ࡱ> jlghi5@ bjbj22 ξXX'nnn$XXXPXY ZZ[[[+g+g+gxzzzzzz$Rc|nee+g[[_ jjjl[n[xjxj<jXDB,n[Z PXf&dɸ0²B߽V߽LT߽n+g qj-x}+g+g+gdH*N T*N THE CRUCIBLE By Arthur Miller A Unit of Study for Higher English Carluke High School THE CRUCIBLE By Arthur Miller (1915-2005) crucible noun 1. a vessel in which substances are heated to high temperatures so that the pure substance rises to the top and impurities are left at the bottom 2. a severe trial or test CONTENTS Historical Contexts Contemporary Contexts Character Language Plot Structure Textual Analysis Themes 8. Appendix: Essay Response Summaries developed from RSC study guide. Themes section developed from unit of study produced by Hamilton Grammar School. Compiled, with activities and additional study materials, by D Falconer, 2007 & 2009. 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXTS Salem Witch Trials 1690s The story of The Crucible is based on real events that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 where over 20 people were executed and over 100 imprisoned most of whom were certainly innocent following trials for witchcraft. The Puritans Salem had been settled by a sect of Christians known as Puritans, who left the shores of England earlier in the 17th Century, having been persecuted, to follow their strict way of life in the New World. The play is prefixed by Arthur Millers own note on the historical accuracy of the play explaining a certain degree of licence he took in shaping the characters in the play from the actual characters they represent in history. Nevertheless, his aim was to show the essential nature of one of the strangest and most awful chapters in human history and Miller used historical documents and records of the trial proceedings to create a very rich sense of the events of the time. The society of the Puritans was known for its rigid morality a theocracy with the church and the law being one and the same. They had a literal interpretation of the Bible and believed that their practices safeguarded the New Jerusalem (hence the name Salem) - in covenant with God. Their ways were characterised by self-denial, self discipline, purposefulness and determination, and an aversion to anything which resembled vain enjoyment therefore activities such as theatre, dance and music were forbidden, and they did not celebrate Christmas. From arriving in Massachusetts on the Mayflower in 1620, the Puritan community had fought against persecution from other white settlers and had a physical battle with the wilderness, the climate and Native Americans to establish their European-style farms and towns. They lived with the constant threat of losing everything, which made them tense and paranoid. Actual Historical Details The characters and the events represented in The Crucible are mostly accurate to the actual events, although in the play Millar has made the girls much older, reduced the number of characters involved, placed greater emphasis on the role of John Proctor and implicated Proctor in an affair with Abigail. Nevertheless the turmoil of the play remains close to the actual occurrences. In Salem January 1692, a group of teenage girls including an 11 year old Abigail Williams and 9 year old Elizabeth Parris seemed to be suffering from a strange illness after secretly attempting fortune telling with an egg and a wine glass. As well as fits, the girls suffered hallucinations, seeing spectral figures who beat, scratched and bit them often leaving actual marks on their flesh and struck them temporarily blind, deaf and dumb. It was blamed on witchcraft. The aunt of one of the girls, Mary Walcott, visited the Reverend Samuel Parriss Caribbean slave Tituba, who had knowledge of occult and voodoo, to concoct a spell. She produced a cake which was fed to the Parris family dog, killing it and relieving the effects of the witchcraft; now recovered, the girls were able to name their tormentors Tituba, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne. These women were simple and somewhat susceptible and had very low status in the community. Although the girls were probably pretending to cover up their game, the women actually implicated themselves by inventing elaborate confessions in court, such as meeting the Devil and having familiar spirits such as cats and other animals. In court, hysteria seized the girls as they discovered their power in naming innocent people as accomplices of the Devil. They started to incriminate respectable church women such as Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurse. The principal evidence presented to the court was of the girls being physically attacked by spirits of the accused witch. The girls could demonstrate this phenomenon in front of the court for example the girls simulated Martha Corey attacking them in court by complaining of being bitten every time Corey bit her lip in concentration. In the court, evidence that would be excluded from modern courtrooms hearsay, gossip, stories, and unsupported assertions was admitted, whilst many protections that modern defendants take for granted were lacking in Salem: accused witches had no legal counsel, could not have witnesses testify under oath on their behalf, and had no formal avenues of appeal. Defendants could, however, speak for themselves, produce evidence, and cross-examine their accusers. In the increasing panic and turmoil, more individuals became accused and others confessed such as the sixty year old Bridget Bishop, who had previously been suspected and may well have been a witch. Those who denounced the trials were also targeted. A tavern owner called John Proctor, who was in his sixties, was concerned at the way torture was being used to make people confess. He wrote to the minister of Boston asking for an investigation but he was ignored. He had employed one of the afflicted girls, Mary Warren, and claimed that the accusations were false, stating if they [the girls] were let alone we should all be devils and witches quickly. They should be had to the whipping post. This resulted in Proctor himself being accused by Ann Putnam, Abagail Williams, Indian John (a slave of Samuel Parris who worked in a competing tavern), and eighteen-year-old Elizabeth Booth, who claimed that ghosts had come to her and that Proctor was a serial murderer. Proctor fought back, accusing confessed witches of lying, complaining of torture, and demanding that his trial be moved to Boston. The efforts proved futile. In August, he was hanged along with four others, including the Reverend George Burroughs who had been minister of Salem between 1680 and 1682 and who recited the Lords Prayer perfectly at the gallows something it was thought witches could not do, resulting in disturbances among the crowd at his execution. Proctors wife Elizabeth was also accused but escaped hanging due to her pregnancy. By this time, twelve people had been executed in total and eight more were hanged before the trials came to an end in September. Doubts were developing as to how so many respectable people could be guilty. Reverend John Hale said, "It cannot be imagined that in a place of so much knowledge, so many in so small compass of land should abominably leap into the Devil's lap at once." The educated elite of the colony began efforts to end the witch-hunting hysteria that had enveloped Salem, as notable individuals such as Increase Mather, in his work entitled Cases of Conscience, argued that it "were better that ten suspected witches should escape than one innocent person should be condemned." Spectral evidence was excluded and it was recognised how great the influence of grudges, congregational feuds and property disputes were on the proceedings. Most of the remaining trials resulted in acquittals, and in time, all remaming accused or convicted witches were released, with posthumous pardons for those executed. McCarthysim in 1950s USA The witch trials of the late 17th Century have direct parallels with historical events of the United States in the 1950s and similar trials which were