ࡱ> Z\WXYy8bjbj4<{{zRFFD4DJj-----IIIIIII$K`NIEI--I}.}.}.--I}.I}.}.6E;H-F*"wFIJ0DJFN"6 N8;HN;HD}.jII,DJNF! g:1 Inserisci in ogni spazio uno dei prefissi elencati. Ogni prefisso pu essere usato pi volte. dis- un- im- re- a) I can't answer this question. It's impossible. b) Kate started crying because she was so __happy. c) Paul never waits in queues. He is too __patient. d) Stealing other people's pens is __honest! e) A million pounds was given to the hospital by a/an __known person. f) When you __write this, make it a bit shorter. g) Mary was wearing a/an __usual hat, shaped like a giant flower. h) I don't think you are right. I __agree completely. Ex 1: a) impossible b) unhappy c) impatient d) dishonest e) unknown f) rewrite g) unusual h) disagree 2 In ogni frase, ricava una parola negativa o contraria aggiungendo al prefisso un vocabolo appropriato scelto dall' elenco. advantage agree appear appointed correct employed fortunately interesting patient understanding a) I didn't read all of the book because I found it uninteresting. b) Cycling to school has one dis_________ . It makes you feel hot and sweaty. c) Paula had a ticket for the theatre, but un_________ she fell ill that night. d) Terry can't stand waiting in queues, because she is very im_________. e) My little brothers always dis_________ when it's time to do the washing up. f) My teacher underlined the word in red because it was in_________. g) After Jack lost his job, he was un_________ for three months. h) I'm sorry, but I completely dis_________ with you. I think it was a great film. i) Because of a mis_________, half the class went to the wrong classroom for their maths lesson. j) Ann felt really dis_________ when she didn't get the job. Ex. 2: a) uninteresting b) disadvantage c) unfortunately d) impatient e) disappear f) incorrect g) unemployed h) disagree i) misunderstanding j) disappointed 3 Utilizza i prefissi elencati per completare in modo appropriato le parole precedute da uno spazio. out- over- under- inter- re- a) My alarm clock didn't go off, and so I overslept this morning. b) Peter packed some shirts and socks, some ______wear, and his jeans. c) You have to go to the ______national airport to catch a plane to the USA. d) It's very cold this morning, so wear your ______coat. e) Helen decided to ______line all the important words in her French book. f) Our team was completely ______played by the team from Wales. g) I've decided to ______write my letter, because I made too many mistakes. h) Bill ______cooked the meat, and it was burnt in places. i) I have to go to the library today and ______new my ticket. j) The staff went on strike because they were ______paid and overworked. EX 3: a) overslept b) underwear c) international d) overcoat e) underline f) outplayed g) rewrite h) overcooked i) renew j) underpaid 4 Utilizza i suffissi elencati per completare in modo appropriato le parole seguite da uno spazio. In due casi, necessario elidere la e muta prima di aggiungere il suffisso. -er -let -ess -hood -ship -ful -ery a) After two years of friendship, Kate got to know David really well. b) If you don't speak the language you feel more like a foreign______. c) Sarah spent a very happy child______ on a small island. d) I asked a steward______ what time the plane arrived, but she didn't know. e) Every teenage______ knows that parents worry a lot. f) Don't forget to add a spoon______ of sugar, and some milk. g) We live in a beautiful neighbour______ on the outskirts of the city. h) Tina picked up a hand______ of snow, and threw it in my face. i) Under the floor there was a rumbling sound of machine______. j) The college sent Sue a small book______ describing its courses. EX 4: a) friendship b) foreigner c) childhood d) stewardess e) teenager f) spoonful g) neighbourhood h) handful i) machinery j) booklet 5 Completa ogni frase con un nome derivato dalla parola data aggiungendo un suffisso appropriato. a) There are over one million inhabitants in this city. INHABIT b) Greg often suffers from ________ in the school holidays. BORE c) This is the tallest ________ in the whole of the country. BUILD d) Some students can't find suitable ________. ACCOMMODATE e) I was upset by Carol's ________ to help me. REFUSE f) It took Tim years to become a successful ________ . ACT g) Every ________ in this company has received a pay rise. EMPLOY h) You need a lot of ________ to write a good story. IMAGINE i) Don't forget to turn off the ________ before you leave. COOK j) I read an interesting ________ in the local paper. ADVERTISE EX 5: a) inhabitants b) boredom c) building d) accommodation e) refusal f) actor g) employee h) imagination i) cooker j) advertisement WORD FORMATION - PRACTICE 4 1 Inserisci in ogni spazio uno dei suffissi elencati. Ogni suffisso pu essere usato solo una volta. -ing -ed -ance -ful -able -ly -ous -ity -er -ure a) Don't stand near the water! It's dangerous. You might fall in! b) Thank you for your advice. You have been very help______ . c) Our new science teach______ is very young. d) Harry didn't think the book was very interest______. e) Will all passengers please go to the depart______ lounge. f) When Chris got married, she changed her national____. g) I don't like this fish. It's not very well cook______. h) I like this town. The people are very friend______. i) If you have a haircut, it will change your appear______. j) That was a great film! It was really enjoy______. EX 1: a) dangerous b) helpful c) teacher d) interesting e) departure f) nationality g) cooked h) friendly i) appearance j) enjoyable 2 Scegli la soluzione corretta. a) By 11.00 I felt so tired/tiring that I went to bed. b) I heard the film was good, but it was very disappointed / disappointing. c) Being alone in an old house at night can be frightened/frightening. d) Julie was so embarrassed / embarrassing that her whole face turned red. e) Jim gets bored/boring if he has to study too much. f) It's very confused/confusing to be taught in so many classrooms. g) Andy said that the twenty mile walk was exhausted / exhausting. h) Are you interested/interesting in going to the beach tomorrow? i) I was really surprised/surprising when my boss gave me the day off. j) Why don't you go away and stop being so annoyed/annoying! EX 2: a) tired b) disappointing c) frightening d) embarrassed e) bored f) confusing g) exhausting h) interested i) surprised j) annoying 3 In ogni frase, aggiungi alla parola sottolineata un prefisso o un suffisso appropriato. Scegli dall' elenco. -age dis- -ful im- un- - y a) I suppose Paul might help us, but it seems likely. ( unlikely ___________________ b) Fred can't fill his pool because there's a water short. ( ___________________ c) I found most of the maths questions completely possible. ( ___________________ d) Jan has taken up photograph as a hobby. ( ___________________ e) Thanks for those notes. They were really use. ( ___________________ f) I like winter sports so I never go skiing. ( ___________________ g) When it's time for bed I start feeling sleep. ( ___________________ h) This is a really usual stamp. I've not seen one like it before. ( ___________________ i) I really like Dan. He's always so happy and cheer. ( ___________________ j) I'm writing to thank you for the kind you showed me. ( ___________________ EX 3: a) unlikely b) shortage c) impossible d) photography e) useful f) dislike g) sleepy h) unusual i) cheerful j) kindness 4 Completa ogni frase con un vocabolo appropriato derivandolo dalla parola data con l' aggiunta di un prefisso o/e un suffisso. In alcuni casi vi sono altri cambiamenti ortografici. a) It's .unusually cold today, considering it's still summer. usual b) Actually I found Tony's book was __________ interesting. surprise c) __________ , my father used to go to school with your father. interest d) The police __________ managed to find the missing children. success e) Jean's compositions are always __________ written. beautiful f) I am __________ ashamed of your behaviour! thorough g) This question is __________ difficult, isnt it! awful h) Mike tried __________ to phone Cathy several times. success i) These instructions seemc __________ complicated. necessary j) Someone had __________ left the front door open. obvious EX 4: a) unusually b) surprisingly c) Interestingly d) successfully e) beautifully f) thoroughly g) awfully h) unsuccessfully i) unnecessarily j) obviously 5 Partendo dai vocaboli dati e utilizzando i prefissi / suffissi indicati negli spazi, crea delle parole adatte per completare le frasi. Ti serviranno altri suffissi (vedi l' esempio: -able). a) I can't sit on this chair. It's really unconfortable. comfort b) Ann has left home and is in_________ of her parents. depend c) These old envelopes are re_________ so we can save money. use d) Not being chosen for the team was a great dis_________. appoint e) Maria and Louis have a really good _________ ship. relate f) Being un_________ means that you share with others. self g) Not taking exercise is rather un_________. health h) David has a really un_________ temper, and gets angry easily. control i) These trousers won't get smaller. They're un_________. shrink j) They didn't give Gary the job as he was in_________. expenence EX 5: a) uncomfortable b) independent c) reusable d) disappointment e) relationship f) unselfish g) unhealthy h) uncontrollable i) unshrinkable j) inexperienced 6 Completa ogni frase con una parola derivata dal vocabolo dato (formula un'ipotesi e verificala suI dizionario). a) Harry asked for a receipt and the cashier gave him one. receive b) Nina wants to be a _________ and join the government. politics c) No one knows the exact _________ of the water here. deep d) You have to have a lot of _________ to go fishing. patient e) _________ is a serious matter, and you have to think about it. marry f) Tom sent in his _________ for the job the next day. apply g) Helen's mind is filled with all kinds of unusual _________. know h) There was no _________ for the crash of the airliner. explain i) Experts predicted the _________ of the city in an earthquake. destroy j) Arnold's great _________ enabled him lift heavy weights. strong EX 6: a) receipt b) politician c) depth d) patience e) Marriage f) application g) knowledge h) explanation i) destruction j) strength 7 Completa ogni frase con una parola affine al vocabolo