ࡱ> @ /GbjbjFF .,,:F  @Y@Y@Y@Y$dY [ [ [ [ ['\'\'\$&&&&&&$RݱJJm#\'\mmJ  [ [_sssm$ * [ [$sm$ss:F:v [[ tA*@Yq@28Du0j 'r'pv    v'L3]Fybs=fAim'\\$]JJ#:s:Annex 1: Timeline of key events associated with the DE Learning Alliance DateEvent and VenueCommentsBC 4000Observations of birds and mammals taking dust baths to rid themselves of mites and parasites is believed to have led to Chinese farmers using Diatomaceous Earths (DEs) in pest controlTacit knowledgeAztecs of Ancient Mexico using the inert dust lime to protect their grain.Tacit knowledgeAncient traditional practiceTraditional use by farmers in developing countries of mixing sand, kaolin, paddy husk ash, wood ash etc with grain as a protectantThe quantities in which many of these products have to be added in order to be effective, and their variability in terms of efficacy deters many farmers from using them despite their local availability.1940-50sSome researchers looking at effects of inert materials on insectsChiu, 1939; Flanders, 1941; Cotton & Frankenfeld, 1949; Bartlett, 1951; Jefferson & Eads, 1951 etc1962Silent Spring by Rachel Carson is publishedHighlighting dangers of use of some synthetic pesticides, she challenged the practices of agricultural scientists and the government, reminding all that humans are also a vulnerable part of the natural ecosystem and subject to the same damage. This book was a catalyst for much of the interest and research into the use of safer alternative products to synthetic chemicals for use in agriculture.1960s >Researchers start to look at the efficacy of DEs as grain protectants (e.g. Carlson & Ball, 1962, Strong & Sbur, 1963; La Hue 1965, White et al., 1966, Quinlan & Berndt, 1966, Redlinger, & Womack, 1966; Davies, 1970; Ebeling 1971, Maceljski & Korunic 1971, Allen, 1972)Although DEs are shown to have efficacy against stored product insect pests, they need to be applied at higher rates than are acceptable to industrialised countries.1980Development of report on 'The use of plants and minerals as traditional protectants of stored products' by Dr Pete Golob and David Webley.Report several experiments conducted with DEs from the 1950s and 60s, and mentioned a review of experiments with silica aerogels by Watters (1963).1980s>Development of techniques for refining DEs and coating them with silica aerogels means they can be used at much lower concentrations which are acceptable to industrialised countriesReports by Le Patourel & Singh, 1984, Desmarchelier & Dines, 1987; Stoll, 1988; Quarles, 1992; McLaughlin, 1994, Barbosa et al, 1994; Korunic & Fields, 1995; Fields & Muir, 1996, Korunic, 1998; Subramanyam et al 1998, etc1994/5Small on-station trial of the DE Dryacide in Malawi, results suggested it was effective in protecting grain.19976/7 - 2000Proposal developed for a 3 year project (R7034) Grain Storage Pest Management using Inert Dusts, with on-farm field trials in Zimbawe Proposal developed by Dr Golob, and funded by the UKs DFID Crop Post Harvest Programme (CPHP), led initially by Pete Golob, and then by Tanya Stathers and Brighton Mvumi. Trials over two seasons showed that DEs (Protect-It and Dryacide) could effectively protect grain from insect damage for storage periods of at least 8 months.2000 Dec.Submission of concept note on Small-scale farmer utilisation of diatomaceous earths during storage (later to become project R8179) to CPHP2001 Jul.CPHP asked project leader to develop a small linked piece of work <10,000 as they didnt currently have sufficient funds to fund proposal in CN, but were interestedThis linked piece of work included: Laboratory trials to determine whether DEs were effective against LGB and at what concentrations Project memorandum development including a stakeholder workshop in Shinyanga, Tanzania Extension to PhD students grant Construction of storage structures in Tanzania and grain purchasing2001 Aug. 1st draft of PM circulated for comments2001 Aug.Stakeholders Consultation Workshop, Shinyanga, TanzaniaA range of stakeholders were identified and participated in initial development of ideas for the project memorandum and mandate to do the work given2001 Nov.Project Memorandum submitted to CPHPDraft project memorandum circulated electronically to all team member and commented on by some team members2002 Jun 11Project Contract Issued by CPHP backdated to April 1, 2002 and project officially launched, but for one year only to be reviewed in Jan/Feb 2003.Delay in response could have affected timeliness of implementing planned post-harvest activities such as grain sourcing for the next storage season, but team had anticipated this problem and included funds in the linked piece of works proposal they had.2002 Jul.Researcher-Managed-Trials commenced in Tanzania at the beginning of the 2002/03 storage seasonMeetings with different stakeholders at different levels, including the communities, were held prior to setting up the trials. Five trial sites in 3 regions of Tanzania were identified based on agro-ecological diversity and record of incidence of the Larger Grain Borer. Village notice boards in local languages developed as information source for all trial sites.2002 Nov.Meeting at Tengeru, TanzaniaExplicit recognition of process management