experienced by Arthur Miller. In the Second World War (1939-1945) the United States and the Soviet Union were pragmatic allies in order to secure victory over Nazi Germany, however they became more openly suspicious of each other after the war was over due to the very different ideologies of their governments the US government was a democracy which operated in the basis of capitalism (everyone making as much money as they can), whilst the Soviet Union was a dictatorship running along the lines of communism (everybody sharing in the whole countrys wealth so nobody is very rich or very poor). By the 1950s, the two countries were enemies vying for global influence and although they didnt fight each other openly, though they did support rival factions in civil wars around the world creating the period was known as the Cold War. The US government were concerned about Communist infiltration in American society. By the 1950s, the fear of Communist thinking in America led to a senator called Joseph McCarthy being made chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee. This committees job was to find Communists and Communist sympathisers living and working in the United States. The investigators were particularly interested in people working in the media who could have an influence on large numbers of people. The McCarthy trial hearings forced individuals to testify about their own loyalty as US citizens and what they know about the loyalty of others. Earlier in his career, Arthur Miller had became involved with a circle working for greater understanding between the United States and the communist Soviet Union. Millers good friend, the film director Elias Kazan was questioned by the HUAC. He was told that he would not be prosecuted if he named others who might be communists. Kazan was frightened and gave the Committee names. He was ashamed of what he had done and invited Miller over to discuss his experience. Miller drove straight from Kazans house to Salem to begin researching for The Crucible. The Crucible came out in 1951. Six years later, in 1957, Miller was asked to testify in front of the HUAC and name friends and colleagues who might be communists. He refused and was convicted of contempt of court, just as John Proctor had done. The judgement was overturned the following year.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39445000/jpg/_39445491_joemccarthy203.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  2. CONTEMPORARY CONTEXTS  BBC article, interviewing Arthur Miller Playwright Arthur Miller has said he believes his play The Crucible is as relevant today as it was on its release 50 years ago. Though The Crucible told the story of the Salem witch trials of 1692, the subtext was a comment on the McCarthy anti-Communism trials of the 1950s. Miller told BBC World Service's Masterpiece programme he felt there were echoes of the House Committee on Un-American Activities' investigations - founded on fear of the USSR - in many of the policies of the current Bush administration. "This threat from abroad is a very useful way of holding onto power," Miller said. "We've got it now with Bush and Iraqis." Others in the US have pointed to what they see as parallels with Miller's play after George W Bush's comments after 11 September that people were either "with us or with the terrorists".  Some also see parallels between the detention without trial of suspected terrorists at Guantanamo Bay and the accusations of consorting with Satan that led to the executions in Miller's play. "It was deeply, deeply frightening [in the 50s], and it's frightening now," Sarah Paretsky, a novelist and analysis of the McCarthy hearings, told Masterpiece. Ms Paretsky said some Americans felt afraid to speak out, despite questions of human rights abuses at the camp being raised by Amnesty International and other groups. "People get frightened. It is why something like The Crucible will always work - it will be brought back in that kind of context." Miller himself commented that he was reminded of how the play was received in 1953. "They would say to me, 'this is all fraudulent - there never were any witches, but there are Communists'," he said. "I could only say that in 1692, if you had stood on the main street of Salem, Massachusetts, and said 'there are no witches', I wouldn't want to be your insurance man." Though Miller had won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for his play Death Of A Salesman, critics and audiences were wary - even nervous - of The Crucible when it opened in New York. "The country was at the height of its fears of an imminent Communist invasion, and some of the absurdities of that era were already showing themselves - people were being fired out of jobs in libraries, schools, Hollywood, everywhere - on suspicion of having sympathies with the Soviet Union," Miller recalled. "The wave of fear was palpable and I myself was scared, because it seemed to me that we were being manipulated. It was a tawdry time, it was a rotten time to be alive, and I tried through this play to throw some light on it," he said. Certainly, even in America - with its constitutional commitment to free speech - Miller had to be careful, which was the reason for setting the play at the birth of the country. "He had to select a historical period so he could get away with the play, because it would never have been put on had Miller written it as of the time and as of the McCarthy period which he was writing about," Branch Marvin, a theatre producer who saw the original Crucible on Broadway, told Masterpiece. "He had to camouflage it, and he camouflaged it with history." During its initial run The Crucible often reduced audiences to nervous silence as, midway through, they worked out Miller's point and wondered how to react. Eventually, three years after The Crucible's first performance, Miller was himself summoned before the House Committee, although interest in their work had declined somewhat.  "I'm convinced that they called me at that time because I was about to marry Marilyn Monroe, and they figured they'd get back on the front page," Miller said. "In fact the chairman of the committee offered to call off the hearing altogether a day before I was to appear if he could have his picture taken with Marilyn. Of course we didn't do it, and the next day I was promptly described as an enemy of the country." But such an accusation seemingly had little long-term impact on The Crucible's success. "I feel very attached to the play - it's something that probably and unfortunately is not going to be overwhelmed with irrelevance too soon," ended Miller 3. CHARACTERS Summary of Characters Reverend ParrisWorries about money and his reputation in the village. Preaches hellfireTitubaParriss slave from Barbados. Nave, superstitious and easily scared.Abigail WilliamsOrphan. 17 years old. Niece of Parris. Tauntress. Mistress of Proctor. Has power over the girls. Manipulative and selfish. Betty ParrisDaughter of Parris sick at the beginning of the play. A frightened little girl, bored by the strict Puritan way of life.Susanna WalcottLike Betty, is easily led by Abigail.Mercy LewisPutnams servant. Miller calls her fat, sly and mercilessMary WarrenThe Proctors servant. Weak-willed and afraid of Abigail. Plants the evidence of witchcraft on Elizabeth Proctor. Taken to court to testify against Abigail and the other girls by John Proctor.John ProctorA Salem farmer in his 30s. Thinks hard about doing the right thing and is not afraid to challenge authority. A good man with human frailties and a hidden secret his affair with Abigail which leads to his downfall. The voice of reason in the play challenges the court and becomes accused of witchcraft.Elizabeth ProctorCold woman who loves John though she finds it hard to show it. Cannot at first forgive her husbands infidelity. Accused as a witch.Francis NurseA sensible, solid man, older than the Proctors. Land dispute with the Putnams. Stands up for his wife when shes accused of witchcraftRebecca NurseMother of seven children. Well-known for her kindness and goodness almost saintly exemplary Christian. Accused as witch.Martha CoreyA decent woman who loves reading at her trial this is used as evidence that she is a witch. Giles CoreyOld, garrulous man. Often sued his neighbours over petty issues. Inadvertently causes his wife to be accused as a witch. Dies under torture rather than lose his farm.Thomas PutnamA greedy, powerful landowner. Dislikes Reverend Parris. Vindictive and bitter. Leading village voice against the witched motivated by past grievances.  