dato o da esso derivata (formula un'ipotesi e verificala sul dizionario). a) The theft of the diamonds baffled the police. thief b) Most people have no real _________ in ghosts. believe c) Tina had no _________ that anything was wrong. suspect d) We measured the _________ of the room with a ruler. long e) Our teacher was really _________ when she found out. anger f) George won a medal for _________. brave g) Looking in the mirror too much is an example of _________. vain h) Do you think you have the _________ to pass the test? able i) Eddie put the _________ food in the freezer. freeze j) Sheila has got the right _________ for the job. qualify EX 7: a) theft b) belief c) suspicion d) length e) angry f) bravery g) vanity h) ability i) frozen j) qualifications WORD FORMATION - PRACTICE 1 For questions 1-10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers on the separate answer sheet. BOOKS Nearly all the (0) DISCOVERIES that have been made through the ages DISCOVER can be found in books. The (1) ____ of the book is one of humankind's INVENT greatest (2) ____, the importance of which cannot be overestimated. ACHIEVE Books are very adaptable, providing us with both (3) ____ and information. ENTERTAIN The (4) ____ of books began in Ancient Egypt, though not in a form that PRODUCE is (5) ____ to us today. The books read by the Romans, however, have RECOGNISE some (6) ____ to the ones we read now. Until the middle of the 15th SIMILAR century, in Europe, all books were (7) ____ by hand. They were often WRITE beautifully illustrated and always rare and (8) ____. With printing came EXPENSE the (9) ____ of cheap, large-scale publication and distribution of books, POSSIBLE making (10) ____ more widespread and accessible. KNOW A POPULAR WRITER Emma Harte, in Barbara Taylor Bradford's novel, was a poor (0) LONELY girl LONE who became the (1) ____ owner of an international chain of stores. Like WEALTH the woman she writes about, Ms Bradford is beautiful and (2) ____. She AMBITION left school at sixteen and became a (3) ____. After twenty-three JOURNAL years of this work, she made the (4) ____ to start writing novels. DECIDE She is now one of the most (5) ____ -paid novelists in the world. Was Emma HIGH Harte's story based on Ms Bradford's own (6) ____ successful life? 'I'm INCREDIBLE afraid not,' she said with (7) ____. 'My life has been quite different from AMUSE Emma Harte's. She was (8) ____ to be born into a poor family. I came LUCK from a middle-class home and I'm (9) ____ married to a rich American HAPPY film producer. The only thing I share with my heroine is her (10) ____ to ABLE work hard.' LEAVING A JOB I recently left my job in an ____________ (1)agency ADVERTISEMENT after a disagreement with my boss. She accepted my (2) ____________ but warned me that because of the RESIGN (3) ____________ situation, I might have to get used to the ECONOMY idea of being (4) ____________ for a while. I thought that she EMPLOY was trying to make a point, but after I had made over fifty (5) ____________ to other companies, I realised that she APPLY was right. Although I am a (6) ____________ designer, I QUALIFICATIONS didn't receive any offers of a job. After that I tried working from home, but it was not very (7) ____________ Then PROFIT I became an (8) ____________ in a fast-food restaurant, EMPLOY even though my (9) ____________ were extremely low. EARN I wish I had accepted early (10) ____________ from my old job. RETIRE That is what I disagreed with my boss about! HOW A HOBBY CAN MAKE YOU ANGRY! Recently I decided to take up (1) ____________ as a hobby. I have PHOTOGRAPH always taken snapshots, but I have never been very (2) ____________ SKILL My snaps were either a complete (3) ____________ for FAIL technical reasons, or were just not very (4) ____________. First IMAGINE I decided that to be (5) ____________, I should have bought new SUCCESS equipment. Just then I had an (6) ____________ piece of good EXPECT luck. A friend who works in a camera shop said she could sell me a (7) ____________ camera. A customer had VALUE left it at the shop to be repaired, but there had been a (8) ____________, and it was actually for sale. UNDERSTAND I thought this was a rather (9) ____________ explanation BELIEF and so I asked her some more questions. It turned out that she had had a (10) ____________ with the customer and he AGREE had thrown the camera at her in anger because she had disliked his photos! FATHER AND SON My next-door neighbour has a very unusual (1) ____________ APPEAR He has long hair with a (2) ____________ in the middle, and PART usually wears an old pair of jeans and a (3) ____________ shirt. STRIPE His clothes are very (4) ____________ for working in a bank, but SUIT that is what he does! Unless he (5) ____________ when he gets to DRESS work and changes his clothes! His clothes are usually filthy and I am sure he never washes them or takes them to the (6) ____________. When he wears a coat it is always CLEAN old and (7) ____________, and even on very cold days it is WEAR (8) ____________ all down the front. The funny thing is that his BUTTON son is very (9) ____________, always wears the latest styles, and FASHION never wears casual clothes, even on an (10) ____________ occasion. FORMAL 1) 1) invention 2) achievements 3) entertainment 4) production/producing 5) recognisable 6) similarity/ies 7) written 8) expensive 9) possibility 10) knowledge 2) 1) wealthy 2) ambitious 3) journalist 4) decision 5) highly 6) incredibly 7) amusement 8) unlucky 9) happily 10) ability 3) 1) advertising 2) resignation 3) economic 4) unemployed 5) applications 6) qualified 7) profitable 8) employee 9) earnings 10) retirement 4) 1) photography 2) skilful 3) failure 4) imaginative 5) successful 6) unexpected 7) valuable 8) misunderstanding 9) unbelievable 10) disagreement 5) 1) appearance 2) parting 3) striped 4) unsuitable 5) undresses 6) cleaner's 7) worn 8) unbuttoned 9) fashionable 10) informal WORD FORMATION - PRACTICE 2 1) A house in the country When Ann decided to move house, it was mainly because she was tired of the (1) ____ she lived in. It was crowded, NEIGHBOUR ______________________________ there was a (2) ____ of parking places, and SHORT_______________________________ the view from her (3) ____ windows was of distant STAIRS _______________________________ factory chimneys. Luckily she arranged the (4) ____ SELL _______________________________ of her house very easily, and with a small (5) ____ from LEND _______________________________ the bank, was able to buy a house in the country. It was an old farm building, which had been (6) ____ and turned into BUILD _______________________________ a modern house. After loading all her belongings into a van, Ann managed to get them into the new house (7) ____. DAMAGE _______________________________ She (8) ____ most of the rooms with what she already FURNITURE ______________________________ owned. Even her curtains were the right (9) ____ for the LONG _______________________________ windows and she only had to buy a new (10) ____ for COOK _______________________________ the kitchen. It seemed too good to be true. Surely something was bound to go wrong! 2) A letter of apology I am writing to apologise for the (1) ____ of your Happy CANCEL _______________________________ Holiday Coach Tour to Aberdeen. (2) ____ our luxury FORTUNE _______________________________ coach was involved in a (3) ____ in France a week ago, COLLIDE _______________________________ and our driver has been (4) ____ obliged to remain there EXPECT _______________________________ for the moment. The coach was travelling on a road (5) ____ SUIT _______________________________ for heavy traffic, and the accident was (6) ____. Luckily AVOID _______________________________ none of the passengers suffered any (7) ____, and we have INJURE _______________________________ complained to the authorities that the road needs (8) ____ WIDE _______________________________ Our new coach will be fitted with (9) ____ seat belts for ADJUST _______________________________ the safety and comfort of passengers. We will of course return the (10) ____ you have made for your holiday as PAY _______________________________ soon as possible. 3) Supermarkets Nowadays, a great (1) ____ of different food is available VARY _______________________________ from large supermarkets. There are rarely any (2) ____ SHORT _______________________________ of fresh food, and there is far less (3) ____ of our having LIKELY _______________________________ to rely on (4) ____ products. Does this mean that FREEZE _______________________________ supermarkets have become the most (5) ____ shops of SUCCESS _______________________________ all time? Certainly they seem to have made some kinds of food less (6) ____ and most people enjoy shopping in EXPENSE _______________________________ them. There has been a (7) ____ in the number of REDUCE _______________________________ (8) ____ made against supermarkets in recent years. COMPLAIN _______________________________ The assistants are no longer (9) ____, but smile and POLITE _______________________________ try to be helpful. Above all, supermarkets have shown a WILLING _______________________________ (10) ____ to listen to their customers, and to adapt to customers' needs. 