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10 0 0 10 428.5915 210.9714 Tm [(The four y)12(ear g)-11(r)-8(ad-)]TJ 0.064 Tw -33.859 -1.4 Td [(u)1(a)1(t)1(i)1(o)1(n)1( r)-8(at)9(e r)12(e)1(p)1(o)1(r)-17(t)9(e)1(d)1( b)11(y t)1(he)1( fe)1(d)1(e)1(r)-8(al)1( g)1(o)11(v)16(e)3(r)-7(n)1(m)1(e)1(n)1(t)1( a)1(t)1( s)1(c)7(h)1(o)1(o)1(l)1(s)1( s)1(u)1(c)7(h a)1(s)1( t)1(h)1(e)1( U)40(ni)10(v)16(e)1(r)1(s)1(i)1(t)-13(y)1( o)1(f)-324(T)118(e)7(x)1(a)1(s)1( a)1(t)1( E)1(l)1( P)35(a)1(s)1(o)1( o)1(r)]TJ 0.028 Tw T* [(C)1(h)1(i)1(c)1(a)1(g)1(o)1( S)1(t)1(a)1(t)9(e)1( U)40(ni)10(v)16(e)1(r)1(s)1(i)1(t)-13(y is)1( l)1(e)1(s)1(s)1( t)1(h)1(an)1( 1)1(0)1( p)-5(e)3(r)12(c)11(e)1(n)1(t)1(.)-229(O)1(n)1(e)1( m)1(i)1(g)-12(h)1(t)1( r)12(e)1(a)1(s)1(o)1(n)1(a)1(b)1(l)1(y)1( a)1(s)1(k)1(,)-228(w)-5(h)23(y)1( d)1(o)1( w)7(e c)13(o)3(n)1(t)1(i)1(n)7(u)1(e)1( t)10(o f)1(u)1(n)1(d)]TJ 0.023 Tw T* [(suc)7(h institutions and students w)-16(ith poor academic pr)14(ospects?)]TJ 0.028 Tw 1.202 -1.4 Td [(The four)24(-y)12(ear g)-11(r)-8(aduation r)-8(at)9(e is 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c)13(o)3(mmit)-6(ment,)-185(in E)21(ur)14(o)5(pe that deg)-11(r)12(ee no)15(w is usual)-5(ly c)13(o)3(mplet)9(e)-2(d in thr)12(ee y)12(ears.)-165(W)27(hile hig)-12(her education)]TJ ET endstream endobj 62 0 obj << /Length 8776 >> stream /CS0 cs 1 scn /GS0 gs q 1 0 0 1 0 792 cm 0 0 m h f Q BT 0 scn /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 108 676.9004 Tm [(r)12(esear)12(c)7(hers in)25(v)16(estigat)9(e all sor)-17(ts of)-260(obscur)12(e phenomena,)-200(it is not)9(e)1(w)11(or)-17(th)23(y that little or no w)11(o)3(r)-6(k is done cal-)]TJ 0.018 Tw 0 -1.4 TD [(culating the marg)-11(inal lear)-7(ning and other effects of)-278(eac)7(h y)12(ear of)-278(c)13(ollege.)-218(Does the thir)12(d y)12(ear add as m)6(uc)7(h)]TJ 0.072 Tw T* [(t)10(o a student)16(\222)54(s cr)-11(itical thinking skil)-5(ls,)-272(matur)-11(it)-13(y)62(,)-272(kno)15(w)-5(ledge,)-272(leadership qualities,)-272(et)10(c.,)-272(as the sec)13(o)3(nd y)12(ear?)]TJ 0.023 Tw T* [(H)20(o)15(w does the four)-17(th y)12(ear c)13(o)3(mpar)12(e w)-16(ith 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u)1(s)1(e t)10(o)1( b)1(e)1( t)1(h)1(at)1( w)1(a)17(y)1( \()1(I)1( c)13(o)4(mp)1(l)1(e)1(t)9(e)-1(d)1( m)19(y P)1(h)1(.)1(D)50(.)