Ann Putnam A selfish, spiteful woman. Jealous of Rebecca Nurses many children many of her own have died. Initiates the girls going to Tituba in the first place. Instigates the idea that Betty has been bewitched.Sarah GoodA poor and confused but harmless woman who begs from door to door in Salem. Cracks under the strain of imprisonment.Reverend HaleA famous witch-finder. Smug and complacent in his knowledge and learning at first but learns to see through the lies. Tries to save the accused.Deputy-Governor DanforthConfident and expects obedience. More interested in maintaining control than finding out the truth.Judge HathorneA tough Boston lawyer. Likes everyone to think hes right whether he is or not. Marshal HerrickA kind man who cares about his neighbours and is ashamed of his work for the court. Ezekiel CheeverA tailor from Salem. A timid man who finds confidence in his status as a court official. HopkinsA messenger with only one line.  Study Points The main characters to examine are: Parris, Abigail Williams, Proctor, Elizabeth Proctor, Reverend Hale, Mary Warren, and Danforth. 1. Character Mindmap As you read the play, sketch a Mindmap of the central characters with a branch label for each one. Identify their role in the proceedings e.g. accused, trying to cover up, as well as their relationship to other characters and attitude to witchcraft. Then, jot down a set of words which characterise that person e.g. words to describe Abigail could include manipulative, seductive, false innocence etc. 2. Subtexting the script The text is the actual lines printed on the page which are read by the actor on stage. The subtext is the meaning that lies beneath what is actually said and what we infer about the characters motivation, intentions and attitude. The subtext is often what is left unsaid and the meaning might be ambiguous. Take a section of the text and in pairs decide for each line what you think might be a suitable subtext, then perform the scene (including the subtext) to the class. See below for an example: TEXTSUBTEXTAbigail: Uncle, the rumour of witchcraft is all about; I think youd best go down and deny it yourself. The parlours packed with people, sir. Ill sit with her. Parris: (Pressed, turns on her) And what shall I say to them? That my daughter and my niece I discovered dancing like heathen in the forest? This is a terrible situation and you should be seen to be doing something about it. Im supporting you. If you go down, Ill be able to talk privately to Betty about the truth. Its your fault. You have put my reputation on the line and ruined my career in the village. 2. Citing Quotations Create a table for each character with two headings characteristic and quotation and search for quotations, either statements said by the character themselves or by other characters about them, which justify the characteristics you have commented on in your Mindmap, in addition to any others you can remark upon as you go along. 3. Categorising Characters Map out several different character groupings according to their function in the drama e.g. to perpetuate accusations of witchcraft or to expose the truth. Another classification could be according to which characters experience moral growth, which remain rigid and which are unstable. Characters can also be grouped according to their relationship to a theme (see later). 4. LANGUAGE Miller wanted the language of The Crucible to sound authentically of the seventeenth century. The old-fashioned language enriches the play considerably, adding colour and intensifying drama. There are several tricks Miller uses to give the language a seventeenth century flavour: Double negatives: In modern Standard English youre not supposed to use not, no, none or nothing twice in the same sentence, although this is permitted in certain regional dialects of English. Salem people do this all the time: he cannot discover no medicine for it in his books (Susanna, Act 1) I never had no wife that be so taken with books (Giles, Act 3) Dropped endings: The farming folk of Salem drop the gs at the end of words: searchin, nothin, drivin. Individual old-fashioned words set the tone from the beginning: bid for told, unnatural for supernatural, witched for bewitched, sport for fun. Biblical allusions: As Puritans, the characters often quote or allude to the Bible: Abigail brings the other girls into the court, and where she walks the crowd will part like the sea for Israel. (Elizabeth, Act 2) you should surely know that Cain were an upright man, and yet he did kill Abel (Parris, Act 3) Imagery: Miller also includes some very striking images to bring events to lifein the audiences imagination: I saw Indians smash my dear parents heads on the pillow next to mine, and I have seen some reddish work done at night, and I can make you wish you had never seen the sun go down! (Abigail, Act 1) the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law (Proctor, Act 2) an ocean of salt tears could not melt the resolution of the statutes (Danforth, Act 4) the wind, Gods icy wind, will blow (Proctor, Act 2) the Devil is alive in Salem (Hale, Act 2) Study Points How does the language used by characters convey their authority? Which characters mimic and manipulate the language of authority? How? Whose side is God on? Look closely at how characters allude to the Bible to support their views. How do characters use these references either to reclaim the truth or to manipulate others and maintain their own position? Are their any characters that see through the abuses of language in the play? How does the use of vivid imagery add to the drama? Look at key examples and explain. 5. PLOT STRUCTURE Summary The structure of The Crucible is carefully planned this gives the play a feeling of constant onward movement. The dialogue is tightly focused too. There are no long, flowery, irrelevant speeches everything that is said contributes to the audiences understanding of the story. The physical setting of the four Acts is increasingly gloomy and claustrophobic: a childs attic bedroom, a low-ceilinged farmhouse kitchen, a heavily-timbered and dimly-lit meeting room, and finally a cold, dark, stinking jail cell. There are several key plot strands which we can think of as being interwoven together e.g. Strained marital relations between John Proctor and Elizabeth Affair between John Proctor and Abigail Abigail and the girls covering up their adolescent experimentation with the occult Abigail taking advantage of the situation to win back John Proctor Parris has poor relations with community and trying to maintain his reputation against all odds Grievances within the community e.g. land disputes between Putnam and Coreys; Ann Putnams jealousy of Rebecca Nurse The official investigation of witchcraft by Hale and trial by Hawthorne and Danforth As the as the drama progresses, these strands become knotted at decisive moments where it is not certain how the events will unravel. There are several of these moments or cruxes in each act where the action is complicated somehow, tension is built up and released, and the drama reaches a climax. The plot structure is complex, events are highly charged and there are many twists. This ultimately creates the sense of intensity, hysteria, confusion and uncertainty that was characteristic of the times Miller chose to represent. Act 1 Betty Parriss bedroom Betty in bed in some kind of fit doctors message suggests supernatural