ࡱ> EGD'` 6,bjbj *.> hhh|$$4|"ddddd!!!!!!!$F#h%l"-h"ddJ"Hdhd!! ^hW!dX :4F+!!$`"0"A!&AR&,W!&hW!|"""||||||||| PEP426: Exercise Physiology: Prac Exam#1 Answer Sheet  Multiple Choice (2 pts each) __b__ __d___ __a___ __d___ __b__ __a___ __b___ __e___ __c___ __b___ __e__ __a__ __c__ __e__ __c__ Short Response (5 pts each) 1. By in-vivo concentrations of products being far higher than substrates, causing the reaction to have a positive (G, which means it is negative in the reverse direction. 2. ATP has a moderate free energy requirement for regeneration, and releases a moderate amount of free energy on hydrolysis. Cells use ATP to capture free energy release during chemical reactions through an enzyme linked process called coupling. Cellular energy catabolism is designed and regulated to respond rapidly to times of high energy demand by cells, resulting in the activation of specific energy systems that can rapidly regenerate ATP to match the ATP and energy demand of the cell. 3. The three energy systems have different numbers of chemical reactions involved in ATP regeneration. The Phopshagen System has single chemical reactions involved in ATP regeneration. Glycolysis and lactate production involve 10 reactions, and Mitochondrial Respiration involves more than double the reactions of glycolysis within a double membrane protected mitochondrial mass. 4. Fast twitch motor units have the largest cell body, and thereby require more CNS input to reach their threshold potential for the generation of an action potential at the Axon of Hillock. 5. Calcium is required for the release of the acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. If sufficient acetylcholine is released, the depolarization of the sarcolemma occurs, resulting in the action potential being conducted down the t-tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (triad). This results in the release of calcium, which binds to troponin. Such binding moves the troponin-tropomyosiin complex, exposing the actin-myosin binding site. The myosin S1 units bind with actin, causing immediate contraction and simultaneous release of ADP and Pi from the S1 unit. ATP binds to the S1 units, causing release of the S1 units from actin, and the breakdown of ATP and release of free energy fuels the movement of the S1 units from the contracted to the vertical strained position. The cycle will continue so long as calcium remains elevated in the cytosol. True/False (2 pts each) __F__ __T___ __T___ __F___ __T___ __T___ __F___ __F___ __T___ __F___ __T___ __F___ __T___ __F___ __T___ Name: _____ANSWERS_________ Interpret the Figure (5 pts each) 1. The higher extracellular concentration of sodium provides a huge concentration gradient for the rapid influx of sodium once specific types of sodium channels open. The large gradient for potassium efflux from the cell allows for a rapid reversal of the depolarization, causing repolarization and a return to the resting membrane potential. Interestingly, this distribution difference for sodium and potassium is facilitated by the sodium-potassium pump. 2. The strength/force generated during muscle contractions is directly proportional to the magnitude of motor unit recruitment. 3. ATP hydrolysis = ATP + H2O ! ADP + H+ + Pi; adenylate kinase = ADP + ADP ! 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