygen J. troposphere K. ozone L. stratosphere Earths Atmosphere 13 Name Date Class  LESSON 1 Describing Earths Atmosphere Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. 1. Explain how Earths atmosphere developed. 2. List the major layers of Earths atmosphere beginning with the layer closest to Earths surface. 3. What is the ionosphere? Where is it located? 4. What causes air pressure? 5. Ozone is located in two places. Name those two places. What is ozones effect in each place? 14 Earths Atmosphere Name Date Class   LESSON 1 Describing Earths Atmosphere Directions: Identify two characteristics of each atmospheric layer. Use your textbook to complete the table. 1. Tropospherea. b.2. Stratospherea. b.3. Mesospherea. b.4. Thermospherea. b.5. Exospherea. b. Name Date Class   LESSON 1 Describing Earths Atmosphere Key Concept What is Earths atmosphere made of? Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Some terms might be used more than once. acidsashcarbon dioxidenitrogenoxygenozonepollenwater vapor1. About 78 percent of Earths atmosphere is . 2. Another 21 percent is . 3. The gases making up the remaining 1 percent include three, in varying amounts: , and . 4. The gas is in the stratosphere; closer to Earths surface in urban areas, it is considered to be a pollutant. 5. The atmosphere also contains solid particles, including from plants and from volcanoes. 6. Liquids in the air include from evaporation and from the burning of fossil fuels. Name Date Class  LESSON 1 Describing Earths Atmosphere Key Concept How do air pressure and temperature change as altitude increases? Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Some terms may be used more than once. air pressuredensityexospheregravitymesosphereozonestratospherethermospheretroposphere1. The force that pulls the atmosphere toward Earth is . 2. This pull causes the atmosphere to exert a force called . 3. The more gas molecules that are in a given volume of air, the greater the of the air will be. 4. In the and the , temperature decreases with increasing altitude. 5. In the , the , and the , just the opposite occurs. 6. Temperature increases in the are caused by the presence of , which readily absorbs solar radiation. Name Date Class  LESSON 1 Where is your ozone today? About 90 percent of the ozone in our atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere. The remaining 10 percent is contained in the troposphere, the lowest part of our atmosphere, where all our weather takes place. Because most of the ozone in Earths atmosphere is in the stratosphere, this region is called the stratospheric ozone layer. The ozone layer is beneficial to living things because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun, which breaks the bonds of DNA molecules and damages living cells. While most plants and animals are able to repair or destroy damaged cells, sometimes the DNA molecules are not repaired. The result can be dangerous forms of skin cancer. Beginning in the late 1970s, scientists observed a steady decline in the total volume of ozone in Earths ozone layer. A large seasonal decrease in stratospheric ozone over Antarctica is known as the ozone hole. Researchers discovered that the decline of ozone was associated with increases of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere. These ozone-depleting substances were used in air-conditioning units, aerosol spray propellants, and cleaning processes. The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed in 1987 and now includes other substances besides CFCs and a schedule for eliminating production and use of those substances. The amount of ozone above a fixed point in the atmosphere is measured in Dobson units. The graph shows the average annual October ozone levels in the southern hemisphere between 1970 and 1997.  The location of the ozone hole is shown in the map below.  Applying Critical-Thinking Skills Directions: Respond to each statement. 1. Hypothesize The level of ozone in the atmosphere is associated with the level of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances. Use the data in the graph to hypothesize which year the level of ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere was the greatest. 2. Analyze Use the map to decide which areas of Earth had the highest levels of Dobson units and, therefore, were most protected by the ozone layer in October 2008. 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