causes. Parris questions Abigail on casting spells and dancing in the woods; questions her integrity and dismissal from employment with Proctor. Putnams enter: daughter is in same state; Goody Putnam blames devil; Putnam persuades Parris to address parishioners. Abigail, Betty and Mercy Lewis. Unable to wake Betty. Marry warren arrives bullied and teased by Abigail and Mercy Lewis. Betty comes to, shouts at Abigail hysterically she slaps Betty down and warns the girls to stick to the story about dancing. Proctor Arrives, Mary sent home and Mercy exits. Abigail flirts with Proctor. He insists affair is over. Betty sits up screaming Parris, Putnams and Mercy Lewis rush in, followed by Rebecca Nurse and Giles Corey. Rebecca suggests girls are play-acting to avoid getting telling off and Proctor is furious about claims of witchcraft. He is hostile towards Parris. Witchcraft expert Reverend Hale arrives to investigate, Proctor leaves. Hale questions others and focuses on Abigail who blames Tituba. Tituba called in climax of her wild admission of witchcraft. Act 2 The Proctors kitchen Proctor comes home. Elizabeth tells that of the court in Salem investigating witchcraft Mary Warren an official. Abigail leading accusations. Elizabeth wants John to testify against her. Mary Warren returns, tired and shaken. Gives Elizabeth a rag doll she sewed in court. News of 39 people in prison and Goody Osburn to hang. Mary defends the court against Johns criticisms. He almost whips her when she then reveals that Elizabeth name has been brought up in court. Mary goes up to bed. John about to leave for Salem when Reverend Hale appears has doubts about the court and is visiting the accused for himself. Hale questions John and Elizabeth about their religious beliefs. John tells Hale that witchcraft is pretence Abigail has told him. Despite doubts, Hale begins to be persuaded. Giles Corey and Francis Nurse arrive. Both their wives have been arrested. Hale knows Rebecca Nurse is a good woman shocked. Ezekiel Cheever arrives to arrest Elizabeth. He seizes on the rag doll Mary brought home. There is a needle stuck in the doll reference to Abigail falling down screaming, pulling needle out of her stomach in court Cheever sees this as clear evidence that Elizabeth is a witch. Mary explains Abigail saw her sewing and then sticking the needle in the dolls belly. John tears up Elizabeths arrest warrant but she is taken. John and Mary are left alone. John forces Mary to go to court together in the morning to tell the truth about the doll. Mary says Abigail will reveal her affair with John, but he wont let Elizabeth hang to preserve his reputation. Act 3 A room at the Salem meeting house The Court: Giles Corey confronts Judge Danforth who asserts authority of the court Francis Nurse claims evidence that girls are fraudulent Giles brings Proctor and Mary Warren. Proctors character is questioned. Mary tells the girls were pretending. Danforth does not want to hear their evidence it will make the whole trial a nonsense Danforth tells Proctor that Elizabeth is pregnant to get him to retract what he has said Proctor finds difficulty but continues his petition regardless claiming Rebecca Nurse, Martha Corey and Elizabeth are innocent. Parris and Haworth persuade Danforth to arrest all 91 petitioners. Giles accuses Putnam of profiteering from witchcraft but refuses to give names of informants Court hearing is established Mary Warren is questioned. Girls brought in, Abigail is counter-questioned and maintains she is telling the truth. Proctor attacks Abigail. Hathorne probes Mary Warren and calls her to feign fainting she fails. Danforth questions Abigail on the spirits being illusory, she manipulates him pretends that Mary is sending out her spirit to attack her Proctor intervenes to defend Mary from being victimised, reveals his affair with Abigail and charges her with a whores vengeance Abigail avoids being held to account by Danforth by defiance Elizabeth Proctor brought in to test the veracity of the story of the affair Elizabeth lies to the court to save Proctors reputation consequences / reaction. Danforth takes this as evidence that everything John has said was a lie. Abigail diverts the court attention with the bird apparition, ensuing hysteria Mary Warren mimicked / victimised and she capitulates Mary Warren indicts Proctor for bewitching her he is arrested and insanely rejects the court proceedings, God is dead. Hale leaves the court. Act 4The jailhouse Herrick wakes Tituba and Sarah Good, who drink some of Herricks cider. They are mentally broken. Danforth and Hathorne arrive and Herrick sends Tituba and Sarah Good away. Herrick tells Danforth that Reverend Hale has been visiting the prisoners overnight. Parris was with him he has been acting strangely lately, going around in tears. Parris enters. He says Hale is trying to persuade Rebecca Nurse, her sister and Martha Corey to confess to witchcraft and save their lives. Abigail and Mercy have run off with his savings he is broken and afraid that hanging popular people like Rebecca Nurse will cause trouble. News of riots against the witchcraft trials in Andover. Paris being persecuted. Hale arrives and says nobody will confess. Danforth decides to try softening John up for a confession by letting him see Elizabeth. Elizabeth is brought to the cell and Hale begs her to persuade John to confess tells her to get him to choose life over matter of principle. John is brought in and the couple are left alone. John is broken, Elizabeths pregnancy she holds back. Clear love between them through the events. Elizabeth tells John that over a hundred people have confessed and escaped hanging. Rebecca Nurse wont make a confession because it would be a lie. Giles Corey has died under interrogation. John thinks refusing to confess on principle would be arrogant he is not a good man, although Elizabeth assures him he is. Hathorne returns. John tells him he wants to live. Hawthorne delighted one confession makes the other hangings look genuine and prevent a riot. John feels it wrong to confess but says he will do it anyway he still thinks of himself as a bad person. John doubts written confession. Rebecca brought in to see the confession. John ashamed refuses to implicate Rebecca or anyone else. After some persuasion he signs the confession but then snatches the document. He doesnt want it to be publicly displayed. Finally he tears it up he would rather hang than sign his name to a lie. Elizabeth will not stop him. She sees that John finally recognises himself as a good man and will not take this from him as he his taken out the gallows. Study Points 1. Exposition, Development, Complication, (Development), Climax... These terms refer to phases in dramatic structure and can be seen in each act. For each of the summaries given, discuss where you think these phases lie: What is shown in the exposition? Which plot strands are being developed? What complications / twists arise? What might be the different outcomes / consequences of these complications? What characterises the main climax in each act? 2. Emotional Pace in the structure Look at the different kinds of emotional tension and release which are built into each act e.g. intrigue, interrogation, hysteria, fury, humour. Discuss how these engage the audience in the action. What are the effects? 3. Analysis of Act III Act III is particularly critical as it is the trial scene in which all elements of the play are battled out, like the idea of a crucible itself. Use the loose worksheet to analyse dramatic effect, confrontation between characters, conflict within characters, and matters of complication and expectation. 6. TEXTUAL ANALYSIS In your copy of the text, read the section in Act III beginning PROCTOR: I have made a bell of my honour! and ending at PROCTOR: She only thought to save my name Refer to this section of the play to answer the following questions. QUESTIONS Think carefully about the dramatic and linguistic techniques used by Arthur Miller in this extract from the point at which Elizabeth enters. a) In what ways do dramatic techniques such as stage directions help to convey Elizabeths moral predicament? 