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Prelab
Calculate the mass of compound required to prepare 100.00 mL of a 1.40x10-2M CuCl2. Show your work.
If 2.50g of NaOH are dissolved in 100.00 mL of water, what is the molarity of the solution? Show your work.
If 10.00mL of the solution in question 2 are diluted to 100.00 mL, what will be the molarity of the dilute solution? Show your work.
If 10.00 mL of the solution in question 2 are combined with to 25.00 mL of the solution from question 3 in a 100 mL volumetric flask and diluted to 100.00 mL, what will be the molarity of the final solution? Show your work.
MOLARITY / CONCENTRATION
Objective: There are three objectives to this lab:
To learn how to prepare a solution which is a specific molarity (M).
To carry out a dilution and calculate its molarity.
To combine specific volumes of the two above solutions and calculate the mixtures molarity.
Introduction: Many chemical reactions done in the laboratory involve some type of aqueous solution. The concentration of the solute in these solutions is important. Since the stoichiometry of a reaction involves moles and mole ratios, it would helpful if the concentration unit also involved moles. A convenient way to express the concentration of a solution is molarity (M). Molarity is defined as moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution produced.
EMBED Equation.3
The convenience of molarity is that the volume of a given solution is easily measured. For a solution with a known molarity, the moles of the solute in the solution are easily calculated. For example, 250 mL of a 1.00M KCl solution has 0.250 moles of the solute.
EMBED Equation.3
Once the number of moles present are calculated, the mass of KCl required to prepare the solution can be calculated.
EMBED Equation.3
If a known amount of solid is dissolved and diluted to a final volume, the molarity of the solution can be calculated. If you dissolve 0.7500 g of NaCl in water and dilute it to a final volume of 100.00 mL, you would calculate the molarity as follows:
EMBED Equation.3
EMBED Equation.3
Because molarity is defined in terms of the volume of solution, special volumetric glassware, volumetric flasks, must be used for very accurate work. This glassware is carefully calibrated to contain a specific volume: 1000.00 mL, 500.00 mL, 10.00 mL, etc. The volume that a liquid occupies changes with temperature. As a solutions temperature is increased the liquid expands and as a result occupies a greater volume. As the solutions temperature is decreased the liquid contracts and as a result occupies a lesser volume. Therefore, volumetric glassware is calibrated at a particular temperature (often 20oC), which is approximately room temperature. Volumetric glassware should not, therefore be used to measure hot or cold liquids.
There are additional advantages to using molarity for concentration. Since the solution is diluted to the final volume, the mass and volume of the solvent used does not have to be known. This means that the concentration is independent of the solvent used. A 1.00M solution in water has the same concentration as a 1.00M solution in ethanol. It would also be difficult to mass 1x10-6 mole of a pure compound even on an analytical balance. You can relatively easily prepare a
1x10-3 M solution and transfer 1 mL of the solution, which would produce 1x10-6 mole,
(1x10-3 M)(1x10-3 L) = 1x10-6 mole. Very small numbers of moles and grams of compound can be used in a reaction by using dilute solutions.
Once a solution is prepared, it is often economical and convenient to prepare a new solution by diluting a known volume of a solution of a known concentration to a new final volume with the solvent. The moles in the two solutions will be equal.
Moles in the concentrated solution = Moles in the dilute solution
Moles = (M)(L)
(Molarityconc. soln.)(Vconc. soln.) = (Molaritydilute soln.)(Vdilute soln.)
If 10.00mL of 6.00M HCl are diluted to 250.0mL, the final concentration will be 0.240M.