4) Arthur's life of crime At his last trial, nobody believed in Arthur's (1) ____ . He INNOCENT _______________________________ had been accused of the (2) ____ of a valuable Chinese vase, THIEF _______________________________ and was also charged with ten other (3) ____. The value of OFFEND _______________________________ the (4) ____ goods was said to be over 10,000. Arthur said STEAL _______________________________ in his own (5) ____ that the vase had been put into his car DEFEND _______________________________ (6) ____. He also pointed out that the Chinese vase was a ACCIDENT _______________________________ fake, and was almost (7) ____. The judge did not believe WORTH _______________________________ Arthur's story. He told Arthur he was a hardened (8)____ CRIME _______________________________ and that he deserved a severe (9) ____. Then PUNISH _______________________________ the judge sentenced Arthur to five years (10) ____. PRISON _______________________________ Arthur just smiled. He had spent most of his life in prison and so he was used to it. 5) School report Margaret started English Literature this term, and I am afraid that her (1) ____ to the subject has not been INTRODUCE _______________________________ entirely (2) ____. She has not shown much enthusiasm, SUCCESS _______________________________ and does not always pay (3) ____ in class. Her assignments ATTEND _______________________________ are often (4) ____, because she is so untidy, and because READ _______________________________ of her (5) ____ to check her work thoroughly. She failed FAIL _______________________________ to do any (6) ____ before the end of term test, and had REVISE _______________________________ poor results. She seems to have the (7) ____ idea that MISTAKE _______________________________ she can succeed without studying. She has also had many (8) ____ and has frequently arrived late for class. This ABSENT _______________________________ has resulted in several severe (9) ____. Although PUNISH _______________________________ Margaret is a (10) ____ student in some respects, she GIFT _______________________________ has not had a satisfactory term. EX 1) NEIGHBOURHOOD SHORTAGE UPSTAIRS SALE LOAN REBUILT UNDAMAGED FURNISHED LENGTH COOKER EX 2) CANCELLATION UNFORTUNATELY COLLISION UNEXPECTEDLY UNSUITABLE UNAVOIDABLE INJURIES WIDENING ADJUSTABLE PAYMENT EX 3) VARIETY SHORTAGES LIKELIHOOD FROZEN SUCCESSFUL EXPENSIVE REDUCTION COMPLAINTS INPOLITE WILLINGNESS EX 4) INNOCENCE THEFT OFFENCES STOLEN DEFENCE ACCIDENTALLY WORTHLESS CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT IMPRISONMENT EX 5) INTRODUCTION SUCCESSFUL ATTENTION UNREADABLE FAILURE REVISION MISTAKEN ABSENCES PUNISHMENTS GIFTED WORD FORMATION - PRACTICE 3 Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Example: 0: encourages WRITING THERAPY Writing therapy is a branch of alternative medicine that (0)___ COURAGE ________________________ you to identify, explore and release (1) ___ problems in the same EMOTION ________________________ way as talking therapy does. The (2) ___, of course, is that all DIFFERENT ________________________ your pent-up feelings and (3) ___ are jotted down rather than FRUSTRATE ________________________ spoken and a lot of people (4) ___ find this easier and safer. ACTUAL ________________________ Another bonus is that it can be done at any time, (5) ___ and the ANY ________________________ cost involved is that of a pen and a notebook. A session with a (6) ___ THERAPY ________________________ may be (7) ___to get you started, but no talent is required - HELP ________________________ only the (8) ___ to commit your secret thoughts to paper. The point WILLING ________________________ of the exercise is to provide an (9) ___ outlet for your worries and EXPRESS ________________________ to make you conscious of what is (10) ___ in your life so that you SATISFY ________________________ can try to find a remedy. 1) EMOTIONAL 2) DIFFERENCE 3) FRUSTRATIONS 4) ACTUALLY 5) ANYWHERE 6) THERAPIST 7) HELPFUL 8) WILLINGNESS 9) EXPRESSIVE 10) UNSATISFACTORY/DISSATISFYING A PET PARROT From early (1) ____ Jane had always wanted a pet parrot. CHILD ________________________ Her parents told her that a parrot was an (2) ____ pet, but Jane SUIT ________________________ insisted. She was worried about the (3) ____ of the rainforests DESTROY ________________________ where parrots live, and she felt that parrots needed more (4) ____. Her father argued that a parrot would suffer from PROTECT ________________________ (5) ____ if it lived in a house. He also explained that pet parrots LONELY ________________________ are caught by (6) ____, who need money and don't care about HUNT ________________________ protecting species. 'They catch the parrots and send them to Europe in (7) ____ boxes,' he told her. 'And in any case, parrots WOOD ________________________ are very (8) ____ and don't make good pets.' Jane soon made OBEY ________________________ an interesting (9) ____, however. She found a pet shop which DISCOVER ________________________ bred parrots instead of importing them. So she took all her (10) ____ and bought a tiny S. American parrot, which she SAVE ________________________ called 'Pixie'. EX 8: 1) CHILDHOOD 2) UNSUITABLE 3) DESTRUCTION 4) PROTECTION 5) LONELINESS 6) HUNTERS 7) WOODEN 8) DISOBEDIENT 9) DISCOVERY 10) SAVINGS KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. There is an example at the beginning. Example: You must do exactly what the manager tells you. carry ( You must carry out the managers instructions exactly. EX 1 1) You might lose your passport, so make a note of the number. case Make a note of your passport _________________________________________ it. 2) I started work here six years ago, and I'm still here. have I _________________________________________ six years. 3) I can't remember a time when I wasn't friends with Rosie. as I've been friends with Rosie for _________________________________________ can remember. 4) They don't know yet how many extras they will need in the film. worked They _________________________________________ yet how many extras they will need in the film. 5) Which part of the climb frightened you more than the rest? most Which _________________________________________ part of the climb for you? 6) I prefer skiing to doing any other sport. rather I'd _________________________________________ any other sport. 7) Maria hadnt finished working by ten oclock. still Maria _________________________________________ ten oclock. 8) There werent many people at the concert. only There _________________________________________ people at the concert. 9) Will you lend me the car, Dad? asked Jules. borrow Jules asked his father _________________________________________ the car. 10) They said they found his attitude very upsetting. been They said they _________________________________________ his attitude. EX 2 1) A car becomes less economical when you drive fast. faster The ________________________________________ economical a car becomes. 2) The bus would have left without him if he hadn't run so fast. missed He ______________________________________________ the bus if he hadn't run so fast. 3) It was almost impossible to see the road in the fog. hardly We __________________________________________________ the road in the fog. 4) The newest house in this area was built five years ago. new They ___________________________________________ house in this area for five years. 5) The paint on the bedroom walls is still wet, so be careful. dried The paint on the bedroom wall ________________________________________, so be careful. 6) I think you ought to tell your mum that you've broken her printer. had You ___________________________________________ that you've broken her printer. 7) Dad prefers to stay at home this evening and not go to the cinema. rather Dad _________________________________________ this evening than go to the cinema. 8) Did the technician repair your computer for you? have Did _______________________________________________by the technician? 9) Unfortunately, both Alison and Diane were missing from class yesterday. nor Unfortunately, __________________________________________ was at class yesterday. 10) Its not possible that Richard did this project on his own. have Richard ____________________________________________________ this project on his own. 11) He started work as a stunt person three years ago. working He _________________________________________________ a stunt person for three years. 12) Everybody who rides a bike should wear a helmet. worn A helmet _____ ________________________________________ everybody who rides a bike. EX 3 1) Last summer, Julia got up early every morning. TO Last summer, Julia ________________________________________ early every morning. 2) I thought the book seemed familiar. HAD I thought ________________________________________ the book before. 3) How long have Helen and Robert been married? GET When ________________________________________ married? 4) Jack bought those trousers last month, and has been wearing them ever since. FOR Jack has ________________________________________ a month. 5) It's a long time since our last conversation. SPOKEN We ________________________________________ long time. 6) There aren't any sandwiches left, I'm afraid. ALL I'm afraid ________________________________________ eaten. 7) I thought that Martin's last novel was more interesting. LATEST Martin's ________________________________________ interesting as his last one. 8) I phoned Norman last of all. PERSON Norman ________________________________________ phoned. REVIEW OF IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES: far ( farther - the farthest [distance] far ( further - the furthest [distance + additional / extra: Further testing will be necessary] old ( older - the oldest old ( elder [than]- the eldest [figli-fratelli-sorelle: My elder son / John is the eldest brother.] late (later - the latest [the most recent: The latest news was broadcast 5 minutes ago] the last [the final one: The last news report is at 11.30.] near ( nearer - the nearest [distance: The nearest hotel is] the next [time / sequence: The next train is at] the former = il primo (tra due) / the latter = il secondo (tra due) 9) This is the best party I've ever been to. A I've ________________________________________ good party as this. 10) This meal cost less than I had thought. WOULD I thought ________________________________________ than it did. EX 4 1) Jack left the office before I arrived there. already When I arrived at the office _____________________________________________ left. 2) Do you know how to drive this kind of car? ever Have _____________________________________________ this kind of car before? 3) This is my first visit to Scotland. I This is the first time _____________________________________________ Scotland. Its the first /second time + present perfect 4) During dinner, the phone rang. I While _____________________________________________ phone rang. 5) Do you have any plans for Saturday evening? doing What _____________________________________________ Saturday evening? 6) I started this job five years ago. been I have _____________________________________________ five years. 