4 marks b) How does the dialogue between Elizabeth and Danforth show her predicament? You should look at features of sentence structure, among other aspects of the language used. 4 marks What dramatic effects (such as irony, climax, turning point etc.) are created by the cross-examination of Elizabeth Proctor at this stage of the proceedings, on account of a) the structure and sequencing of events in Act III; 4 marks b) the development of Elizabeth Proctors character. 3 marks I have made a bell of my honour! How important is this statement to your understanding of the thematic opposition of speaking lies and speaking truth presented in Act Three? 6 marks Elizabeth, I have confessed it! What possible impact would these lines have on an audience? You may wish to support your answer to this question by drawing attention to two of the following: the personal anguish of John Proctor what they suggest of the tension between the individual and society what stage they mark in the relationship between Elizabeth Proctor and John Proctor 8 marks 7. THEMES Individual Conscience / Conflict Probably the single most powerful influence on my way of writing was not only to depict why a man does what he does, or why he nearly didnt do it, but why he cannot simply walk away and say to hell with it. Arthur Miller In The Crucible, Miller explores the conflict between a mans raw deeds and his conception of himself. Proctor is tormented by this conflict and struggles against his own weaknesses to achieve a view of himself that he can accept. Other characters who have trouble with their conscience are Hale, Elizabeth, Mary Warren and Danforth. What issues trouble them about the proceedings? How do they react to the events and try to resolve their moral dilemmas? To what extent can their acts of conscience have a bearing on the outcome of events? In Salem, a persons good name is everything, which relates to the theme of the individual and identity. What is the significance of a name? Although Proctor does not feel entitled to his good name, he doesnt want to lose it. This is his first problem when coming to expose witchcraft, as swears to fall like an ocean on the court yet postpones putting his name on the line and exposing his affair with Abigail. Ironically it is Elizabeths concern for his name that causes her to lie in court and lead towards his downfall. In Act IV Proctors confession damns him in Gods eyes and in his neighbours eyes those who are prepared to die maintaining their innocence and keeping their integrity. Proctor has separated his soul from his name and his actions from his ideals. How does he resolve this issue in his last speech of Act IV? Conflict with Authority The original Puritan colony needed strict laws and discipline to survive, however Millers short essay in Act I describes how the society had become liberal by the time of the trials, although a degree of repression remained. Proctor represents the greater individual freedom of this time in his isolation from the Church, contempt for Parris, ploughing on Sunday and committing adultery. His trial represents the individuals negotiation with authority in Act IV he tries to compromise with authority, but his death is the only act capable of destroying the court. Look at the language and references to authority throughout: Vote by acerage/ I like not the smell of this authority / join the faction / The mans ordained, therefore the light of God is in him. Authority is God-given, and therefore those who are against authority are against God. How do individuals survive when they conflict with authority? What methods of resistance are possible? Proctor avoids the confrontation early in Act II should he have gone to the court sooner? Is every individual responsible for the welfare of the society? Do those people who do not actively oppose tyranny support it? There be no road between. The Power of Fear & Mass Hysteria Fear paralyses thought it is a physiological fact. Fear is used by a number of characters in the play by Parris on the girls, by Putnam and Parris on Tituba, by Abigail on the girls, by Proctor on Mary Warren, and by the judges on the accused. In what ways do people abuse their position in society or their position within a grouping against an individual to inflict fear,? It takes a strong person to withstand fear and stand out Mary Warren is weak and caves in, but Giles Corey and Rebecca Nurse are not frightened and this gives strength to Proctor. How is fear perpetuated? Superstition? Guilt? Personal weakness? What makes people afraid? What gives others the power of fear? Hysteria is generated by the atmosphere of fear and is characterised by panic and irrationality. How is does fear lead to terror and mass hysteria? How much of the need for personal survival prevails in a climate of hysteria? How can hysteria be exploited by individuals, by groups and by authority? Think of the current hysteria terrorist threats and attacks bring upon our own society. How much of hysteria is self induced? Or perpetuated by the media and the government? It has such a power that all common sense goes and individuals behave in irrational unthinking ways. In The Crucible, hysteria is the genuine proof of witchcraft ad creates much of the dramatic action e.g. Betty in Act I, the various apparitions in Act III. Look closely at how Abigail engineers hysteria through leading the group and using repetition and strong imagery. Knowing the Truth What is the truth? How do people know things? How can you tell if someone is lying? What is the difference between what you know and what you believe? How can we account for different representations of the truth? Can the truth be manipulated? Is there such a thing as the truth? When you know the truth about something, how do you convince others? Salem is built on the unquestioning belief in the authority of the Bible and supremacy of the law. Danforth never questions the law this dogmatic approach is extremely dangerous especially if the upholders of the law are deceived e.g. by Abigail. The consequences of this can be seen in Act III. Hale is a contradiction in terms of his attitude towards knowledge. He is weighed down by his expertise and books in Act I. Yet here he also uses intuition in his impression of Rebecca Nurse. How important is intuition over learning and knowledge? Hale believes witchcraft at the beginning but has learned the wisdom of doubting by the end. The good characters in the play have no intellectual certainty they all question the events that occur and rely on common sense, experience, charity. Yet, Coreys initial ignorance leads to his wifes arrest. Which characters are trying to expose the truth and which are hiding the truth? In the end, some of these characters are prepared to die to maintain their version of the truth. Is the truth as an issue so important? 