-172(i)1(n)1( l)1(e)1(s)1(s)1( t)1(h)1(a)1(n)1( t)1(h)1(r)12(e)1(e)1( y)12(e)1(ar)1(s)1( i)1(n)1( t)1(h)1(e)1( 1)1(96)1(0)1(s)1(\))1(,)-172(a)1(n)1(d)1( a)1(l)1(mo)1(s)1(t)1( c)11(e)3(r)-16(t)1(ai)1(n)1(l)1(y)1( t)1(h)1(e)1(r)12(e)]TJ -0.015 Tc 0.024 Tw T* [(is )1(enor)-7(mous )1(wast)8(e )1(of)-269(r)11(esour)11(c)10(es )1(w)-16(ith )1(the )1(wa)16(y )1(w)6(e)-1( )1(c)12(o)3(nduct )1(g)-12(r)-8(aduat)8(e )1(education )1(in )1(the )1(U)39(nit)8(ed )1(Stat)8(es.)]TJ /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0.028 Tw 16 0 0 16 241.3022 507.7004 Tm [(Inconvenient T)55(ruth #7: )]TJ -5.253 -1.125 Td [(Colleges Hide V)18(ital Information from Consumers)]TJ 0.3 scn /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tw 32.656 0 0 32.656 108 447.3004 Tm (D)Tj 0 scn 0.026 Tw 10 0 0 10 131.375 461.3004 Tm [(id M)8(ic)7(hig)-5(an Stat)9(e U)40(ni)10(v)16(ersit)-13(y \(MSU\) ha)17(v)16(e a good y)12(ear in 2011? )19(W)27(ho kno)15(ws? 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-1.4 Td [(that )59(\223wat)9(er buffalo)40(\224)-340(was a r)-8(a)-2(cial)-5(ly p)-5(e)-12(jor)-8(ati)10(v)16(e t)9(e)3(r)-7(m.)-368(Speec)7(h c)13(o)-3(des attacking al)-5(legedly )59(\223)-8(h)6(ur)-17(tful\224)-340(v)16(er)-12(bal)]TJ 0.034 Tw T* [(e)7(xp)1(r)12(e)1(s)1(s)1(i)1(o)1(n)1( a)1(r)12(e)1( c)1(l)1(e)1(a)1(r)1(l)1(y)1( v)-15(i)1(o)1(l)1(a)1(t)1(i)1(o)1(n)1(s)1( o)1(f)-294(t)1(h)1(e)1( F)1(i)1(rs)1(t )19(A)7(me)1(n)1(d)1(m)1(e)1(n)1(t)1( r)-11(ig)-12(h)1(t)1(s)1( o)1(f)-294(u)1(n)1(i)10(v)16(e)3(r)1(s)1(i)1(t)-13(y)1( p)1(a)1(r)-17(t)1(i)1(c)1(i)1(p)1(an)1(t)1(s)1(.)-235(I)12(t i)1(s)1( s)1(h)1(a)1(m)1(e)1(f)1(u)1(l)]TJ 0.058 Tw T* [(that institutions de)-7(v)17(ot)9(e)-2(d t)10(o the fr)12(ee uninhibit)9(ed inquir)-27(y about var)-11(ious aspec)-5(ts of)-318(the h)6(uman c)13(o)3(ndition)]TJ 0.023 Tw T* [(should be agg)-11(r)12(essi)10(v)16(e in t)-6(r)-27(y)-14(ing t)10(o limit that inquir)-27(y t)10(o )60(\223)22(p)-3(olitically 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r)11(eaction is oft)8(e)2(n fer)13(o)-3(cious.)-149(A)6(ft)8(e)2(r the Cent)8(er)]TJ -0.019 Tc -0.014 Tw 22.343 0 Td [( for C)8(ollege )20(A)29(c)11(c)13(ountabilit)-13(y and P)16(r)14(oducti)10(v)-14(it)-13(y issued)]TJ 0.045 Tw -22.343 -1.4 Td [(a)1( r)12(e)1(p)1(o)1(r)-17(t t)1(h)1(a)1(t)1( w)1(a)1(s)1( d)1(e)1(e)1(m)1(e)1(d)1( c)1(r)-11(it)1(i)1(c)1(a)1(l)1( o)1(f)-286(f)1(a)1(cu)1(l)1(t)-13(y)1( w)11(o)3(r)-6(k p)1(r)-8(a)1(c)1(t)1(i)1(c)11(e)1(s)1( a)1(t)1( t)1(h)1(e)1( U)40(ni)10(v)16(e)1(r)1(s)1(i)1(t)-13(y)1( o)1(f)-286(T)118(e)7(x)1(a)1(s)1(,)-226(a)1(n)1( i)1(r)-8(a)1(t)9(e)1( T)118(e)7(x)1(a)1(s)1( a)1(l)1(u)1(m)1(n)7(us)]TJ 