7) Is this car yours? you Do _____________________________________________ car? 8) Look at those black clouds! There's rain on the way! to Look at those black clouds! It's_____________________________________________ rain. 9) Our twenty-fifth wedding anniversary is at the end of next year. for By the end of next year we _____________________________________________ twenty five years. 10) I haven't been to the cinema for two months. time The _____________________________________________ the cinema was two months ago. EX 5 1) It would be nice to be able to fly a plane. could I wish I _____________________________________________ a plane. WISH 1) desiderio irrealizzabile che riguarda il PRESENTE ( wish [if only] + sogg. + simple past / past continuous I wish I was / were (rather formal) very rich.|| 1 wish you had whatever you like. || They wish they could come. The children wish it wasn't raining so they could play in the garden Cfr: in the past: `She wished she lived in Tuscany' / `She wishes she lived in Tuscany'. 2) desiderio irrealizzabile che riguarda il PASSATO [con rimpianto o rimorso] ( sogg: + wish + sogg. + past perfect I wish I had been there. || They wish they could have helped you. 3) desiderio [realizzabile] che una situazione che crea irritazione o disappunto cambi ( sogg + wish + sogg. + would + FORMA BASE I wish you would lay the table for dinner at least. || I wish the snow would stop. % You can also use a `to'-infinitive after wish. If you wish to do something, you want to do it. They are in love and wish to marry. || We do not wish to waste our money. However, this is a formal use. The word you normally use is want. % WARNING: You do not use wish to express a wish for the future. You do not say, for example, `I wish you'll have a nice time in Finland'. You say `I hope you'll have a nice time in Finland' or `I hope you have a nice time in Finland'. % However, you can sometimes express a wish for the future using wish as a transitive verb with two objects. We wish you a Happy NewYear. 2) Please don't eat in the classroom. you I'd rather _____________________________________________ classroom. 3) I think we should leave now. we I think it's _____________________________________________ left. Its (about / high) time + simple past: si sottolinea che c stato ritardo nel compiere lazione. Se non si sottolinea il ritardo si usa linfinito: Its time (for us) to go. 4) What a pity we ate all the food. only If _____________________________________________ all the food! 5) It's a shame we don't have a video. wish I _____________________________________________ a video. 6) Don't shout all the time, it's so annoying! wouldn't I _____________________________________________ shout all the time! 7) I don't want you to buy me a present. sooner I'd _____________________________________________ buy me a present. would sooner = would rather (+ sogg. + simple past / forma base del verbo): preferirei 8) I don't like being so tall. wish I _____________________________________________ so tall. 9) We ought to start work now. started It's _____________________________________________ work. 10) I regret not going to university. had I _____________________________________________ to university. EX 6 1) Last Thursday we appointed a new marketing manager. was A new ____________________________________________ last Thursday. 2) Smith Ltd are supplying our company with furniture. supplied Our company ____________________________________________ by Smith Ltd. 3) William the Conqueror built the castle in the 11th century. by The castle ________________________________________William the Conqueror in the 11th century. 4) No decision has yet been made. decided Nothing ____________________________________________ yet. 5) People believe that someone murdered Jenkins. was It ____________________________________________ murdered. 6) Your hair needs cutting. get You ought ____________________________________________ cut. 7) The police were following the suspects. were The suspects ____________________________________________ police. 8) No-one has seen Peter since the day of the party. been Peter ____________________________________________ the day of the party. 9) We put up a notice about the trip on the notice board yesterday. was A notice ____________________________________________ up on the notice board yesterday. 10) People think that an apple a day is good for you. to An apple a day ____________________________________________ for you. EX 7 1) Please don't open the window. you I'd ____________________________________________ open the window. 2) Fiona wanted to know the time. what Fiona wanted to know ____________________________________________ was. 3) We won't go out if the weather is bad. won't We ____________________________________________ the weather is good. 4) I would like you to be here! wish I ____________________________________________ here. 5) Catherine refused to let me go. couldn't Catherine ____________________________________________ go. 6) If I were you Id try to get some sleep. advise I ____________________________________________ to get some sleep. (see pgs 141-144 Omnibus Ref. Gram.) 7) What a pity we didn't see the match. wish I ____________________________________________ the match. 8) The old man introduced himself. us The old man ____________________________________________ name. 9) David told me the time of the next train.. what David told ____________________________________________ train left. 10) The police inspector said I had killed Mrs Burns. of The police inspector ____________________________________________ killing Mrs Burns. EX 8 1) Excuse me, is somebody serving you, sir? being Excuse me, ____________________________________________, sir? 2) I think we should go home now. went It's ____________________________________________ home. 3) The painters painted our house last month. had We ____________________________________________ last month. d) It's a pity that Charles is always complaining. wouldn't I ____________________________________________ so much. 5) Someone will meet you at the airport. be You ____________________________________________ at the airport. 6) People think that train-robber Dave Briggs has escaped. have Train-robber Dave Briggs ____________________________________________ escaped. 7) 'Don't forget to buy some bread, Mum,' said Pauline. reminded Pauline ____________________________________________ buy some bread. 8) Have you received your salary yet? been Have ____________________________________________ yet? 9) I think I'll manage to finish the letters by 4.00. get I think I'll ____________________________________________ by 4.00. 10) My parents made me study every night. was I ____________________________________________ every night by my parents. EX 9 1) Sue went shopping so she could buy herself a new television. to Sue ____________________________________________ a new television. 2 ) You use this to open wine bottles. for This ____________________________________________ wine bottles. INFINITO DI SCOPO Whats it used for? A) To measure blood pressure. (scopo dellAZIONE) B) For measuring blood pressure. (funzione abituale dellOGGETTO) Cfr. Can I use this glass to put these primroses? 3) I put the food in the fridge because I wanted it to get cold. would I put the food in the fridge ____________________________________________ cold. (See pgs 276-277 Omnibus Ref. Gram.) 4) Harry left early because he didn't want to miss the bus. as Harry ____________________________________________ to miss the bus. 5) I saved up some money to buy a motorbike. could I saved up some money ____________________________________________ a motorbike. 6) Jane gave up smoking because she wanted to save money. order Jane gave up smoking ____________________________________________ money. 7) I came here so that I could see you. to I ____________________________________________ you. 8) Use this money to buy the tickets. buying This ____________________________________________ tickets. 9) I picked up the vase carefully, so as not to break it. that I picked up the vase carefully ____________________________________________ break. 10) We put up a fence to prevent the rabbit escaping. couldn't We put up a fence ____________________________________________ escape. EX 10 1) Sam lost his job because he was lazy. that Sam was ____________________________________________ lost his job. 2) I couldn't buy the house because it was expensive. too The house was ____________________________________________ buy. (See Omn. Ref. Gram. P. 232) 3) The book was so interesting that I couldn't put it down. such It was ____________________________________________ I couldnt put it down. 4) There was too much noise, so we couldn't hear the speech. so There was ____________________________________________ couldnt hear the speech. 5) The house was too small to live in comfortably. enough The house wasn't ____________________________________________ comfortably. 6) William never makes mistakes because he is a careful reader. so William ____________________________________________ never makes mistakes when he reads. 7) We can't eat now because there isn't enough time. for There ____________________________________________ us to eat now.. 8) I can't come to your party because I'm too busy. to I ____________________________________________ to your party. 9) The class was cancelled because there weren't enough students. were There ____________________________________________ the class was cancelled . 10) It's such a lovely day today that I feel like taking a walk. a It's so ____________________________________________ I feel like taking a walk. (see pgs 76 and 278 Omn. Ref. Gram.; note: formal use of SO + ADJ. + (A/AN) + NOUN: Helen is so busy a person (that) she never feels bored.) EX 11 1) If you try harder, you will get better at dancing. HARDER The _________________________________________ you will get at dancing 2) I always trust Carlas advice. SOMEBODY Carla _________________________________________ advice I always trust. 3) Its a pity we didnt do more sport when I was at school. COULD I wish that _________________________________________ more sport when I was at school. 4) I think Professor Jones started teaching here 100 years ago! BEEN I think Professor Jones _________________________________________ 100 years! 5) Please don't copy my answers! RATHER I _________________________________________ copy my answers! 