8. APPENDIX: ESSAY RESPONSE Essay Plan Theme of Sacrifice --- Appreciation of the play as a whole Proctor exposes his affair Appreciation of issues of conscience / Sacrifices his name & later his life individuals against corrupt authority Sample Introduction The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a play in which the theme of sacrifice is evident, shown especially by the character of John Proctor. Set in Salem, Massachusetts, during the witch-hunts of the early 1690s, Proctor sacrifices his reputation and admits his affair with the main accuser Abigail Williams in court in Act III in order to save his wife Elizabeth, who has been arrested as a witch. This would also prove that the accusations by Abigail and the girls against her and other innocent people are false. Proctors decision to sacrifice his reputation, and later his life in Act IV when he himself has been framed for witchcraft, develops aspects of his character, showing his conscience and position as an honest individual against a corrupt authority, which is significant to the play as a whole. Para 2 TOPIC SENTENCE: Proctors sacrifice in Act III in the courtroom is clearly a result of his desire to save his wife, Elizabeth, from the accusations of his former mistress Abigail. POSSIBLE POINTS OF DISCUSSION: Evidence of affair in Act I; Abigail reveals there is no witchcraft Elizabeths mistrust / judgement of Proctor; his sense of shame Elizabeths recognition that Abigail wants Proctor Elizabeths arrest at end of Act III spurs Proctor into action to tell the court he knows the accusations are lies because Abigail told him Proctor confirms in Act III that saving Elizabeth is his purpose Para 3 TOPIC SENTENCE: Proctor is forced into a position of sacrificing his name as a result of the corrupt nature of the courtroom. POSSIBLE POINTS OF DISCUSSION: Proctors initial reluctance to tell truth for fear of exposing affair Focus on Mary Warren who fails as a result of Danforth and Abigail Proctor exposes his affair in anger & shows honesty to audience Elizabeth called to verify affair; denies it to save Proctors name Proctor isolated by Mary Warren, Abigail and girls who condemn him Proctors honesty is shown in complete contrast to corrupt court Para 4 TOPIC SENTENCE: Proctors sacrifice is complete in Act IV when he refuses the offer to have his life saved by sign a confession to crimes of witchcraft. POSSIBLE POINTS OF DISCUSSION: Proctors character changed weaker, visibly broken Proctor needs Elizabeths judgement to do right; she refrains Proctor wants to save his life signs confession; Destroys confession as it will be used and displayed publicly Madness in Proctor; tortured by decision; crisis of conscience Fails to comply with authority; isolated and condemned because of his desire to be honest and true, even if it means he will die Para 5 TOPIC SENTENCE: Proctors sacrifice contributes to the audiences appreciation of the play as throughout, the decisions made by his character have been heavily influenced by his conscience [1]. Furthermore, he is shown to be an honest individual who stands against a corrupt authority in the name of a greater good [2]. POSSIBLE POINTS TO DISCUSS: [1] Throughout he shows shame and guilty conscience over affair Aims to redeem himself by saving Elizabeth; her arrest is his fault His decisions influenced by her, even at the dnouement in Act IV He and Elizabeth both recognise his goodness by the end [2] Proctors character seen to be righteous and good in community Stands against Parris and Putnam because he dislikes their greed Climax in Act III shows extent of his truth over lies of the court Again in Act IV he has to make a choice as to where he (in his name) stands in relation to the corrupt society to conform and confess to a crime to which he is innocent or retain his integrity but lose his life His sacrifice makes his character a tragic hero Possibly link to other characters: Elizabeth; Rebecca Nurse; Giles Corey etc. Sample Conclusion In conclusion, the sacrifices shown by the central character John Proctor in Arthur Millers play The Crucible give the audience an appreciation of the play as a whole. His portrayal illustrates not only the theme of sacrifice, but also the related issues of conscience which prevail throughout the play. In summary, this is evident in both his desire for redemption and how he retains his integrity in a corrupt society. Most of all, Proctors sacrifice demonstrates his inner conflict in finding a view of himself which he ultimately finds acceptable. Key Quotations Give me a word John, a soft word (Act I) She wants me dead, John (Act II) I mean to please you Elizabeth (Act II) That goodness will not die for me (Act II) We burn a hot fire which melts all concealment whores vengeance& I have known her sir I have made a bell of my honour What man may cast away his good name? I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to wave a banner with, but white enough to keep it from such dogs. Teacher-Prepared Model Essay 1457 words too long, but covers main points in detail The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is a play in which one character, John Proctor, becomes increasingly isolated. The play is set during the witch trials of Salem, 1692, and Proctors wife is accused of being a witch by a group of girls led by Abigail Williams with whom Proctor had an affair causing him to undertake a quest to save his wifes life, yet in doing so sacrifices his own. The characterisation of Proctor, and the key scenes in which his isolation is apparent, develop the audiences attitude towards him from one of misgiving to admiration and recognition as a tragic hero. Firstly, the audience perceive John Proctor as an outsider in the community, because of his lack of respect for authority and his individualistic beliefs. Proctor does not conform to the strict moral and religious codes of the community, as he ploughs his fields on a Sunday, does not have all his children baptised and rarely attends church. This is because he resents the Reverend Parriss oppressive style of religion, complaining he preach nothing but hellfire and damnation and rarely mentions God. Similarly, Proctor recognises that the landowner Putnam has a strong influence over Parris and that he will command more power and land in the community as a result of persecuting others. Proctor therefore sees through the hypocrisy of those in authority and his decision to live apart from the community is one which the audience can identify as being based on his conscience. Indeed, he is a religious man whose conviction rests on his personal faith and reading of the Bible, as well as what he believes to be right showing this in Act III when he counsels Mary Warren in the courtroom using the Bible to remember what the angel Raphael told the boy Tobias. Do that which is good and no harm will come to thee. Whilst at first the audience may distrust Proctors alienation within the community, they also may admire him for his principles and freedom of thought which refuses to submit to a corrupt authority and its petty rivalries. In addition, the audience see Proctor as being fundamental to that which is good in the community as in Act II, for example, Proctor explains to Hale that he hung the door and nailed the roof on the church. Yet, John Proctors belief that he can now live apart from his society is in part misguided, as he had an affair with his teenage servant Abigail Williams prior to the events of the play, leading to her accusations of witchcraft against innocent women in the community, including Proctors wife by the end of Act III. The audience can appreciate that Proctor a passionate and romantic man was restricted by the strict and colourless lifestyle of Puritan Salem. Indeed, Proctor was isolated in his marriage to Elizabeth, who contrasts greatly with his character in that she is weak and withdrawn and whom Abigail tells him is a cold, snivelling woman. Hence Proctors isolation attracted him to the seductive and reckless Abigail, shown in Act I, as Abigail teases Proctor with the news that she and her friends were caught dancing in the woods which prompted rumours of witchcraft and he betrays signs of affection in saying youll be clapped in the stocks before youre twenty and with difficulty refuses her impulsive advances towards him. He is therefore isolated because of his frustration and the audience may feel some sympathy although some may feel disdain for his situation. As mentioned, Proctor remains isolated in his relationship with Elizabeth, as shown in Act II. When he returns home from hunting, the audience see that Elizabeth is both inattentive to his needs and unresponsive to his romantic advances, for example to let you walk the fields with me Massachusetts is a beauty in the spring. Elizabeths coldness and distance is reflected in Proctors observation about the weather (and also by association, their relationship) that it is winter in here yet. The complexity of his character is revealed to