(6.00M)(1.000x10-2L) = (xM)(0.2500L)
xM = 0.240M
New solutions can also be prepared by mixing several solutions. If the solutions are thoroughly mixed, the total numbers of moles are dispersed throughout the total volume. The final molarity is given by the expression
EMBED Equation.3
If 50.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl are added to 100.00 mL of 0.400 M HCl and the mixture is diluted to a final volume of 500.00 mL, the final molarity will be
Solution 1 (0.100 M HCl)(0.05000 L) = 5.00x10-3 mol HCl
Solution 2 (0.400 M HCl)(0.1000 L) = 4.00x10-2 mol HCl
Total moles = 4.50x10-2 mol HCl
EMBED Equation.3
Procedure: You will prepare three solutions during the course of this laboratory: 1) a stock solution, 2) a dilution of the stock solution, and 3) a mixture of the stock and dilution. Copper(II) chloride dihydrate, CuCl2. 2 H2O will be used in the experiment. You will use the molar mass of the hydrate to calculate the moles of the starting compound. When the hydrate dissolves, the water in the hydrate mixes with the solvent water. The moles of CuCl2 in the solution equal the moles of the hydrate. The solutions to be prepared are as follows:
Stock (solution 1)
Mass between 1.70 g and 2.00 g of CuCl2 in a small plastic weighing boat on an analytical balance. Add it carefully to the weighing boat. Clean up any spilled compound immediately.
Transfer the compound into a 100.00 mL volumetric flask. The weighing boat is flexible. Carefully bend the boat in the middle so it acts as a funnel to help direct the compound into the flask. Use some de-ionized water to rinse any solid remaining in the weighing boat into the flask. After the compound has been transferred label this solution stock. Add about 50 mL of water to the flask. Swirl to dissolve any solid, using the method demonstrated by your instructor. Bring the final volume up to the 100.00 mL mark with de-ionized water. Swirl the flask frequently as you add the water. Make sure the bottom of the meniscus is exactly on the line. Stopper the flask and mix the solution. It is important to mix the solution thoroughly so that it is homogeneous. The final solution is mixed by inverting the volumetric flask several times with the stopper held in place by holding it firmly between the index and middle finger. Set it aside for later.
Dilution (solution 2) Prepare 100.00 mL of a dilute solution of CuCl2 from the stock solution as follows:
Transfer 10.00 mL of the stock solution into a 100.00 mL volumetric flask using a 10.00 mL volumetric pipet.
Fill the volumetric flask to the 100.00 mark with deionized water.
Stopper the flask and mix the solution again. Remember to keep your fingers on the stopper. Label the flask dilution and set it aside for later.
Mixture (solution 3) Prepare 100.00 mL of a mixture of the stock solution and the dilution as follows.
Transfer 10.00 mL of the stock solution into a 100.00 mL volumetric flask using a 10.00 mL volumetric pipet.
Transfer 25.00 mL of the dilute solution into the same 100.00 mL volumetric flask using a 25.00 mL volumetric pipet.
Fill the volumetric flask to the 100.00 mark with deionized water.
Stopper the flask and mix the solution. Remember to keep your fingers on the stopper. Label the flask mixture.
In your lab notebook, record any visual observations that relate to concentration differences between the solutions. When you have completed the observations, take your pipets, volumetric flasks, and stoppers to the sink and rinse them with hot water.
Calculations:
Calculate the molarity of each solution based on the mass of the compound or the volume of the solution used.
MOLARITY / CONCENTRATION
NAME____________________________________________________PERIOD__________
LAB PARTNER____________________________________________COURSE_________
Data Table
Stock Solution:
Compound usedMass of compoundMolar mass of compoundMoles of compoundFinal volume of stock solution in litersMolarity of the stock solution
Dilution:
Volume of stock solution pipetted in mLVolume of stock solution pipetted in LMoles of compound pipettedFinal volume of dilute solution in litersMolarity of the dilute solution
Mixture
Volume of stock solution pipetted in mLVolume of stock solution pipetted in LMoles of compound pipettedVolume of dilute solution pipetted in mLVolume of dilute solution pipetted in LMoles of compound pipettedTotal moles of compound pipettedFinal volume of mixed solution in litersMolarity of the mixed solutionCalculations: Show your calculation of the molarity of each solution.
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