6) You'd better start revising for the exam! TIME It's _________________________________________ revising for the exam. 7) I imagine you were extremely happy to be chosen team leader. MUST You _________________________________________ extremely happy to be chosen team leader. 8) You'll find me waiting outside the station. BE I _________________________________________ the station. 9) Maria is pregnant again. HAVE Maria _________________________________________ baby. 10) John wasnt sure whether he could come to the party. MIGHT John thought he _________________________________________ come to the party. EX 12 The wind was so strong that we could not stand against it. SUCH It was _______________________________________ that we could not stand against it. We got lost coming home from the leisure centre. WAY We couldnt _______________________________________ from the leisure centre. I tried as hard as I could to keep my promise to them. BEST I _______________________________________ break my promise to them. Mary didnt find it difficult to pass her driving test. DIFFICULTY Mary had _______________________________________ her driving test. He described the hotel to us in detail. DETAILED He _______________________________________ of the hotel. Ninas parents said she wasnt to use their new camera. LET Ninas parents _______________________________________ use their new camera. A newly-qualified dentist took out Mr Duponts tooth. HAD Mr Dupont _______________________________________ by a newly-qualified dentist. Antonio only lost the 100-metre race because he fell. NOT If Antonio had _______________________________________ won the 100-metre race. I have too much work to do so I can't go out with you tonight. ONLY If _______________________________________ so much work, I could go out with you tonight. Daria needs to get a scholarship in order to go to that college. IF Daria could go to that college _______________________________________ a scholarship. EX 13 I don't like living so far from school. closer I wish __________________________________________ school. I regret not buying that book you recommended. only If __________________________________________ that book you recommended. Maybe my dream will come true and I'll go to Cambridge! if What __________________________________________ true and I went to Cambridge! It was thanks to my doctor that I made such a quick recovery. would If it hadn't been __________________________________________ not have recovered so quickly. Thank goodness you knew first aid; he nearly died! known If you __________________________________________ he might have died. You were ill because you ate so much! have You would __________________________________________ you hadn't eaten so much! I didn't realise how important it was; otherwise I would have taken the tablets. realised I would have taken the tablets, __________________________________________ so important. You should speak to him - he'll listen to you. to Were __________________________________________ he would listen. I can't play football with you because I have this awful cold. able If I didn't have this awful cold, __________________________________________ to play football with you. It's possible that you would have avoided the illness if you had stayed at home. might You __________________________________________ ill if you had stayed at home. EX 14 I had to go to the doctor because my symptoms were very worrying. had I __________________________________________ to go to the doctor if my symptoms hadn't been so worrying. 'I'm not sure I'll be able to contact you next week.' said Paul. not Paul said he __________________________________________ be able to contact me the following week. Martin's text message read: 'Sorry. Couldn't find the house'. had Martin sent a text message to say that he __________________________________________ find the house. 'There has been an explosion,' the newsreader said. that The newsreader __________________________________________ an explosion. 'Three years ago I was in the same hotel,' Kevin told me. before Kevin told me that three __________________________________________ in the same hotel. 'Do you know who wrote the original story?' he asked. had He asked me if __________________________________________ the original story. The message on his answering machine said: 'I am not free right now - please leave your name and number'. moment His answering machine message said he was not __________________________________________ but I could leave my name and number. 'I'll contact you tomorrow,' he said. following He said he __________________________________________ day. 'You must hang up the phone immediately!' she said. to She said __________________________________________ hang up the phone immediately. It's not possible that James signed up for the bungee jumping event! have James __________________________________________ up for the bungee jumping event! EX 15 Perhaps Nick has forgotten that practice was cancelled. might Nick __________________________________________ that practice was cancelled. I don't think Gloria was very happy after she lost the match. could Gloria __________________________________________ very happy after she lost the match. It's possible that Sarah is running a marathon right now! may Sarah __________________________________________ a marathon right now! It is possible that Rolf came last, but I really can't remember! come Rolf __________________________________________ but I really can't remember! I imagine you're getting a little nervous. be You __________________________________________ a little nervous. You won't have problems finding the gym as it's the only big building in the area. miss You __________________________________________ the gym as it's the only big building in the area. Paris is a nice city but it's so expensive. such Paris is nice, but it's __________________________________________ city. Please don't use more water than you really need. avoid Please try __________________________________________ more water than you really need. I'm sure Jane will manage to convince the city council to build a new park. succeed I'm sure Jane will __________________________________________ the city council to build a new park. Sorry, but I couldn't get concert tickets at such short notice. able Sorry, but I __________________________________________ concert tickets at such short notice. EX 16 'Bringing your own tents on the camping trip isn't necessary,' said Monique. have Monique told us we __________________________________________ our own tents on the camping trip. John advised me to take my studies more seriously. would John said, 'If I __________________________________________ take my studies more seriously.' This trigonometry problem is really hard for me to solve.' work I can't seem to __________________________________________ this trigonometry problem. The local environmental organisation has very little money left. running The local environmental organisation __________________________________________ money. I suggest reading this article before you do your geography homework. had You __________________________________________ this article before you do your geography homework. Why isn't the government informing people about this problem? informed Why __________________________________________ about this problem by the government? You'll never manage to convince him that bird watching is an interesting hobby. succeed You'll never __________________________________________ him that bird-watching is an interesting hobby. They began this wildlife charity in 1970. founded This wildlife charity __________________________________________ in 1970. These animals need us if they are going to survive. depend These animals __________________________________________ their survival. They have said that the company broke several environmental laws. accused The company __________________________________________ several environmental laws. EX 17 If we fail to look after the environment, it could end in disaster. of If we do not __________________________________________ the environment, it could end in disaster. There was no reason for Mary to storm off like she did. have Mary __________________________________________ storm off like that. Our headteacher gave us permission to have a school ball! said Our headteacher __________________________________________ a school ball! Children under sixteen are not allowed in the nightclub. get You __________________________________________ the nightclub if you're under sixteen. Be more careful next time and you won't get hurt again. will You __________________________________________ more careful if you don't want to get hurt next time. I am absolutely incapable of speaking French without an accent. speak I simply __________________________________________ French without an accent. It isn't necessary to ask Jacob to the party, but I think he'd like to come. not You __________________________________________ Jacob to the party, but I think he'd like to come. I wish I could go to a fashion show in Paris! able I'd love __________________________________________ go to a fashion show in Paris! Why didn't you tell Rod what time we were meeting? should You __________________________________________ Rod what time we were meeting. I started going abroad when I was ten. have I __________________________________________ I was ten. EX 18 The holiday was so expensive that we could only afford one week. an It was __________________________________________ that we could only afford one week. After Peter's visits, we would all say goodbye to him at the station. see After Peter's visits, we would all __________________________________________ at the station. Hilda was too young to travel on her own. enough Hilda was __________________________________________ to travel on her own. Years ago, a lot of people spent their holidays with relatives. used Years ago, a lot of people __________________________________________ their holidays with relatives. I was promised the best holiday I had ever had but it turned out to be a disaster. lifetime I was promised __________________________________________ but it turned out to be a disaster. One place that is becoming increasingly popular with teenagers