ࡱ> IKH[ jbjbj .>ΐΐj&&iiiii}}}} t}t$4iiiVVViiVVVV@]`~G} ! 0-0j]i],VL & /: Risk and Protective Factors: An Overview Mental health interventions can be effectively provided for children and adolescents by physicians, nurses, and other health professionals who have limited specific training in mental health. The basis for these interventions is knowledge of stress/risk and protective factors for children and adolescents. Stress/risk factors and protective factors are defined and briefly discussed below. What are risk/stress factors and protective factors? Risk/stress factor: A condition that increases the probability of a disorder (e.g., abuse, neglect, violence exposure, poor health care). Protective factor: A condition that inhibits, reduces, or buffers the probability of a disorder (e.g., parental monitoring, problem-solving skills, school connectedness). Risk and protective factors encompass psychological, behavioral, family, and social characteristics. Children and adolescents under excessive stress with few protective factors are most at risk for emotional, behavioral, and other problems, while children and adolescents with relatively low stress and many protective factors are least at risk for problems. In the context of an established relationship with a child/adolescent and his/her family, health and other professionals can have discussions that may serve to reduce risk factors and increase protective factors for adolescent adjustment. A number of risk/stress and protective factors have been shown to correlate with child mental health and well-being, and have been documented as areas to focus interventions with youth in order to promote their mental health. NOTE: Some risk and protective factors are more established than others in the research literature (i.e., have been documented in several research studies, have been examined longitudinally, etc.). This manual does NOT yet distinguish between which factors are more or less strongly supported in the research literature. However, the CSMHA and others are in the process of reviewing the literature to determine the degree of support for each factor as a contributory or related component of childrens mental health. (THIS IS A WORK IN PROGRESS!) Documented Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Mental Health Issues in Children and Adolescents Risk FactorsProtective FactorsCommunityPoverty Limited access to health/mental health care Poor community resources Neighborhood crime and violence Few recreational outlets Social discrimination Overcrowding Exposure to trauma/violenceRange of supportive adults Access to effective services Strong resources/religious institutions Neighborhood safety/closeness Supervised recreational outlets/facilities FamilyFamily history of mental illness Parental crime/incarceration Familial abuse/neglect Familial substance abuse Lack of parental support Family isolation Large family size Death of a caregiver Physical/mental illness of a loved oneFamilial support/nurturance Familial restraint/focus on wellness Family life with clear rules and consistent enforcement SchoolUnderachieving schools Peer rejection/isolationStrong school involvement Quality schools Strong school-home relationshipIndividual/PeerImpulsivity Aggressive/violent behavior Disregard for others Sensation seeking Language problems Poor interpersonal boundaries Affiliates with anti-social youth Disconnected from school Hopelessness Negative self-concept/Low self-esteem Prenatal exposure to drugs/alcohol Low birth weight Stressful life events Poor/irregular attachment Unsatisfactory relationships Biological risk factors (head injury, infection, nutrition, exposure to toxins) Acute health condition Low intelligence Attentional deficits Apathy or emotional blunting Emotional immaturity Poor scholastic work skills Delinquency Substance abuseSelf-control/restraint Planning/decision making skills Popularity Good social skills/empathy Spirituality/religiosity Cares for others Healthy eating/exercise Tolerates boredom Good communication skills Ability to set boundaries Affiliates with pro-social youth Motivated to achieve Hopeful/optimistic Positive self-concept Positive temperament Social-cognitive skills Strong social skills Secure attachments to parents - Attachment to peers or other adults who engage in positive health behaviors and pro-social values Ability to regulate emotion Modifying Risk and Protective Factors In an effort to increase the use of evidence-based approaches, school-based health providers should be aware of, and where appropriate, attempt to modify risk and protective factors in order to reduce childrens vulnerability to mental health problems and to promote resiliency. Not all risk or protective factors are directly modifiable. For example, school-based health providers cannot change the fact that a child has a family history of a mental health disorder. However, even those factors that are not modifiable might be appropriate for related interventions. If a child presents with a family history of a mental health problem, for example, it might be possible to: provide affected family members with mental health treatment information educate the child about his or her risk for having the mental health disorder build childs coping skills to deal with a family members mental health disorder We have identified several risk and protective factors that are modifiable (either directly or indirectly) and developed worksheets for clinicians (and/or supervisors, evaluators) to track interventions targeted toward alleviating risk factors and augmenting protective factors. 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