issues and their effect on implementation and project outcomes raised for the first time. New ideas introduced to help manage process (e.g. agenda setting and prioritisation undertaken by all project team rather than top-down approach).2002 Nov.Grain Storage Stakeholders Workshop, IPM Project Compound, Shinyanga, TanzaniaStakeholders were updated on project developments. They were also eager to know what had transpired since the last stakeholders meeting in 2001.2003 Mar.Project website launchedWidened access to project information2003 Apr.Tropical Products Research Institute (TPRI) joined the research teamA bonus for project as TPRI is the pesticide registration authority in Tanzania and would most likely help expedite the process of DE registration in Tanzania.2003 MayPartnership poster paper for GFAR 2003, Dakar, SenegalThe concept of multi-layer partnership in the project made explicit for the first time.2003 Aug.Mid-term Project review, Shinyanga, Tanzania. Review unreservedly recommended continuation of project, but spoke about a new phase, in which the former emphasis on good science would now require complimenting with equal emphasis on social and institutional aspects relating to the mainline role of farmers in the project and to greater engagement of the private sector. Livelihood concepts and approaches were first introduced to the team, as an alternative to technology, crop or pest based approaches; and a tool developed for assessing the relevance and utility of different farmer identity types. Farmer diversity is recognised as an issue and a change of thrust to mainline farmers was initiated.2003 Oct. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation Workshop, Babati, TanzaniaPM&E of project processes was formally explored for the first time. Constraints to and gaps in the communication processes between different players and between different levels were identified, solutions proposed, and indicators identified. Preceding this workshop an extended team (plus staff from Post Harvest Management Services of MAFS, less Project Leader, who was on maternity leave) reflected on the different roles & levels of participation of farmers in the project to date, and what farmer participatory approaches (FPA) might involve. Together the team significantly revised output 3, and developed a participatory enquiry tool for exploring the factors behind farmer decision-making, together with a framework for analysis. 2003 Aug. Oct.Researcher-Managed-Trials (RMTs) initiated at IAE, Zimbabwe, focussing on local DEs (2003/04 storage season). Farmer-Managed-Trials set up in Zimbabwe and TanzaniaThe Zimbabwean RMTs were expanded to two other Districts in the 2004/05 storage season after holding meetings at different levels, with relevant stakeholders. The site selection took into consideration agro-ecological, crop and insect pest diversities.2003 Aug. May 2004Design, development & testing of farmer enquiry tool at 2 study sites in Tanzania, and data entry, by local staff, with support from projects social /institutional specialist. The tool has been used in 3 planned enquiry visits in the 2 sites to guide dialogue with farmers, reflecting on their post harvest plans and activities with the aim of exploring the factors behind their decision making.2004 Jun.Participatory Planning Meeting, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaThe workshop, designed and facilitated by in-house players, was the first participatory planning exercise undertaken by the team as a whole. Recording and report writing was taken over by local team members a first. A presentation of the Farmer Participatory Approaches work proved to be contentious, albeit it was agreed that the work must remain a priority. A proposal to develop a common approach to the FMTs in Tanzania and Zimbabwe was moved. The issue of providing incentives to project team members was raised.2004 Sep.Field Staff Workshop, Buhera District, Zimbabwe The social/institutional specialist visited Zimbabwe for the 1st time to share and develop thinking on farmer diversity and farmer PH decision-making, and on standardising the FMT work. 2004 Sep.Submission of CN to CPHP for project Post-harvest Innovations: Enhancing performance at the supply and utilisation interface.Draft CN circulated electronically to all team member and commented on. 2004 OctGathering the Harvest workshop: to extract institutional lessons from the Southern African portfolio of CPH research projects, Holiday Inn Hotel, Lusaka, ZambiaThe CPHP Southern Africa region organised this workshop to bring together members of the different coalition teams of the 5 projects in the region to share and discuss coalition project lessons. 2004 DecSubmission of PM to CPHPPM was developed in the same fashion as the CN though with differential inputs by team members. The submission date was unexpectedly brought forward by two weeks. 2005 Jan 31Project R8179 officially endedProject end date initially proposed as 31 Mar 05, brought forward by CPHP. Final Project Report was written iteratively through electronic sharing of drafts as for all earlier reports. 