is Canada. destination Canada is an __________________________________________ among teenagers. Because we were so compatible, the trip was a great success. got Because we __________________________________________ well, the trip was a great success. Getting over a break-up can take some time. recover It can take some time __________________________________________ a break-up. Ed and Stacey got married in September. been Ed and Stacey __________________________________________ September. Marie started acting six years ago. for Marie __________________________________________ six years. EX 19 James Dean grew up in Indiana with his aunt and uncle. RAISED James Dean __________________________________________ his aunt and uncle in Indiana. I have tolerated your behaviour for too long! PUT I __________________________________________ your behaviour for too long! I solved the problem quickly with Jack's help. OUT Jack helped __________________________________________ the problem quickly. I tried talking to her a few days ago. ALREADY I __________________________________________ talking to her. I saw Steve right after he took his exams. JUST Steve __________________________________________ his exams when I saw him. When is the train due to arrive? GET When __________________________________________ here? I've had to wait all afternoon. BEEN __________________________________________ all afternoon. To get to work on time I have to get up at 6.00. MEANS Getting to work on time __________________________________________ . Today is Liz and John's thirtieth wedding anniversary. FOR Liz and John __________________________________________ for thirty years today. Whose watch is this? BELONG Who __________________________________________ ? EX 20 Cathy hasn't been on holiday with her sister before. FIRST __________________________________________ that Cathy has been on holiday with her sister. My dentist's appointment is for next Wednesday. TO __________________________________________ dentist next Wednesday. Brenda had no idea of her next move. WHAT Brenda had no idea __________________________________________ do next. What do you intend to do now? GOING What __________________________________________ now? Who will be your assistant on this project? WORKING __________________________________________ you on this project? Scientists are on the point of making a vital breakthrough. ABOUT __________________________________________ a vital breakthrough. I'll be home late. UNTIL I __________________________________________ late. No one knows who is going to win the match. WHAT __________________________________________ of the match will be. David is bound to be here on time. WON'T David __________________________________________ . Mary and Alan's wedding is next weekend. MARRIED Mary and Alan __________________________________________ . EX 21 Terry was fatter. DIDN'T Terry __________________________________________ to be so thin. I have never read a novel as good as this before. HAVE This novel is __________________________________________ read. I started my stamp collection when I was ten. BEEN I __________________________________________ I was ten. Nobody expected John to come to the wedding. TURN Nobody thought John __________________________________________ the wedding. The ice turned into water as we heated it. UNTIL We heated the ice __________________________________________ . Janet has no intention of leaving her job. IS Janet __________________________________________ her job. I did not buy the local paper, so I did not know about the concert. THERE If I had bought the local paper I __________________________________________ a concert. Bob is a much better swimmer than George. SWIM George __________________________________________ as Bob. This is a 'no smoking' office. ALLOWED You __________________________________________ in this office. Maria didn't listen carefully to the news broadcast. ATTENTION Maria didn't __________________________________________ the news broadcast. NEW 14-10-2014 (Masterclass WB) Ex 1 1 Jason adds lip figures well for someone his age. good Jason ________________________________ figures for someone his age. 2 Jackies heavier than she was two years ago. put Jackie ________________________________ in the last two years. 2 I couldn't hear what he said because of the noise. prevented The noise ________________________________ what he said. 3 Jane continued to work for the firm after the baby was born. went Jane ________________________________ for the firm after the baby was born. 4 She had no intention of insulting you. mean She________________________________ you. 5 I have no objection to Paul coming as well. mind I do ________________________________ as well. 6 Predicting the weather is sometimes difficult. hard It can ________________________________ the weather. 7 I haven't got enough money to buy a new car. afford I ________________________________ a new car. 8 Emma is excited about going to Greece on holiday. forward Emma ________________________________ to Greece on holiday. 9 It's getting easier for me to get up early. used I ________________________________ up early. 1 is good at adding up 2 prevented me (from) hearing 3 went on working 4 did not mean to insult 5 not mind if Paul comes 6 be hard to predict 7 cannot/can't afford to buy 8 is looking forward to going 9 am getting used to getting EX 2 1 It is impossible to sit on the grass because it is too wet. dry The grass is ________________________________ on. 2 It's a pity you didn't tell mc earlier. wish I ________________________________ me earlier. 3 I would prefer you not to smoke, if you don't mind. rather I ________________________________ smoke, if you don't mind. 4 Mandy's boss won't let her leave work early. allowed Mandy ________________________________ leave work early. 5 I havent got any cigarettes left. run I ________________________________ cigarettes. 4 I'm not sorry I chose nursing as a career. regret I ________________________________ nursing as a career. 5 Some people have complained about the noise. several There ________________________________ about the noise. 6 Do you know where Tony is? I asked my brother. knew I asked my brother if ________________________________ . 7 My house is being painted at the moment. having I ________________________________ at the moment. 7 Have you decided what you would like for dinner? mind Have you ________________________________ what you would like for dinner? 8 The plane left on time although the weather was had. took The plane ________________________________ the bad weather. 1 not dry enough to sit 2 wish you had told 3 would rather you didn't 4 is not allowed to 5 have run out of 6 don't regret choosing 7 have been several complaints 8 he knew where Tony was 9 am having my house painted 10 made up your mind11 took off on time despite KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION EXERCISES: ANSWERS EX 1 1) You might lose your passport, so make a note of the number. case Make a note of your passport IN CASE YOU LOSE it. 2) I started work here six years ago, and I'm still here. have I VE BEEN WORKING HERE FOR six years. 3) I can't remember a time when I wasn't friends with Rosie. as I've been friends with Rosie for AS LONG AS I can remember. 4) They don't know yet how many extras they will need in the film. worked They HAVENT WORKED OUT yet how many extras they will need in the film. 5) Which part of the climb frightened you more than the rest? most Which WAS THE MOST FRIGHTENING part of the climb for you? 6) I prefer skiing to doing any other sport. rather I'd RATHER SKY THAN DO any other sport. 7) Maria hadnt finished working by ten oclock. still Maria WAS STILL WORKING AT ten oclock. 8) There werent many people at the concert. only There WERE ONLY A FEW people at the concert. 9) Will you lend me the car, Dad? asked Jules. borrow Jules asked his father IF HE COULD BORROW the car. 10) They said they found his attitude very upsetting. been They said they HAD BEEN VERY UPSET BY his attitude. EX 2 1) A car becomes less economical when you drive fast. faster The FASTER YOU DRIVE, THE LESS economical a car becomes. 2) The bus would have left without him if he hadn't run so fast. missed He WOULD HAVE MISSED the bus if he hadn't run so fast. 3) It was almost impossible to see the road in the fog. hardly We COULD HARDLY SEE the road in the fog. 4) The newest house in this area was built five years ago. new They HAVENT BUILT A NEW house in this area for five years. 5) The paint on the bedroom walls is still wet, so be careful. dried The paint on the bedroom wall HASNT DRIED YET, so be careful. 6) I think you ought to tell your mum that you've broken her printer. had You HAD BETTER TELL YOUR MUM that you've broken her printer. 7) Dad prefers to stay at home this evening and not go to the cinema. rather Dad WOULD RATHER STAY AT HOME this evening than go to the cinema. 8) Did the technician repair your computer for you? have Did YOU HAVE YOUR COMPUTER REPAIRED by the technician? 9) Unfortunately, both Alison and Diane were missing from class yesterday. nor Unfortunately, NEITHER ALISON NOR DIANE was at class yesterday. 10) Its not possible that Richard did this project on his own. have Richard CANT HAVE DONE this project on his own. 11) He started work as a stunt person three years ago. working He HAS BEEN WORKING AS a stunt person for three years. 12) Everybody who rides a bike should wear a helmet. worn A helmet SHOULD BE WORN BY everybody who rides a bike. EX 3 1) Last summer, Julia got up early every morning. TO Last summer, Julia used to get up early every morning. 2) I thought the book seemed familiar. HAD I thought I had seen/read the book before. 3) How long have Helen and Robert been married? GET When did Helen and Robert get married? 4) Jack bought those trousers last month, and has been wearing them ever since. FOR Jack has been wearing those trousers for a month. 5) It's a long time since our last conversation. SPOKEN We haven't spoken for a long time. 6) There aren't any sandwiches left, I'm afraid. ALL I'm afraid all the sandwiches have been eaten. 7) I thought that Martin's last novel was more interesting. LATEST Martin's latest novel is not as interesting as his last one. 8) I phoned Norman last of all. PERSON Norman was the last person I phoned. 