0.038 Tw T* [(m)1(a)1(d)1(e)1( a)1( p)1(u)1(b)1(l)1(i)1(c)1( r)12(e)-2(c)13(o)3(r)12(d)1(s)1( r)12(e)-2(q)1(u)1(es)1(t)1(s)1( o)1(f)-278(m)19(y)1( a)1(c)1(t)1(i)10(v)-14(i)1(t)1(i)1(e)1(s)1( a)1(t)1( O)1(h)1(i)1(o)1( U)40(n)1(i)10(v)16(e)1(r)1(s)1(i)1(t)-13(y)62(,)-219(I)1( s)1(u)1(p)1(p)1(o)1(s)1(e)1( t)10(o i)1(n)1(t)1(i)1(m)1(i)1(d)1(a)1(t)9(e)1( m)1(e)1(,)-219(an)1(d)1( a)1( p)1(r)14(o)1(m)1(i)1(-)]TJ -0.02 Tc 0.034 Tw T* [(nent T)117(e)6(xas politician t)9(old me that she was put under c)12(o)2(nsider)-9(able pr)11(essur)11(e b)10(y)-1( U)39(n)-1(i)9(v)15(ersit)-14(y of)-275(T)117(e)6(xas suppor)-18(t)8(e)2(rs)]TJ -0.019 Tc 0.031 Tw T* [(not t)10(o appear on a panel w)-16(ith me t)10(o discuss hig)-12(her education issues in T)118(e)7(xas.)-212(I)12(t seems at times the st)-6(r)-8(a)1(t)9(e)-4(g)-18(y is)]TJ 0.023 Tw T* [(t)10(o ost)-6(r)-8(a)-1(ciz)7(e,)-204(intimidat)9(e and personally attack those who su)]TJ 22.365 0 Td [(ggest c)7(hange is needed so as t)10(o r)12(e)-2(duc)11(e cr)-11(iticism.)]TJ 0 Tc 0.06 Tw -21.162 -1.4 Td [(I think r)12(e)2(for)-7(m in hig)-12(he)1(r edu)1(cation w)-16(il)-5(l c)13(o)3(me fr)14(om a var)-11(iet)-13(y of)-320(pr)12(essur)12(es.)-261(First,)-261(althoug)-12(h mar)-6(k)18(e)-3(ts in)]TJ 0.094 Tw -1.202 -1.4 Td [(h)1(i)1(g)-12(h)1(e)1(r)1( )1(e)1(d)1(u)1(c)1(a)1(t)1(i)1(o)1(n)1( )1(a)1(r)12(e)1( )1(s)1(u)1(b)1(d)1(u)1(e)1(d)1( )1(i)1(n)1( )1(t)1(h)1(ei)1(r)1( )1(r)14(o)1(l)1(e)1( )1(i)1(n)1( )1(e)1(n)1(f)1(o)]TJ 20.609 0 Td [(r)12(c)1(i)1(n)1(g)1( )1(e)1(f)1(f)1(i)1(c)1(i)1(e)1(n)1(t)1( )1(b)1(e)1(h)1(a)17(v)-15(io)1(r)1( )1(b)1(e)1(c)1(a)1(u)1(s)1(e)1( )1(o)1(f)-353(d)1(is)1(t)10(o)1(r)-17(t)1(i)1(o)1(n)1(s)1( )1(f)1(r)14(o)1(m)]TJ -0.001 Tc 0.03 Tw -20.609 -1.4 Td [(massi)9(v)15(e)-1( )1(go)10(v)15(e)2(r)-8(nment )1(subsidies )1(and )1(other )1(thir)11(d )1(par)-18(t)-14(y)-1( )1(pa)16(y)-15(m)-1(ents )1(\(e.g)-13(.,)-230(pr)-12(i)9(v)-2(at)8(e )1(philanthr)13(op)6(y\),)-230(the)-9(y )1(do )1(ha)16(v)15(e)]TJ 0.098 Tw T* [(some influenc)10(e,)-299(and it is g)-12(r)13(o)14(w)-17(ing as mor)11(e)-1( of)-358(hig)-13(her )]TJ 21.593 0 Td [(education is student financ)10(ed.)-279(W)26(hen the pr)-12(ic)10(e of)]TJ 0 Tc 0.061 Tw -21.593 -1.4 Td [(something r)-11(ises,)-261(people seek substitut)9(es,)-261(be the)-8(y c)7(heap)]TJ -0.001 Tc 0.062 Tw 22.056 0 Td [(er for)-8(ms of)-322(t)-7(r)-9(aditional hig)-13(her education or e)-8(v)15(en)]TJ 0 Tc 0.123 Tw -22.056 -1.4 Td [(non-deg)-11(r)12(e)-2(e alt)9(er)-7(nati)10(v)16(es suc)7(h as other for)-7(ms of)-382(c)11(e)3(r)-17(t)-3(ificatio)1(n o)1(f)-382(w)11(o)3(r)-6(k )1(c)13(o)3(mpet)9(ency)62(.)