ࡱ> '` l>bjbj 4^.6=8>T$L$$$4h $$$$^,$ ,+ڗ8J0o! o!o!~Le6,XDBB  Effects of Drugs on the Brain by Miriam Avalos Axia College of University of Phoenix Drugs have numerous internal and external effects on the body. Illegal drugs, prescription drugs, nicotine, caffeine and alcohol affect the body and brain in different ways. With consistent use and abuse of drugs, a persons internal organs slowly deteriorate as the skin on the outside does the same. In addition to the physical changes, mood and psychological effects of these drugs come from the chemical imbalance and false messages sent to the brain. Addiction is a complex disease. Physiological, genetic, psychosocial, nutritional and environmental factors are often thought to lead to the development of this disorder. These all need to be addressed during recovery along with the physical damage. These factors can cause a person to act in a pattern of unhealthy, compulsive behavior which the person carries out uncontrollably, resulting in the chronic use of a certain substance or stimulus such as alcohol, drugs, sex, gambling or cigarettes (MyAddiction.com, 2006). Addiction almost always has a level of psychological dependence, as well as the physical dependence. Persistent need to use, failure to want to stop, using regardless of dangers, using to cope with life, being preoccupied with obtaining the drug of choice these are all evidence of addiction. The brain relies on neurotransmitters to function. The neurotransmitters bind to certain receptors which in turn initiates a biological response. For example, emotion or muscle movement may be the response. Each drug affects the body differently but uses the same basic process. When drugs enter the brain, they bind to these receptors as well, and the receptor initiates a response, that response is the 'high'. As prolonged abuse becomes addiction, that drug goes from being the brain's disruptive houseguest to its newest homeowner. It hijacks the receptor for so long that the brain stops making the neurotransmitters for that receptor (MyAddiction.com, 2006). The addiction has introduced a change to the brain which is physiological. Now the brain is diseased and will continue to be long after the addict stops using the drug. Some of the changes to the diseased brain are not reversible. Addiction is a treatable disease but not always curable. Even if the physical condition is corrected, the psychological factors which triggered the original addiction need to be addressed and corrected to avoid a relapse. Withdrawal occurs when an addict has used a drug long enough to create a physical dependence within the brain and body. When the drug is suddenly discontinued, the user goes into physical withdrawal; HYPERLINK "http://www.myaddiction.com/education/articles/withdrawal_cravings.html" \t "_blank"symptoms differ depending on the drug, but the general experience is driven by the brain and involves intense cravings that are manifested in physically painful and devastating ways. Withdrawal is the first step in an addict beginning to beat addiction. In this process the addict is fighting their own thoughts as well as the physical need for the drug. Below you will see a chart showing the ratio of fatal dose to effective dose.  Chart showing lethal level of drugs citation Different drugs have different psychological effects on the brain and different impairments to the body. Alcohol acts on the brain and can cause addiction. This addiction can also be hereditary; within families, the addictive response to alcohol seems to be shared. Small amounts of alcohol produce pleasant feelings to the user. Depressant effects on the brain come into play when large amounts are used. Judgment, reaction time, speech and motor control are increasingly impaired with increasing amounts of alcohol (National Families in Action, 2008). Excessive amounts of alcohol can cause an overdose and death. This is caused by reducing the number of messages the brain sends to the chest muscles to breath. The victim of alcohol stops breathing due to the lack of message from the brain and dies. Long term effects are dependency and addiction. Over a long period of time alcohol use can cause permanent brain damage by destroying the short-term memory part of the brain. Addictive drugs enter the body through a number of routes, make their way into the bloodstream, and go straight to the brain where they exert their effects (National Families in Action, 2008). Cocaine is a very highly addictive drug. Crack cocaine is smoked and therefore high doses reach the brain very quickly through the lungs and mouth. Both crack cocaine and the powder form of cocaine trap dopamine between the brains nerve cells. Dopamine constantly stimulates nerve cells, giving the user an intense feeling of pleasure. The brain begins to respond to the mass amount of this chemical by destroying some of the chemical and shutting down the receptors so that dopamines message is not received. This process causes the user to use cocaine more often and larger amounts to get the same feeling as he or she received when the drug was first used. High doses of this drug cause paranoia, aggressive behavior, and violent behavior. This drug creates exaggerated feelings of confidence and interferes with the individuals judgment. Heroin is a highly addictive drug which is injected into the veins of the user. This drug is said to have users addicted after the first use. The brain has what is called an opiate receptor. Two natural substances in the brain, endorphins and enkephalins, normally bind to this receptor and relieve pain. Opiate drugs such as heroin fit into this receptor, change the way the brain works, and produce addiction (National Families in Action, 2008). Heroin may depress the body's ability to withstand infection. It produces euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression, constricted pupils and nausea. As heroin leaves the body the users has severe flu-like symptoms. Inhalants are products bought at stores such as glue, gasoline, and aerosols that are abused by users by sniffing or inhaling them to get a high. Inhalants act on the brain and destroy the outer lining of nerve cells, making it impossible for those cells to communicate properly. Symptoms of use include dilated pupils, blisters or rash around the nose or mouth, chronic cough, nausea and headaches, disorientation, and a chemical odor on breath. After only six months of use, the brain, lungs, nerves, liver, kidneys and bones may be permanently damaged. Marijuana is usually smoked as a cigarette or in a pipe. Scientists have learned a great deal about how THC acts in the brain to produce its many effects. When someone smokes marijuana, THC rapidly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream, which carries the chemical to the brain and other organs throughout the body.THC acts upon specific sites in the