9) This is the best party I've ever been to. A I've never been to such a good party as this. 10) This meal cost less than I had thought. WOULD I thought this meal would cost more than it did. EX 4 1) Jack left the office before I arrived there. already When I arrived at the office ___JACK HAD ALREADY_______________________ left. 2) Do you know how to drive this kind of car? ever Have ____ YOU EVER DRIVEN_____________________ this kind of car before? 3) This is my first visit to Scotland. I This is the first time ___I HAVE BEEN TO___________________________ Scotland. 4) During dinner, the phone rang. I While ___I WAS HAVING /EATING DINNER THE______ phone rang. 5) Do you have any plans for Saturday evening? doing What __ARE YOU DOING ON________________________ Saturday evening? 6) I started this job five years ago. been I have _____BEEN DOING THIS JOB FOR______________ five years. 7) Is this car yours? you Do __YOU OWN THIS____________ car? 8) Look at those black clouds! There's rain on the way! to Look at those black clouds! It's____GOING TO______________________ rain. 9) Our twenty-fifth wedding anniversary is at the end of next year. for By the end of next year we __WILL HAVE BEEN MARRIED FOR___________ twenty five years. 10) I haven't been to the cinema for two months. time The __LAST TIME I WENT TO_________________ the cinema was two months ago. EX 5 1) It would be nice to be able to fly a plane. could I wish I ___COULD FLY______________________________ a plane. 2) Please don't eat in the classroom. you I'd rather __YOU DIDNT EAT IN THE___________________ classroom. 3) I think we should leave now. we I think it's ___TIME WE_________________________________ left. 4) What a pity we ate all the food. only If __ONLY WE HADNT EATEN___________________________ all the food! 5) It's a shame we don't have a video. wish I __WISH WE HAD_____________________________________ a video. 6) Don't shout all the time, it's so annoying! wouldn't I ___WISH YOU WOULDNT_____________________________ shout all the time! 7) I don't want you to buy me a present. sooner I'd __SOONER YOU DIDNT_____________________________ buy me a present. 8) I don't like being so tall. wish I ___WISH I WASNT / WERENT________________________ so tall. 9) We ought to start work now. started It's ___TIME WE STARTED_______________________________ work. 10) I regret not going to university. had I ___WISH I HAD GONE_________________________________ to university. EX 6 1) Last Thursday we appointed a new marketing manager. was A new __MARKETING MANAGER WAS APPPOINTED________________________ last Thursday. 2) Smith Ltd are supplying our company with furniture. supplied Our company __IS BEING SUPPLIED WITH FURNITURE__________________ by Smith Ltd. 3) William the Conqueror built the castle in the 11th century. by The castle __WAS BUILT BY____________________________________ William the Conqueror in the 11th century. 4) No decision has yet been made. decided Nothing __HAS BEEN DECIDED__________________________________ yet. 5) People believe that someone murdered Jenkins. was It __IS BELIEVED THAT JENKINS WAS_____________________________ murdered. 6) Your hair needs cutting. get You ought ___TO GET YOUR HAIR_________________________________ cut. 7) The police were following the suspects. were The suspects __WERE BEING FOLLOWED BY THE_____________________ police. 8) No-one has seen Peter since the day of the party. been Peter __HAS NOT BEEN SEEN SINCE________________________________ the day of the party. 9) We put up a notice about the trip on the notice board yesterday. was A notice __ABOUT THE TRIP WAS PUT_________________________________ up on the notice board yesterday. 10) People think that an apple a day is good for you. to An apple a day ___IS THOUGHT TO BE GOOD____________________________ for you. EX 7 1) Please don't open the window. you I'd _RATHER YOU DIDNT_____ open the window. 2) Fiona wanted to know the time. what Fiona wanted to know __WHAT TIME IT / WHAT THE TIME _____ was. 3) We won't go out if the weather is bad. won't We __WONT GO OUT UNLESS_____ the weather is good. 4) I would like you to be here! wish I __WISH YOU WERE_________ here. 5) Catherine refused to let me go. couldn't Catherine __SAID (THAT) I COULDNT___ go. 6) If I were you Id try to get some sleep. advise I __ADVICE YOU_________ to get some sleep. 7) What a pity we didn't see the match. wish I ___WISH WE HAD SEEN_______ the match. 8) The old man introduced himself. us The old man __TOLD US HIS______ name. 9) David told me the time of the next train.. what David told __ME WHAT TIME THE NEXT_____ train left. 10) The police inspector said I had killed Mrs Burns. of The police inspector __ACCUSED ME OF____ killing Mrs Burns. EX 8 1) Excuse me, is somebody serving you, sir? being Excuse me, ___ARE YOU BEING SERVED_____ , sir? 2) I think we should go home now. went It's __TIME WE WENT_______ home. 3) The painters painted our house last month. had We __HAD OUR HOUSE PAINTED______ last month. 4) It's a pity that Charles is always complaining. wouldn't I ___WISH CHARLES WOULDNT COMPLAIN_____ so much. 5) Someone will meet you at the airport. be You ___WILL BE MET______ at the airport. 6) People think that train-robber Dave Briggs has escaped. have Train-robber Dave Briggs __IS THOUGHT TO HAVE_____ escaped. 7) 'Don't forget to buy some bread, Mum,' said Pauline. reminded Pauline ___REMINDED HER MOTHER TO _____ buy some bread. 8) Have you received your salary yet? been Have ___YOU BEEN PAID____ yet? 9) I think I'll manage to finish the letters by 4.00. get I think I'll ___GET THE LETTERS FINISHED___ by 4.00. 10) My parents made me study every night. was I ___WAS MADE TO STUDY_______ every night by my parents. EX 9 1) Sue went shopping so she could buy herself a new television. to Sue __WENT SHOPPING TO BUY HERSELF_________ a new television. 2 ) You use this to open wine bottles. for This ___IS (USED) FOR OPENING_______ wine bottles. 3) I put the food in the fridge because I wanted it to get cold. would I put the food in the fridge ___SO (THAT) IT WOULD GET___ cold. 4) Harry left early because he didn't want to miss the bus. as Harry ___LEFT EARLY SO AS NOT_____ to miss the bus. 5) I saved up some money to buy a motorbike. could I saved up some money ____SO (THAT) I COULD BUY_____ a motorbike. 6) Jane gave up smoking because she wanted to save money. order Jane gave up smoking ___IN ORDER TO SAVE____ money. 7) I came here so that I could see you. to I ___CAME HERE TO SEE____ you. 8) Use this money to buy the tickets. buying This __MONEY IS FOR BUYING THE___ tickets. 9) I picked up the vase carefully, so as not to break it. that I picked up the vase carefully __SO THAT IT WOULDNT____ break. 10) We put up a fence to prevent the rabbit escaping. couldn't We put up a fence ___SO (THAT) THE RABBIT COULNT_____ escape. EX 10 1) Sam lost his job because he was lazy. Sam was __SO LAZY THAT HE LOST HIS JOB_______. 2) I couldn't buy the house because it was expensive. The house was too __EXPENSIVE FOR ME TO BUY____. 3) The book was so interesting that I couldn't put it down. It was _SUCH AN INTERESTING BOOK THAT I COULDNT PUT IT DOWN____ . 4) There was too much noise, so we couldn't hear the speech. There was so __SO MUCH NOISE THAT WE COULDNT HEAR THE SPEECH. 5) The house was too small to live in comfortably. The house wasn't _LARGE /BIG ENOUGH TO LIVE IN CONFORTABLY_ . 6) William never makes mistakes because he is a careful reader. William is so __CAREFUL THAT HE NEVER MAKES MISTAKES WHEN HE READS. 7) We can't eat now because there isn't enough time. There is too __LITTLE TIME FOR US TO EAT NOW__________ . 8) I can't come to your party because I'm too busy. I'm too _BUSY TO COME TO YOUR PARTY_______________ . 9) The class was cancelled because there weren't enough students. There were so _FEW STUDENTS THAT THE CLASS WAS CANCELLED . 10) It's such a lovely day today that I feel like taking a walk. It's so _LOVELY A DAY TODAY THAT I FEEL LIKE TAKING A WALK. EX 11 1) If you try harder, you will get better at dancing. HARDER The HARDER YOU TRY, THE BETTER you will get at dancing 2) I always trust Carlas advice. SOMEBODY Carla IS SOMEBODY WHOSE advice I always trust. 3) Its a pity we didnt do more sport when I was at school. COULD I wish that WE COULD HAVE DONE more sport when I was at school. 4) I think Professor Jones started teaching here 100 years ago! BEEN I think Professor Jones HAS BEEN TEACHING HERE FOR 100 years! 5) Please don't copy my answers! RATHER I WOULD RATHER YOU DIDN'T copy my answers! 6) You'd better start revising for the exam! TIME It's (HIGH/ABOUT) TIME (THAT) YOU STARTED revising for the exam. 7) I imagine you were extremely happy to be chosen team leader. MUST You MUST HAVE BEEN extremely happy to be chosen team leader. 8) You'll find me waiting outside the station. BE I ___'LL BE WAITING OUTSIDE___ the station. 9) Maria is pregnant again. HAVE Maria IS GOING TO HAVE ANOTHER baby. 10) John wasnt sure whether he could come to the party. MIGHT John thought he MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TO come to the party. EX 12 The wind was so strong that we could not stand against it. SUCH It was SUCH A STRONG WIND that we could not stand against it. We got lost coming home from the leisure centre. WAY We couldnt FIND OUR / THE WAY HOME from the leisure centre. I tried as hard as I could to keep my promise to them. BEST I DID / TRIED MY BEST NOT TO break my promise to them. Mary didnt find it difficult to pass her driving test. DIFFICULTY Mary had LITTLE / NO DIFFICULTY (IN) PASSING her driving test. He described the hotel to us in detail. DETAILED He GAVE US A DETAILED DESCRIPTION of the hotel. Ninas parents said she wasnt to use their new camera. LET Ninas parents DIDNT / WOULDNT / REFUSED TO LET NINA use their new camera. A newly-qualified dentist took out Mr Duponts tooth. HAD Mr Dupont HAD HIS TOOTH TAKEN OUT / EXTRACTED by a newly-qualified dentist. Antonio only lost the 100-metre race because he fell. NOT If Antonio had NOT FALLEN HE WOULD HAVE won the 100-metre race. I have too much work to do so I can't go out with you tonight. ONLY If ONLY I DIDN'T HAVE so much work, I could go out with you tonight. Daria needs to get a scholarship in order to go to that college. IF Daria could go to that college IF SHE GOT a scholarship. EX 13 I don't like living so far from school. closer I wish (THAT) I LIVED CLOSER TO school. I regret not buying that book you recommended. only If ONLY I'D / I HAD BOUGHT that book you recommended. Maybe my dream will come true and I'll go to Cambridge! if What IF MY DREAM CAME true and I went to Cambridge! It was thanks to my doctor that I made such a quick recovery. would If it hadn't been FOR MY DOCTOR, I WOULD not have recovered so quickly. Thank goodness you knew first aid; he nearly died! known If you HAD NOT / HADN'T KNOWN FIRST AID he might have died. You were ill because you ate so much! have You would NOT HAVE BEEN ILL IF you hadn't eaten so much! I didn't realise how important it was; otherwise I would have taken the tablets. realised I would have taken the tablets, HAD I REALISED IT WAS so important. You should speak to him - he'll listen to you. to Were YOU TO SPEAK TO HIM he would listen. I can't play football with you because I have this awful cold. able If I didn't have this awful cold, I WOULD BE ABLE to play football with you. It's possible that you would have avoided the illness if you had stayed at home. might You MIGHT NOT HAVE BEEN GOT ill if you had stayed at home. EX 14 I had to go to the doctor because my symptoms were very worrying. had I WOULD NOT / WOULDN'T HAVE HAD to go to the doctor if my symptoms hadn't been so worrying. 