the audience, making them more intrigued and attached to this man. Proctor carries the burden of guilt, claiming I may blush for my sins and in an attempt to avoid exposing his affair, he refuses Elizabeths demands that he goes to the court that has been established where Abigail and the other girls are accusing others of witchcraft to state that Abigail told John it was false. Yet, Proctor is not entirely honest, particularly about being alone with Abigail, and this furthers Elizabeths mistrust of him. In stating it is as if I come into a courtroom whenever I come into this house and your justice would freeze beer, John displays his anger at her suspicion and the audience appreciate that he is trapped not only by his own conscience, but by Elizabeths criticism, and also by his desire to please her and obtain forgiveness. The audience may interpret Proctor to be a good man who has struggled with his morals and admire him, in part, for striving to amend for his errors. When Elizabeth is arrested later in Act II having been accused as a witch by Abigail, John Proctors position as an outsider in the community is changed as he takes a central role in Act III in going to the court to claim his wife, and the other womens innocence, whilst attempting to conceal his affair with Abigail. When his attempt to use Mary Warren, an honest but nave girl who is his servant and one of the accusing girls, to confess that she and the girls are pretending to be victimised by witches in the town, she fails under Abigails manipulation. Proctors anger flares and he exposes his adultery by claiming the witchhunt to be a whores vengeance and that he had known Abigail. At this climax, the audience see Proctor is willing to relinquish his dignity and respect in the town for the sake of the truth and his wifes life and perceive him to be heroic, though flawed. When he asserts I have made a bell of my honour and questions what man may give away his good name?, the audience appreciate the extent of Proctors isolation and clearly see his principles and need for redemption. When Elizabeth is brought in to the court to independently verify Proctors statement of his affair (therefore ending the courts unconditional belief in the girls lies), she leads to his downfall by failing to admit her husband was a lecher ironically her attempts to protect his name condemn him. When she is removed from the court, Proctor stands alone, viewed as the devils man and his anguish resonates in his insane cries that God is dead. The audience, having viewed Proctors moral journey, witness his complete isolation and may feel a sense of frustrated justice, sympathy and high regard for such an individual who has sacrificed himself in a vain attempt to represent the truth in a corrupt society. In the final Act, Proctors predicament is further complicated as now he is a broken man in jail, yet Judge Danforth and the court officials, now aware of the miscarriage of justice but unwilling to publicly admit their mistake, try to convince Proctor to admit guilt to witchcraft that he did not commit. Proctor is further isolated as he wishes to save his life and almost goes so far as to sign his confession, but breaks at the last moment to save his name, because it is my soul. Because I cannot have another. He is isolated because the authorities hope that Proctors confession will carry weight with others accused to encourage them also to lie. In addition, Proctor now desperately looks for Elizabeths advice and forgiveness, yet she wishes him to make the decision on his own. Proctors final dilemma suggests that he is his own man yet, and although loses his life, he retains his integrity and dignity, as Elizabeth states He have his goodness yet as he is about to be executed. For the audience, Proctors role as a tragic hero has been fulfilled as they have viewed his journey completely, through the strengths and weaknesses of character and the tests of character and conscience within. The final act of sacrifice confirms he is a character with virtue and someone to be admired. In conclusion, Proctors isolation in The Crucible is one which arises from a number of factors and reveals the complexity of his character, from his apparent strength to his inner weaknesses. The audience see him as a character whose commitment to the truth and to his own conscience ultimately prevails and their attitude to him may reflect this in its admiration and sympathy with him as a tragic hero. Page  PAGE 21 The Girls The Accused The Court J]^abozhUEh5h@=qh@=qCJOJQJ\aJ(h9"p56CJOJQJ\aJ(%h@=qh@=q56CJOJQJ\aJ("h@=qh@=q5CJOJQJ\aJ(hd(5CJOJQJ\aJ(hU#CJOJQJ^JaJhU#5CJ4\aJ( h&mhd(CJ$OJQJ^JaJh&mCJ$OJQJ^JaJhd(CJ$OJQJ^JaJh&mCJ0OJQJ^JaJ h&mh&mCJHOJQJ^JaJh+OCJOJQJ^JaJh+O!"#$%&IJ^_`abop0 J K !pt![!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!=!-A!-A!-A!-A!-A!!#O!#O!G!G!G!G!gd_S ]^gd9"p$a$gd@=q$a$gd&mgd+O0 2 J K T U i j k o ŷwwwwwlaVHhh 5CJ \aJ hI5CJ \aJ h 5CJ \aJ h 5CJ \aJ hh 5CJ \aJ h5CJ \aJ hh9"p5CJ \aJ hh_S5CJ \aJ h_S5CJ(\aJ(h_Sh_S5CJ4\aJ(hU#5CJ4\aJ("h@=qh@=q5CJOJQJ\aJ(h@=qh@=qCJOJQJ\aJ(h9"pCJOJQJ\aJ(K T U k o  _ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!p^pgd gd gd  & Fgd_Sp^pgd & Fgd9"pgd_S$a$gdd(  M q U W _ ` a y ʻ~vn~g]UIAAhCJaJh)cdh)cdCJH*aJh6%}CJaJh6%}h6%}5aJ h6%}5aJh ,CJaJhD>CJaJhCJaJh)cdh)cd6CJaJh)cdCJaJh_S6CJ(\aJ(h_S5CJ(\aJ(h_S5CJ4\aJ(h hrT~OJQJ^JaJh hHOJQJ^JaJh OJQJ^JaJh hd(OJQJ^JaJhd(OJQJ^JaJ !"<=ghgh237 8 I#J#!!!V!V!!V!V!V !V!!!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V !V!V !V!Vgd+Ogd)cdgd_Sy =IV !"<=;hox.;ǼǘǐǨLjǠxh?CJaJh'FCJaJhA6-CJaJhS-CJaJh ,CJaJhd(CJaJh6%}CJaJh\Th6%}5CJaJh\ThD>CJaJhD>CJaJh\TCJaJh*6CJaJhCJaJh*CJaJhCJaJh)cdCJaJ/+16KOsfg)49(fgh/6fht=@DZ&6Xźزتت袚h XDh XDCJaJh`CJaJh;CJaJh)cdCJaJh XDCJaJh'Fh XDCJaJh'Fh'FCJaJh ,CJaJh'FCJaJhA6-CJaJhS-CJaJhD>CJaJhd(CJaJ8 % 2 4 6 8 !d! ""*";"J"_"a""""""H#J###M$$$$$$%<%?%@%%%%b&c&d&~&&&ݽͧͧ͟h/6CJ(\aJ(hR6CJ(\aJ(h+OCJ aJ h?CJaJh>/CJaJh XDh XD6CJ]aJh/CJaJhCJaJhGPECJaJh`CJaJh)cdCJaJh;CJaJh XDh XDCJaJh XDCJaJ2J###c&d&~&&4'5'b*c*,,6070000000000!V!V!V!!!!V!V !V!V!V!V !V!V!V!!V!V!V!!!gdH$a$gdHgd0$a$gd+Ogd/gd+Ogd XD^gd XD&&&3'''''($(8(M(T(b((((()))/*?*u**+ +++z+{+++O,,--/060708000000000ۻۖۃhH5CJ4\aJ(h XDCJaJh XD6CJ(\aJ(hHhHCJaJjhHhHCJUaJhHCJaJhCJaJh?CJaJh0CJaJh+OCJaJh>/CJaJh/CJaJh/h/CJH*aJ100000z1{1|12233}3~3:4;4445566<8=8":#:;;2=3===>>&@'@AAAA+Aǯ򚈚򚈚uqfhH5CJ4\aJ(hH%hhHB*CJOJQJaJph#hHB*CJOJQJ^JaJph)hHhHB*CJOJQJ^JaJph/hHhH5B*CJOJQJ\^JaJph(hhH<B*CJOJQJaJphhH6CJ(\aJ(hH5CJ(\aJ(jhHUmHnHu(0002233:4<444F666=8>8;;==>>&@'@@AAAA!!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!!!gdgdHgdHA A!A"A#A$A%A&A'A5A6ALAMA]AAAA!!!!!!!!!!!!LV`VALVSkd$$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la< x$Ifgd3 $Ifgd+Ogd+Ogd+A5A6ALAMA\A]AAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBB CCCCCɾɫyɣqycXXchhbEbCJaJhhbEb5CJ\aJh4BCJaJ(jh35CJU\aJmHnHu(jh65CJU\aJmHnHuhbEbCJaJhCJaJhhCJaJh5CJ\aJhh5CJ\aJh+OCJ(aJ(h6CJ(\aJ(h5CJ(\aJ(h5CJ4\aJ("AAABBBBC`VALV`VCALV`VSkd $$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la< $Ifgd+OSkd( $$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la< x$Ifgd3CCCECFCRCCALV`VCtLV`VSkd!$$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la< x$Ifgd3 $Ifgd+OSkdV!$$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la<CCCDCECFCQCRCCCCCCCC^D_D`DbDnDoDDEEEEEEEE;F/h>/CJaJh6CJaJhh3CJaJh3CJaJhh35CJ\aJh35CJ\aJ7H)I*I+I8IJJJ`V.!LV`VAۄ LVSkd'$$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la< $Ifgd+OSkd<'$$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la< x$Ifgd3JJJJ&K'KBKK`V.LV`VC.LV`VSkd)$$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la< $Ifgd+OSkdj($$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la< x$Ifgd3KKKL LLnLALV`VCALV`VSkd/*$$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la< x$Ifgd3 $Ifgd+OSkd)$$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la<nLoLLLLLMMALV`VCALV`V`VSkd]+$$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la< x$Ifgd3 $Ifgd+OSkd*$$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la<MMMMM M M M M MMMMMMMM"M#M!V!V!