brain, called cannabinoid receptors, kicking off a series of cellular reactions that ultimately lead to the high that users experience when they smoke marijuana. Some brain areas have many cannabinoid receptors; others have few or none. The highest density of cannabinoid receptors are found in parts of the brain that influence pleasure, memory, thoughts, concentration, sensory and time perception, and coordinated movement. Not surprisingly, marijuana intoxication can cause distorted perceptions, impaired coordination, difficulty in thinking and problem solving, and problems with learning and memory. Research has shown that marijuanas adverse impact on learning and memory can last for days or weeks after the acute effects of the drug wear off. As a result, someone who smokes marijuana every day may be functioning at a suboptimal intellectual level all of the time. Research on the long-term effects of marijuana abuse indicates some changes in the brain similar to those seen after long-term abuse of other major drugs. Below you will see a chart showing the annual deaths caused by using drugs.  Chart showing annual deaths by drug reaction or interaction. citation Ecstasy is a mind altering drug with amphetamine-like and hallucinogenic properties. Ecstasy is most often available in tablet form and is usually ingested orally. It is also available as a powder and is sometimes snorted and occasionally smoked. Recent research findings also link ecstasy use to long-term damage to those parts of the brain critical to reason and memory. It is thought that the drug causes damage to the neurons that use the chemical serotonin to communicate with other neurons. In monkeys, exposure to ecstasy for 4 days caused brain damage that was evident 6 to 7 years later. This study provides further evidence that people who take ecstasy may be risking permanent brain damage. Ecstasy has been shown to cause degeneration of neurons containing the neurotransmitter dopamine. Damage to these neurons is the underlying cause of the motor disturbances seen in Parkinson's disease. Symptoms of this disease begin with lack of coordination and tremors and can eventually result in a form of paralysis and eventually death. Smoking tobacco is highly addictive due to the nicotine that enters the body when inhaling the smoke. Smoking cigarettes produces a rapid distribution of nicotine throughout the body, and reaching the brain within ten seconds of inhalation. The nicotine causes a release of dopamine, neurotransmitters that carry information across synaptic clefts, in the dopamine circuit. This circuit, known as the brain's pleasure center, is an anatomically small cluster of cells. It has evolved over millions of years and mainly seems to reward activities that increase the likelihood of survival, such as sex and eating. This cluster of cells might be small but it reaches into regions of the brain involved with a variety of tasks. These dopamine-releasing pathways course from the evolutionary older part of the midbrain to the hypothalamus and trigger activity of other cells that extend from one part of the midbrain to an area in the forebrain known as the nucleus accumbens. It also branches out to the emotion-associated region and into the cortex, the seat of conscious learning. Chronic exposure to nicotine results not only in physical addiction but also in mental addiction. Cigarette fixation is a combination of nicotine dependency due to the nucleus accumbens wanting more dopamine as it is stimulated, and deeply engrained behavior habits. For some people, the feel, smell, and sight of a cigarette and the usual rituals of obtaining, handling, lighting, and smoking the cigarette are all associated with the pleasurable effects of smoking. Also, places and times can have traditions of smoking built into them, like after sex, after meals, driving in a car or walking to class or work. These particular rituals, times, and places associated with the pleasurable effects of smoking can cause cravings and make withdrawal worse. Research is just beginning to document all of the neurological changes that accompany behavior that helps to develop and maintain nicotine addiction. Memory and habit have their own neural pathways that reinforce the addiction problem. The broad reach of dopamine into the limbic system might explain why certain emotions, smells or events stir the want for a cigarette. citation Nicotine, one of the most frequently used addictive drugs, is only one of the more than 4,000 chemicals found in the smoke from tobacco products. Carbon monoxide, another detrimental chemical, reaches the brain and binds to the hemoglobin and thereby reduces the usual binder oxygen, which is necessary for cellular metabolism. Research is also beginning to show that there are other psychoactive ingredients in tobacco. Using neuroimaging technology, scientists can see the dramatic effect of cigarette smoking on the brain, and are finding a marked increase in the levels of monoamineoxidase (MAO), an important enzyme that is responsible for breaking down dopamine. This decrease in two forms of MAO results in higher dopamine levels (that results in increased desired dopamine sustainment) and may be another reason that smokers continue to smoke. citation Vicodin, like other narcotics, relieves pain. It does so by binding to receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Vicodin can be taken with or without food, but under no circumstances should be taken with alcohol. Vicodin is used for treatment of pain. It is for this reason, that individuals who can afford to seek medical treatment are more likely to become addicted to this drug. citation A person can become easily addicted to numerous drugs in this world. All of these drugs affect your brain and body in one way or another. The feeling and sense of release while on these drugs are false sensations given by the brain to your body. Some of these drugs may be used for many years without the user having any type of complications. On the other hand, it may be the first time using a drug that may cause a person to be physically or mentally impaired, or, even worse, cause death. But no matter when the user actually recognizes the problem, the damage physically begins at the very onset of use. References MyAddiction.com. How addiction affects the brain (2008). Retrieved August 27, 2009, from HYPERLINK "http://www.myaddiction.com/education/articles/addiction_brain.html"http://www.myaddiction.com/education/articles/addiction_brain.html National Families in Action. A guide to drugs and the brain (2008, August 26). Retrieved September 2, 2009, from HYPERLINK "http://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.html"http://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.html Swiercinsky, Ph.D, Dennis P. .Brain on drugs (2001). BrainSource.com. 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