ࡱ> _a^ bjbj 4fxxJJ4$TRsDf0pe""J S: FLASHCARD DATA FOR HUMAN BIOLOGICAL ADAPTABILITY Topic 1: Overview 1.The process by which populations of organisms respond to long term environmental stresses by permanent genetic changei.e., evolution.adaptation2.The process by which individual organisms respond to environmental stresses during their lifetime without changing genetically. These changes are generally not inheritable.adjustment3.Temporary changes in the body in response to environmental stresses such as high or low temperatures, intense ultraviolet radiation from sun light, or high altitude. These anatomical and physiological changes are usually reversible. Example: developing a suntan in the summer and losing it in the winter.Acclimatization or acclimatory adjustment4.A change in the normal growth patterns and development of an individual that occurs in childhood as a result of specific cultural practices or other environmental processes. The anatomical and physiological changes that result are mostly irreversible by adulthood. Example: stunted growth and mild mental retardation due to severe, prolonged undernourishment.developmental adjustment or developmental acclimatization5.An inadequacy or an excess of some key element(s) in the diet, such as proteins or specific minerals and vitamins.malnourishment6.A severe deficiency of calories in the diet.undernourishment7.The medical condition resulting from prolonged undernourishment. Symptoms include extreme emaciation, diarrhea, anemia, and apathy. Children who survive this condition usually develop short adult stature and some degree of permanent brain damage.marasmus8.The medical condition of babies and very young children resulting from a severe protein deficiency in their diet. Symptoms include edema (or swelling) due to water retention (especially in the abdomen), stick-like legs and arms with little fat or muscle mass, apathy, and loss of hair and skin pigmentation in patches. As in the case of marasmus, children with this disease are likely to have their growth retarded. It usually results from a child being weaned too early and being forced to subsist mainly on a high carbohydrate and low protein diet.kwashiorkor Topic 2: Adapting to Climate Extremes 1.A term for the temperature of an individuals internal organs in the chest cavity, abdominal region, and head.core body temperature 2.The medical condition resulting from an unusually low core body temperature that can be caused by prolonged exposure to a cold environment. This can be life threatening.hypothermia 3.The medical condition resulting from an unusually high core body temperature that can be caused by fever or prolonged exposure to a hot environment. This can be life threatening.hyperthermia 4.The general rule that within the same species of warm-blooded animals, individuals from populations living in colder environments usually have shorter appendages than do those from populations in warmer areas.Allens Rule 5.The general rule that within the same species of warm-blooded animals, individuals from populations living in colder environments usually have greater body mass than do those from populations in warmer areas.Bergmanns Rule 6.The measure of the total energy utilized by the body to maintain necessary body processes. It is also the minimum level of heat produced by the body at rest.basal metabolic rate 7.The people who are native to the harsh arctic and subarctic regions of North America and Greenland.Inuit or Eskimo 8.A constriction or narrowing of blood vessels resulting in a decrease in the flow. This is the opposite of vasodilation.vasoconstriction 9.The freezing or partial freezing of part of the body, especially soft tissue. This condition may result in gangrene and the loss of appendages, such as fingers and toes.frostbite10.The term for cooling of the skin resulting from the evaporation of sweat on its surface. In hot dry environments, this is normally the most significant mechanism by which the human body loses excess heat.evaporative cooling11.The process of losing heat by giving off infrared rays from the surface of our bodies. Other processes responsible for human heat loss are convection, conduction, and evaporative cooling.radiation12.What the air temperature actually feels like to people. This varies with the relative humidity of the air. The higher the relative humidity is on hot days the higher the temperature feels even if the air temperature does not change because evaporation of sweat is progressively less efficient in cooling the body.apparent temperature Topic 3: Adapting to High Altitude Topic 4: Skin Color Adaptation Topic 5: Nutritional Adaptation 1.Oxygen deprivation. This medical condition usually occurs at high altitudes. Symptoms include a reduced ability to do work, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, and an inability to effectively perform memory intensive tasks.hypoxia2.Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs resulting from severe oxygen deprivation at high altitudes. This can cause pneumonia-like symptoms and death.pulmonary edema3.An organic pigment produced in the skin. High concentrations of this pigment near the surface of the skin result in a darker complexion. Suntanned skin also has higher concentrations of it.melanin4.Cells that produce melanin in the skin of humans.melanocytes5.The general rule that says within the same species of warm-blooded animals, there is a tendency for more heavily pigmented skin to occur in animals near the equator and lighter pigmented skin farther from it.Glogers Rule6.A sugar normally present in milk.lactose7.An enzyme produced by mammals to break down lactose in milk that they consume. This enzyme is needed for the digestion of uncooked dairy products. A deficiency of it results in diarrhea and other symptoms of physical intolerance of most dairy products.lactase8.A cancer of the skin. Specifically, it is a disease of melanocytes.melanoma Copyright 2004-2012 by Dennis O'Neil. 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J n  n n +/33,:39W]^aw}13NNaerJ-$CEddErJ-dd2+gr$C ddA@%C;kX_0L&NT'p'p2181@vNCE9E>_EuESKr:K=LcQ TxXTb[L m,t\unvw (x{U|I/T 8BaC,(sK";]n.I(&WT7..oR;R2M<In<@ X@UnknownG*Ax Times New Roman5Symbol3. *Cx ArialACambria Math"qh Z{F=uW +W +$243QHX ?Ba2!xx 1 Dennis O'NeilDennisOh+'0p   , 8 DPX`h 1Dennis O'NeilNormalDennis61Microsoft Office Word@4@f@zfW՜.+,0 hp  home+   1 Title  !"#$%&'()*+,-./012356789:;<=?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMOPQRSTUWXYZ[\]`Root Entry FpRTfbData 41Table>WordDocument4fSummaryInformation(NDocumentSummaryInformation8VCompObjy  F'Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q