'I'm not sure I'll be able to contact you next week.' said Paul. not Paul said he WAS NOT SURE HE WOULD be able to contact me the following week. Martin's text message read: 'Sorry. Couldn't find the house'. had Martin sent a text message to say that he HAD NOT BEEN ABLE TO find the house. 'There has been an explosion,' the newsreader said. that The newsreader SAID THAT THERE HAD BEEN an explosion. 'Three years ago I was in the same hotel,' Kevin told me. before Kevin told me that three YEARS BEFORE HE HAD BEEN in the same hotel. 'Do you know who wrote the original story?' he asked. had He asked me if I KNEW WHO HAD WRITTEN the original story. The message on his answering machine said: 'I am not free right now - please leave your name and number'. moment His answering machine message said he was not FREE AT THAT MOMENT but I could leave my name and number. 'I'll contact you tomorrow,' he said. following He said he WOULD CONTACT ME THE FOLLOWING day. 'You must hang up the phone immediately!' she said. to She said I HAD TO hang up the phone immediately. It's not possible that James signed up for the bungee jumping event! have James CAN'T/CANNOT HAVE SIGNED up for the bungee jumping event! EX 15 Perhaps Nick has forgotten that practice was cancelled. might Nick MIGHT HAVE FORGOTTEN that practice was cancelled. I don't think Gloria was very happy after she lost the match. could Gloria COULD NOT HAVE BEEN very happy after she lost the match. It's possible that Sarah is running a marathon right now! may Sarah MAY BE RUNNING a marathon right now! It is possible that Rolf came last, but I really can't remember! come Rolf MIGHT/MAY/COULD HAVE COME LAST but I really can't remember! I imagine you're getting a little nervous. be You MUST BE GETTING a little nervous. You won't have problems finding the gym as it's the only big building in the area. miss You CAN'T/CANNOT MISS the gym as it's the only big building in the area. Paris is a nice city but it's so expensive. such Paris is nice, but it's SUCH AN EXPENSIVE city. Please don't use more water than you really need. avoid Please try TO AVOID USING more water than you really need. I'm sure Jane will manage to convince the city council to build a new park. succeed I'm sure Jane will SUCCEED IN CONVINCING the city council to build a new park. Sorry, but I couldn't get concert tickets at such short notice. able Sorry, but I WAS NOT / WASN'T ABLE TO GET concert tickets at such short notice. EX 16 'Bringing your own tents on the camping trip isn't necessary,' said Monique. have Monique told us we DID NOT / DIDN'T HAVE TO BRING our own tents on the camping trip. John advised me to take my studies more seriously. would John said, 'If I WERE YOU I WOULD take my studies more seriously.' This trigonometry problem is really hard for me to solve.' work I can't seem to WORK OUT HOW TO SOLVE this trigonometry problem. The local environmental organisation has very little money left. running The local environmental organisation IS RUNNING OUT OF money. I suggest reading this article before you do your geography homework. had You HAD BETTER READ this article before you do your geography homework. Why isn't the government informing people about this problem? informed Why AREN'T PEOPLE BEING INFORMED about this problem by the government? You'll never manage to convince him that bird watching is an interesting hobby. succeed You'll never SUCCEED IN CONVINCING him that bird-watching is an interesting hobby. They began this wildlife charity in 1970. founded This wildlife charity WAS FOUNDED in 1970. These animals need us if they are going to survive. depend These animals DEPEND ON US FOR their survival. They have said that the company broke several environmental laws. accused The company HAS BEEN ACCUSED OF BREAKING several environmental laws. EX 17 If we fail to look after the environment, it could end in disaster. of If we do not TAKE CARE OF the environment, it could end in disaster. There was no reason for Mary to storm off like she did. have Mary DIDN'T / DID NOT HAVE TO storm off like that. Our headteacher gave us permission to have a school ball! said Our headteacher SAID (THAT) WE COULD HAVE a school ball! Children under sixteen are not allowed in the nightclub. get You CANNOT/CAN'T GET INTO / IN the nightclub if you're under sixteen. Be more careful next time and you won't get hurt again. will You WILL HAVE TO BE more careful if you don't want to get hurt next time. I am absolutely incapable of speaking French without an accent. speak I simply CANNOT/CAN'T SPEAK French without an accent. It isn't necessary to ask Jacob to the party, but I think he'd like to come. not You DON'T / DO NOT HAVE TO INVITE Jacob to the party, but I think he'd like to come. I wish I could go to a fashion show in Paris! able I'd love TO BE ABLE TO go to a fashion show in Paris! Why didn't you tell Rod what time we were meeting? should You SHOULD HAVE TOLD Rod what time we were meeting. I started going abroad when I was ten. have I HAVE BEEN GOING ABROAD SINCE I was ten. EX 18 The holiday was so expensive that we could only afford one week. an It was SUCH AN EXPENSIVE HOLIDAY that we could only afford one week. After Peter's visits, we would all say goodbye to him at the station. see After Peter's visits, we would all SEE HIM OFF at the station. Hilda was too young to travel on her own. enough Hilda was NOT OLD ENOUGH to travel on her own. Years ago, a lot of people spent their holidays with relatives. used Years ago, a lot of people USED TO SPEND their holidays with relatives. I was promised the best holiday I had ever had but it turned out to be a disaster. lifetime I was promised THE HOLIDAY OF A LIFETIME but it turned out to be a disaster. One place that is becoming increasingly popular with teenagers is Canada. destination Canada is an INCREASINGLY POPULAR DESTINATION among teenagers. Because we were so compatible, the trip was a great success. got Because we GOT ON SO well, the trip was a great success. Getting over a break-up can take some time. recover It can take some time TO RECOVER FROM a break-up. Ed and Stacey got married in September. been Ed and Stacey HAVE BEEN MARRIED SINCE September. Marie started acting six years ago. for Marie HAS BEEN ACTING FOR six years. EX 19 James Dean grew up in Indiana with his aunt and uncle. RAISED James Dean WAS RAISED BY his aunt and uncle in Indiana. I have tolerated your behaviour for too long! PUT I HAVE PUT UP WITH your behaviour for too long! I solved the problem quickly with Jack's help. OUT Jack helped ME TO SORT OUT the problem quickly. I tried talking to her a few days ago. ALREADY I HAVE ALREADY TRIED talking to her. I saw Steve right after he took his exams. JUST Steve HAD JUST TAKEN his exams when I saw him. When is the train due to arrive? GET When DOES THE TRAIN GET here? I've had to wait all afternoon. BEEN I'VE BEEN WAITING all afternoon. To get to work on time I have to get up at 6.00. MEANS Getting to work on time MEANS (MY) GETTING UP AT 6.00. Today is Liz and John's thirtieth wedding anniversary. FOR Liz and John HAVE BEEN MARRIED for thirty years today. Whose watch is this? BELONG Who DOES THIS WATCH BELONG TO? EX 20 Cathy hasn't been on holiday with her sister before. FIRST THIS IS THE FIRST TIME that Cathy has been on holiday with her sister. My dentist's appointment is for next Wednesday. TO I AM GOING TO THE dentist next Wednesday. Brenda had no idea of her next move. WHAT Brenda had no idea WHAT SHE WAS GOING TO do next. What do you intend to do now? GOING What ARE YOU GOING TO DO now? Who will be your assistant on this project? WORKING WHO WILL BE WORKING / IS WORKING WITH you on this project? Scientists are on the point of making a vital breakthrough. ABOUT SCIENTISTS ARE ABOUT TO MAKE a vital breakthrough. I'll be home late. UNTIL I WON'T BE HOME UNTIL late. No one knows who is going to win the match. WHAT NO-ONE KNOWS WHAT THE RESULT of the match will be. David is bound to be here on time. WON'T David WON'T BE LATE. Mary and Alan's wedding is next weekend. MARRIED Mary and Alan ARE GETTING MARRIED NEXT WEEKEND. EX 21 Terry was fatter. DIDN'T Terry ____DIDN'T USE ____ to be so thin. I have never read a novel as good as this before. HAVE This novel is THE BEST I HAVE EVER read. I started my stamp collection when I was ten. BEEN I HAVE BEEN COLLECTING STAMPS SINCE I was ten. Nobody expected John to come to the wedding. TURN Nobody thought John WOULD TURN UP AT the wedding. The ice turned into water as we heated it. UNTIL We heated the ice UNTIL IT MELTED /TURNED INTO WATER. Janet has no intention of leaving her job. IS Janet ISNT GOING TO LEAVE her job. I did not buy the local paper, so I did not know about the concert. THERE If I had bought the local paper I WOULD HAVE KNOWN THERE WAS a concert. Bob is a much better swimmer than George. SWIM George CAN'T SWIM AS WELL as Bob. This is a 'no smoking' office. 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