2005 Jan- MarSamples of Raw African DEs sent for Safety analysis Specialist laboratory with capacity for calculating % crystalline silica content of DEs finally identified with help from Z. Korunic. 2005 Mar.Project (R8460) Inception Workshop; SUA, Morogoro, TanzaniaThe prime objective of the workshop was to introduce and secure and/or consolidate ownership of the project by a selection of players in the PH innovation system2005 Mar.Meeting between project team and Private Sector to share information on the efficacy and persistence of DEs as grain protectants, and on the constraints which are presently delaying registration of DE products; Plant Health Services, MAFS, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Registration of DEs has been a major impediment to the availability and distribution of DEs to farmers. The meeting was historic in that findings from public sector research were being passed onto to private sector. Agro-chemical industry representatives welcomed DEs as alternatives to the synthetic pesticides recognising that the search for alternatives is a global trend which cannot be avoided or ignored.2005 AprLearning Alliance (LA) paper developed for LA Symposium to be held in Delft, Netherlands; 6-10 June 2005Adaptation of DE projects Institutional History for focal inclusion in the LA paper through iterative sharing of electronic drafts.  Annex 2: The original project partners, their roles and changes Initial coalition members ChangesCurrent coalition memberUKTanya Stathers, NRI, UK Post harvest/ pest management researcher and project leaderSameMike Morris Institutional and social development specialistSame: increased involvement in later stagesTanzaniaVictoria Kisamfu & Deusdedith Mathias Plant Health Services Division, MAFS, Tanzania. Technical staff with great in-country knowledgeVictoria Kisamfu stepped in as in country coordinator when Mr Riwa moved to be the acting private secretary to the Minister, however she then departed for a 3 year degree in Ireland 2002. Mr Mathias was involved in developing the project memorandum and then got promoted to national coordinator for the Post-Harvest Management Services in August 2002, but has stayed in touch though not heavily involved in the project. He has now started a 3yr degree at SUA. Rachel Mosha joined took over Mathias project responsibilities in Nov 2002, from her base at the Port Customs & Quarantine Inspection office. Mr Riwa who had been involved in the concept note but then temporarily changed roles, returned to PHS and took over from Mr Matthias at the start of the project. Mr Kitandu has been involved in the project since August 2001 during the development of the proposal and manages the Shinyanga-based activities. Mr Mngara has been involved in the project since August 2002 and manages the Babati-based activities.William Riwa (in-country project coordinator) Rachel Mosha, Lazaro Kitandu, Kihedu Mngara Plant Health Services MAFS, Tanzania The late Adella Moshy, Head of Post-Harvest Management Services, Tz, was intermittently involved with coalition until ill-health interceded.Inclusion of Dr Kaoneka for both tactical (adds to scientific base) and strategic (key player in registration processes) Dr Kaoneka Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, MAFS. Scientific inputs and advisor re registration in TanzaniaZimbabweBrighton Mvumi Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe. Scientist and in-country coordinatorSameJonas Chigariro Post Harvest Technology, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Zimbabwe. Departed for Namibia; there was no replacement for a long time and then Mr. Rodwell Kashoti was assigned to work on the project and was involved in setting up the 2003/04 trials at IAE; In 2004, re-structuring brought in Mr. Tirivangani Koza as acting head of Postharvest Management of Produce at IAE but was later moved to head another branch after participating in setting up RMTs at IAE and FMTs in Buhera.Sipho Sibanda now acting head of Postharvest Management of Produce at IAE since mid2004 though not yet directly involved in the projectMaurice Mudiwa Department of Agritex, Zimbabwe. Left to work for FAO emergency food distribution programme in ZimbabweDavid Zinyengere Managing Director, EcoMark Limited ZimbabweNow works for EcoMark Ltd on a consultancy basisLewis Muhwati (Export Business Manager) took over responsibilities of grain protectants issuesOtherZlatko Korunic Diatom Research and Consulting CanadaDr Korunic was involved in the initial laboratory screening of the African DEs as this is his area of expertise.  There were 17 workshop participants from 11 different institutions (CARE Magu District Livelihood Security Project, World Vision Tanzania, Oxfam, Plant Health Services of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, GTZ-IPM project Shinyanga, Kahama and Shinyanga Agricultural Extension Services, Catholic Diocese of Shinyanga Agricultural and Rural Development Programme, Shinyanga Regional Agricultural Advisers Office, farmer input marketing group collaborating with CARE, NRI)  The social science component was new to most participants and proved difficult to comprehend and implement especially considering that most had no formal training in this field.  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