-323(G)8(r)14(oups su)1(c)7(h as the)]TJ -0.008 Tw T* [(Khan )19(A)29(cadem)19(y)62(,)-193(the Sa)17(ylor F)18(oundation,)-193(open sour)12(c)11(e pr)14(ojec)-5(ts at M.I.T)90(.)-193(and other sc)7(hools,)-193(and the alt)9(er)-7(na-)]TJ 0.171 Tw T* [(ti)10(v)16(e c)11(e)3(r)-17(t)-3(ification/ t)9(esting par)-17(t)-6(nership of)-431(St)-6(r)-8(aig)-12(ht)9(erLine w)-16(ith the Educational T)118(esting Ser)-21(v)-15(ic)11(e and the)]TJ 0.048 Tw T* [(C)8(o)1(u)1(n)1(c)1(i)1(l)1( o)1(n)1( )20(A)7(i)1(d)1( t)10(o E)1(d)1(u)1(c)1(a)1(t)1(i)1(o)1(n)1( a)1(l)-5(l)1( a)1(r)12(e)1( d)1(o)1(i)1(n)1(g)1( i)1(n)1(n)1(o)11(v)1(a)1(t)1(i)10(v)16(e t)1(h)1(i)1(n)1(g)-6(s)1( t)1(h)1(a)1(t)1( h)1(a)17(v)16(e c)13(o)3(ns)1(i)1(de)1(r)-8(a)1(b)1(l)1(e)1( pr)14(om)1(i)1(s)1(e)1( in)1( e)7(x)27(e)1(r)-17(t)1(in)1(g)]TJ 0.08 Tw T* [(pr)12(essur)12(es t)10(o r)12(e)-2(duc)11(e or r)12(e)-7(v)16(e)3(rse the c)13(ollege c)13(ost e)7(xplosion.)-280(The r)-11(ise in c)13(osts is clearly unsustainable,)-280(and)]TJ 0.023 Tw T* [(c)7(h)1(a)1(n)1(g)1(e)1(s)1( w)-16(il)-5(l b)1(e)1( f)1(o)1(r)12(c)11(e)1(d)1( o)1(n)1( t)1(h)1(e)1( a)1(c)1(a)1(d)1(e)1(m)19(y)62(.)]TJ 0.098 Tw 1.202 -1.4 Td [(W)35(ith t)-6(r)-8(aditional,)-299(r)12(esidential-based hig)-12(her education,)-299(w)7(e mig)-12(ht see suc)7(h thing)-6(s as an end t)10(o facult)-13(y)]TJ 0.186 Tw -1.202 -1.4 Td [(t)9(e)3(n)7(ur)12(e,)-387(the r)12(e)-2(duction in the administ)-6(r)-8(ati)10(v)16(e mor)-8(ass,)-387(incr)12(eased int)9(elligent use of)-446(moder)-7(n t)9(e)-2(c)7(hnolog)-19(y)62(,)]TJ 0.084 Tw T* [(hig)-12(her t)9(eac)7(hing lo)-5(ads,)-284(using facilities 12 months a y)12(ear)56(,)-284(a r)12(e)-7(v)-15(iew 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cm 0 0 m h f Q BT 0 scn /T1_0 1 Tf 0.023 Tw 10 0 0 10 90 676.9004 Tm [(star)-17(t falling r)-8(ather than r)-11(ising o)11(v)16(er time \(admitt)9(edly)62(,)-223(the)-8(y ha)17(v)16(e r)-11(isen v)16(e)3(r)-27(y little in the past decade\).)]TJ 0.001 Tw 1.202 -1.4 Td [(B)6(u)3(t )1(c)7(hange )1(w)-16(il)-5(l )1(tak)18(e )1(time )1(and )1(w)-16(il)-5(l )1(be )1(bitt)9(erly )1(r)12(esist)9(ed )1(b)11(y )1(campus )1(int)9(er)12(est )1(g)-11(r)14(oups,)-201(esp)-5(ecial)-5(ly )1(the )1(facult)-13(y)]TJ 0.007 Tw -1.202 -1.4 Td [(of)-267(t)-6(r)-8(aditional sc)7(hools and per)-6(haps others,)-207(including)1( infl)]TJ 22.235 0 Td [(uential alumni.)-207(Go)11(v)16(e)3(r)-7(nment,)-207(f)1(or good or ill,)-207(and)]TJ 0.065 Tw -22.235 -1.4 Td [(I)1( t)1(h)1(i)1(n)1(k)1( m)1(a)1(i)1(n)1(l)1(y)1( f)1(o)1(r)1( i)1(l)-5(l)1( t)1(h)1(e)1(s)1(e)1( d)1(a)17(y)1(s)1(,)-265(f)1(u)1(n)1(d)1(s)1( a)1( l)1(o)1(t)1( o)1(f)-324(h)1(i)1(g)-12(h)1(e)1(r)1( e)1(d)1(u)1(c)1(a)1(t)1(i)1(o)1(n)1(.)-265(R)23(e)2(f)1(o)1(r)-7(m )1(o)1(f)-324(t)1(h)1(e)1( s)1(t)1(u)1(d)1(e)1(n)1(t)1( f)1(i)1(na)1(n)1(c)1(i)1(a)1(l)1( a)1(s)1(s)1(i)1(s)1(-)]TJ -0.016 Tw 0 -1.4 TD [(tanc)11(e )1(pr)14(og)-11(r)-8(am,)-184(for )1(e)7(xample,)-184(is )1(so)1(mething )1(r)12(e)-2(quir)-11(ing )1(feder)-8(al )1(ac)-5(tion.)-184(Stat)9(e )1(go)11(v)16(e)3(r)-7(nments )1(can )1(c)7(hange )1(u)1(ni)10(v)16(e)3(r-)]TJ -0.005 Tw T* [(sit)-13(y funding for)-7(m)6(ulas t)10(o incr)12(eas)1(e inc)11(enti)10(v)16(es t)10(o lo)15(w)7(e)3(r dr)14(opout r)-8(a)1(t)9(es,)-195(get kids thr)14(oug)-12(h sc)7(hool in four y)12(ears,)]TJ -0.001 Tw T* [(and )1(t)10(o )1(bett)9(er )1(utiliz)7(e )1(facilities )1(that )1(lie )1(empt)-13(y )1(a )1(scandalous )1(amount )1(of)-258(time.)-199(The)-8(y )1(c)13(ould,)-199(for )1(e)7(xample,)-199(mo)11(v)16(e)]TJ 0.04 Tw T* [(t)10(o g)-11(i)10(v)-15(i)1(n)1(g)1( s)1(c)7(h)1(o)1(l)1(a)1(r)1(s)1(h)1(i)1(p)1(s)1( \()1(v)17(o)1(u)1(c)7(h)1(e)1(r)1(s)1(\))1( t)10(o n)1(o)1(n)1(-)1(af)1(f)1(l)1(u)1(e)1(n)1(t)1( s)1(t)]TJ 20.655 0 Td [(udents,)-241(while r)12(e)-2(ducing or eliminating dir)12(ect institu-)]TJ -0.024 Tw -20.655 -1.4 Td [(tional subsides.)-177(T)-2(he)-8(y c)13(ould g)-11(i)10(v)16(e sc)7(holarships good only in months of)-236(the y)12(ear when sc)7(hools ar)12(e t)-6(r)-8(adition-)]TJ -0.005 Tw T* [(ally idle or oper)-8(ating wa)17(y be)]TJ 11.2 0 Td [(lo)15(w capacit)-13(y)62(.)-195(Thr)14(oug)-12(h the po)15(w)7(e)3(r of)-255(the purse,)-195(go)11(v)16(e)3(r)-7(nments c)13(ould,)-195(in theor)-27(y)62(,)]TJ 0.024 Tw -11.2 -1.4 Td [(put an end t)10(o suc)7(h dubious pr)-8(actic)11(es as g)-11(r)-8(ade inflation,)-225(or lo)15(w t)9(eac)7(hing loads t)10(o pr)14(omot)9(e v)16(e)3(r)-27(y marg)-11(inal)]TJ 0.057 Tw T* [(r)12(esear)12(c)7(h.)-258(On the latt)9(er point,)-258(the n)7(umber of)-317(sc)7(holarly)]TJ 21.676 0 Td [( papers w)-16(r)-11(itt)9(en on )19(W)35(illiam 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