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!gd3gdSkd+$$Ifl0 ,"$ 8 t644 la<M#MMMMMMNNYOZOrOsOnQoQ{Q|Q}QQR R!R'RRaSbSSSSSS7TTT UwnenYhP*ghP*g5CJaJh6CJaJhrT~6CJaJhrT~CJaJhrT~h>*CJaJhrT~hrT~6CJaJhrT~h6CJaJhCJaJh^5CJaJh^h^5CJaJh^CJaJh,~MCJaJh3CJaJhP*gh35CJaJhP*g5CJaJhP*gCJaJh36CJ(\aJ("#MMMMYOZOsOmQnQoQtQ|Q}QR R!RR!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V V Vn~ V V V V $IfgdUkd,$$Ifl70:  t644 la $$Ifa$gdrT~gd3gdP*gRRbScSSSSSS,U-UHUVVVV V V V V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!Vgd^$a$gd+Ogd,~Mgd3Skd-$$Ifl0:  t644 la $Ifgd3 U+U,U-U*CJaJh&mhrT~CJaJhrT~5CJ(\aJ(hrT~5CJ4\aJ(hH5CJ4\aJ(hrT~CJaJhP*g5CJaJh,~M5CJaJh,~Mh,~M5CJaJh,~MCJaJh^CJaJ/VVVWW]Y^YYY*ZeZfZZZC[[[\\\Y]]!!!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V $p^pa$gd&mp^pgd&m ^`gd&m p^p`gdrT~ p^p`gdU#$a$gdrT~gdrT~*Z:ZBZSZYZfZyZZZZZB[C[[[[\\\\\\E]F]Y]Z]]]]]]]]]]]^^ ^.^/^3^M^o^p^^^>_E_H_P____ӖӖh9"pCJaJhU#h&mCJaJh&m6CJ(\aJ(hU#6CJ(\aJ(h&mCJaJhU#>*CJaJh&mh&mCJaJhU#CJaJh&mhrT~>*CJaJh&mhrT~5CJ\aJh&mhrT~CJaJ5]]^ ^.^/^p^^__7`8`J`K`T`U`oapa[b\bbbbc!V!V!!!V!V!V!V!V!V!!!!!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!9Y!9Y & F gd?vgd?v$a$gd+Ogd9"pgdrT~ & FgdU#gd&m ^`gd&m__6`7`8`9`J`T`U`bccdie,fsffffffgggjYkZkkkkɾԶwlddVh h+O5CJ\aJ h CJaJh/h CJaJ h+O5CJ\aJ h/h+O5CJ\aJ h/h/5CJ\aJ h|nCJaJh/CJaJh@3ACJaJhP*gCJaJh9"p5CJ4\aJ(hH5CJ4\aJ(hrT~6CJ(\aJ(hU#hrT~CJaJhU#hU#CJaJhU#h9"pCJaJcrccddddffggkggjheiijZkkkkulm%nnYosp!9Y!9Y!!!9Y!V!V!V!V!V!9Y!!!!!!!9Y!V!V!!] !!!!]  & F gd?v & F gd?vgd?v & F gd?vkkkkkl,lFlHlsltllllllll5m=mAmBmPmUmmmmmn+nvn{nnnLoNoVoWoXoYooooopp'p3pppppppqq)q5q8q>qDqMq\q^qqqqqrrJrǼhNUthNUtCJaJhTh+OCJaJ hTh+O5CJ\aJ h+OCJaJhTCJaJh+OCJaJh CJaJh h+OCJaJ Fspqqqqrnrspst uuulvv|wxkxx4y5y6yKyyz |}!!!V! !V!9Y!!9Y!] !!!9Y!!!!!9Y!9Y!!V!!V!!!] ! & Fgd?v & F gd?vgd?v & F gd?vJrrrrrpsssss tttt#u5uTu}uuuuu,v-vkvmw{wwxy3y4y5y6yJyKynyuyyyyy\{p{{{{ ||}P}~$;=>HO7>E]suڮڮڮڮڮڮڮڮڮڮڮڮڮڮڮڮh+OCJaJhmMh+OCJaJ hmMh+O5CJ\aJ hmM5CJ \aJ hmMCJaJhmMhmMCJaJhNUthNUtCJaJhNUtCJaJD}}~ׁ؁*ł~҃Ȅ!!] !!!!!!V!V!V!9Y!9Y!!9Y!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!!gd'FgdH$a$gd+Ogdy & Fgdygd?vgd+O & Fgd?vՁׁ&(*?I҃DŽȄ˅:EPúòweVeh :6CJOJQJ^JaJ#h :h :6CJOJQJ^JaJhH5CJ4\aJ(hYCJaJhyhy5CJaJhy5CJaJh?vhyCJaJhyCJaJh?vCJaJhY5CJaJh?v5CJaJhYhmM6CJ\aJ(h+O6CJ(\aJ(hmM6CJ(\aJ(h+OCJaJhmMCJaJPQ{|!7!Vb!Vb!V!V!V!V!V!7]!Vgd :7$7 `$d%d&d'dNOPQVD7]7^ ``a$gd :3$7Q$d%d&d'dNOPQVD7]7^Qa$gd :07Q$d%d&d'dNOPQVD7]7^Qgd : P| YZÈĈňˈ͈̈xyz{ʼn01krst׊؊emwfﻪw h :h :CJ OJQJ^JaJ#h :h :5CJ OJQJ^JaJh :5CJOJQJ^JaJ#h :h :5CJOJQJ^JaJ h :h :CJ OJQJ^JaJh :CJOJQJ^JaJ&h :h :5>*CJOJQJ^JaJ#h :h :6CJOJQJ^JaJ h :h :CJOJQJ^JaJ( ͈̈yz01hst!V!V!V!Hg!V!V!Hg!V!f+!V!Hg!V!Hg!V!V!Hg!V`gd : $^a$gd :^gd :$l^`la$gd :$<^`<a$gd : l^`lgd :h^hgd : & Fgd :$a$gd :׊؊emn01V#$!V!Hg!V!Hg!V!V!Hg!V!Hg!V!Hg!V!V!V!V!V!!!!V!V!Vgd'F & Fgd : $^a$gd :^gd : & Fgd : $h^ha$gd :$a$gd :mn/01#,np')*Ttܽܽܽܮ{ph`h`h`h`h`h`h`X`hh?CJaJh>/CJaJh'FCJaJh'F6CJ(\aJ(h'F5CJ(\aJ(h'F5CJ4\aJ(hH5CJ4\aJ(#h :h :5CJOJQJ^JaJh :5CJOJQJ^JaJh :CJOJQJ^JaJ h :h :CJ OJQJ^JaJ h :h :CJOJQJ^JaJ#h :h :5CJ OJQJ^JaJ"'(op•EFGjk]^mnD !V!V!V!V !V!V!!!V!V!V!V!V!!!!!V!V!V!V!V!!!V!V!V!V!Vgd'FƐ GJǑL0npѓ ~g:=OR)CDEGXkԙ!GMShݿ跬շh?h?CJaJh9(CJaJh9(6CJ(\aJ(hBy6CJ(\aJ(h?CJaJh'F6CJ(\aJ(hByCJaJh'FCJaJh>/CJaJAmߟBCӠڠ &Xh{08acdj¢35@A&'·hICJaJh h 56CJaJh h CJaJhI6CJ(\aJ(hI5>*CJaJhI5CJ4\aJ(h CJaJhy'CJaJhWbCJaJh'F6CJ(\aJ(h'FCJaJhFCJaJ3 de345@AŤ&'KL *o!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!!V!V!!V!V!V!V!V!V!V !V!V!V!V!V!V!V!Vgd gdIgd'F'3LSV\űXd"1\],df辳辏xfx#hrT~h0J6CJOJQJ^J,jhrT~h0J6CJOJQJU^Jh6CJOJQJ^JhIh CJaJh hI6CJaJhI6CJ(\aJ(h CJaJh h 5CJaJhICJaJh h 56CJaJh h CJaJh h >*CJaJ%q:;Z$h!UӮTV!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!VgdIgd GűJb!"12]׶4V~!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!Vgd ^gdI`gdI ,def*+01AB!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!V!!V!V!V!! !!!! !!!! !! !!!!gd gdIgd'F01 !!!!V!VcVcVVVVV!V$a$gd3$a$gdrT~gd'Fgd h CJaJhz4>zR BRLI"<3 *~xh_cOZwln@!"kh@*>U/sm;4;Y[  #.ccXƲPIxr'Uc_aG xPji50E ֖q5'ʀa}.NEr#m쮦iR-_,PaocQp"iexX9^C^zm,>Ky]#CBڻQ*B0%TI-" .쀩Ƀ]>~+)7)/,RBPFJ0'(F,mƪ<^I wTO `_ijξ?⹒PlRGQ"Ch$1ؕ\:K:ttɚ-܏<ѓcgfr2X&-j=FөcU߸ 夞<4ƕXd_VEH%Yf5o.c"Kh抴`Is 7v]nA!76)wC1d}%^$,f:t# f 4K"iʘY䈞XR!c+si q,թ@`αqѐ;y-T #E 顡s_x iJ'DR2٪0cy? @- Tꓳ]L2sg01y=ַ`E<\'j8 p'fZ>$ɐ@p0MŬKۙbi)]Vѓ!N;*Gk6R:\|8"^ Kֹ!p+:^F-tJa6pi}BZId/ 1u>2hlnoc2j]Naۼ0vגȥh>ّXC/j2J<s :uу e K 6\qij h`S8$+_XDEJpӕh7)#0!r^@ )nJjŞPqjjӗMO3j405w:vצhG%DʡDJO*𭄉K$'9G(<9awBT;v2m@nPtxc7j!\ \iA]rY4-3y.gKYoNKDfTUU4fnPU1ӭӓq#4 n>%瀚‰™ΘQKx{ DHJB-(W/1ɊQGS,@9La( Ϋ+ #w['MEY[2Sk0t[&\FJb(ijNEμ rOD5nAe ]sy a)@_j"Q'`7⾟n[[c ,Rb$+jϕyc8cs@e—; ƣ9W+&wZZYLED 2X%v7mThʴAe4'c1,6|qֿ9d$d`O/ F}B"Q]OVW}lOhr/1Z=븙nⲈ )}do2fi {ʺN2Qu(M| I`r̞H@ben=*L=Zy,Z- cS*kJ60Yss}s>ۖ YL gQB S,b$H5 P!JHқđn!Ժuzp en, @șEc`tZM%~89ѮnZ*F_3'3&e$6el ϡ.SKf$!@TԩOjsM-.fdI/[2.e[4*֘:8cAKiuM)VPC#EB *h(!#Dz)oah㳴~dU f] g3S$ml=g3+Q*<4ˏ ] #J`)^hjTjeZFĿy"'v;p/|XH%7 #>2L7{$yJH00:rtw4Wx-nY"S1Zl߷߹},Uܦ3#l3 %_m.dTvBњ :`TtX{|M<ҨYg@e2䫂k-{%{^n#)uj0 oH$u֕fb4:8?y#1M[Z҅:]D>RCjyUŶOm,RBN` %nn7;K/ِ [DJk @/*>#ci&BL6omnpxٜhɔtis[o۷Kh[Kmd($԰٦[K%YC崣FT"f,e5߼.eZ9[Kt FI88Ki$T2ٮZG f~~\kksų"J TSCm[֭NƜH=.#XBDcP(8^l5+ަv)E#M*J575tϚUFMAZiE0fvbxWqaqc{h2[JJʽtڍzzُ "vgkLJsaճK,J4#Ҡz~]ܴʞ_}4ϷkK\Tn׫ia a[Am xZqi VnxmA!"X#&JҪP2P\eGF-EYA{Y\ۆŻ{VvBmi W tE RkTUguMXW\4k(242Sܙs_ﶛ}^,mbͨ" %tqKJ\B e!;Zg dѪ 0Yyqor$/Q%)*<0v{ q;GP#UT4/!!fOW_SIy,v0SD;z *vuUxߵ yh <3[㸆g$ΙCImڵFB 3ʇ1mP8M8Ҫ˘RwbƁG݉AG,TNuPh-I- FP GMTn"xk[А#}k*:>BdbK=ۄ6 3GZPN<ղȁP@m-dFBzkIfgUh!xua% '䔭cwGve 17WW3,SmdvE U$xDy+hK8[YHujJˉq7*$"7sIRhx|KB SczVudpF*KVt+dj)1LyxjHj2fIE*cD&dFޒ[,̱(U+6@ '%R۵4@ )o@ŨG˅UTH4K!$vVgkHZCwrG * qTs䑄xORuYn~G YX(~ ~髾o`sӶ R` J-6;:}OM{~V,U乕{mvZGrr ħ, piur&dSSYO&{{dXlօx%]'<M5MiRPFp'Hz rđ#i7h^mvdgۮPt2ĿV}/ㄖNF}&-*WK^{qKݢJrVȫGv_ VqRTGJYO | I`M0@zhT=Tz? Mu]6`D$i 4r8;w'[ij*0K\iX̔HˮCƋ,{Y䋲Nt# ύ?XQ)s+U7qաV5C?kkz嵍$:a^il398ooA}r#݅tJ\7;k{J(ͫjTvi#աXw-1[*c(*kHp,Xob7xcl4zk}[fK4 p'NU0`4^6腣ܒ1QWkPf=q%ZI*s-՛{{Rm7k' Aɿ<"Ms"@֋$ _>R&*5 cC7氝IVpyF:i77As|˄IvW$Uw5 IdetQy0f&GI'(cl&¸a&ۺ]jƱkqi_Wlacj#5UiffW fhkhEJkC8hnwu-IUK 3v0@^g[qjYmdRk|l{dY1ewk;+Uִ52dXj=4pt qc ztC^) T"o!lDS%]̍;ieft$͵auݬ䋹&;.Rpn= s֬5d%KW7lJ5,qbhXg}Qs/O^Q݌UdAfV,|fwcvAٸ=@&kCUEqP-gejST!M" nĪ Wy:PW9tn0ꥀF P<>irl`.~t%(e[^Szs4\a+#H|Y?MwSKÞ)b+$=yZZ`=dtvomM1ι˥IiG,md,$bJ#PIÔnKѩRIz:9ɋkVD"zt*|)ew*b351- sI&Pt/pawۥݷn>**NH~85MIe[yye[KP|2|sݸELcJrQxnM1McQsWvc-ED6]ȫqHNꏎq!ڕ*8#|0.=vfgvkXi[/Lj 'tZ#7Dry|kSn-avq(I#sqp |FdŕKTGB0F -v=OOmڏ\ ۲zCkښG#AϘ nU*,bXZ:'{\&{:eOnWsw!QS:faU}uXg rǻэ̆Xɨ5d*8PM+} 7 |]yc?unRBt8Op@BJwiM AF43,EsqgZވIzY!EqX\r],Ky;& HUdf<=]Eui F g(u9H  pX6ۆI#VE)tZ nj$Z #eSuG[{ PV9Ok|i 0Dj}l1o6m*HʵCZZMdJ>B?TG~pк&&5.aHiQ1g劷?x~Ҽw4A`2abbGo=Zsn ͪGm}k Ÿm$@35˖^u/e(ui4/Q*V111!3:]VA&aY2^:qCPG ieX]oyuwGLR*tR LLtEθ4C,wcC#G I6KfheDO -X՛w YVF.H};p@@!,c Ѳ=r1qi{141SLLHm]ͷt}Qk&(ӸVVYiOcpOqjV5e:q10.s+uQurcwPXU9w۷k5\Dtb?Sƣdgi<27VJ++q6Om$Rץոlb`Ho,M̄ˆژ HĜWVC{ 5uZwlęU|Saj{õa^+U5hDHP0#ߧ\v"p"^ӟNk÷Oemۇz MΦyB=G韧oxgkl6õOmQQ2*|tzhȩ,W{Hϯ=-Ҳ.5ROSa_`h@*ߊkɃ, *x8Ub͉Y1`w'PҊp78h^BY/ъ8smXMqUp1 šT%ƍo覜YR>s@;%F\PnU~6mݭ2UU?Y}D=OD}C'oŐd7?@]{ Q#n?onD &u*ױ\d4,F5:զK//u-Df>K)ʕ[h|Y0ntHXFQ:pZc ^PJǫmԗ֒LU+guld.@Brǎt Lkm3b7\mTUO)6ϕ ZCVV>#h E]n'VRktp짝a}8Pwկವy@iQE X*ʔ!^|(Yԅ㦵?U]GAAqe7)bETm)ē֗6IXFpjpA<4F\Ih|ifRSʻ&XxĨ4sm 8X6Nn<DF\%$rZ#lm ;BFAw].~Q3Hوnj]d,wWeU԰a-YuPEdbWl11=w;e ]TB~Uɽ^97Ĭ.-nbS0֫-?q9 Tme'd nn.Wy12#([NW|P]\,ue> ;WfЌL(]#E_+ðb5*G#ҽgYS%M;SjInʧvj" v q̀FBD#c3'q {c2bO"­CޡEN[N c*nB(x7hl5tZֱSUg(ϹjVBߏL|0Q (ے-ƉאPPtMCC8[m\9X(31T"vߺ{!  RI6sc!dMŕ^gAJI]uBAꯀ1I\F`huG">!~{jRw k[{MNt @ M1Fݾ..y!Ԑ_M^ۺk!laT$hvkilܙ2$D? &Hs)USd3FY7 E._7?BJOKRV]䰰Q)u&y"\$ARaSTr$иg #K5Ltg&K+tE "iNj.,ﷺw.DoBHa6/]VSd.DtӻHw:h <6IlŇ]Tn"rN'+12pND fQqWI!͑4Pآ^OǧOQY-)pE2[օ4ohHVת_%pmAJFu@-އƁ8gs"z;.^SƦa,1"6ߖטKc;koCn2v]6@ő6KkxSsks-:l|Ž; eIR {p}5 lcE4dy<)|y{$W5d(ef xZ(ʳVֺ%}ԞídJ1cѯ~dPf2ʇaECe`U/ّYoKM׵֞_PÛ4Ev-Fݭ2@75hv${1cR>%Ԓ%3TXxPެƟm y9ӵE:{0zG~'rd *P2t5Sۙ٢C q,H;2*3伿JVLbYWH;Xߗ҇98ِGԌi#hH >f[}|8񷈤jEۺ&y̑C ՔG {rCk\5==D489mO 0ј5ʞH=.ў-śu/uuxfq٨|ӂ|,R0*BF;H,d/P1bf0Ty;9ޖfH}A!S\,?w4|di;Q!.!MuV:q祋v5x_oZ\%z[*l?ao:#Iv@t0dQLYI W~ ,]щ).,*ŋ+ xt9e6 tP z,.ǯpʦmP JIEWswOa E*^ Z–E1- ʦNt A*F׍5dѹ7~5 1aq`oYͿ6b$`CǏƐi.鎱R(I!׮P;Q*9uvbEu 1axܓtjz1IZn>bz._Q+4ѼNK!~^":v:Y.,L}0 ? _cX.2_k&_u&5V=i؍2y4@Ɠ ջ-ɛu  $пpU5Dh!2'lfs /oaoݒX>.ǎѠ_e.h7Mxq-WׄD"3n*/zbv ɐ^ E݈ j}0=VHf^$Si\Q!Mc'qeǘy4ǻcŏ1KyUċR&83cw?WolWNE#˻#쬜,r#*G QNw[숙qy+W}_wv;cݺ~.V 2jk;BfҮc* k[}X+wEhcnTmNzBZHˠDMP3ۣhGã-6mF1lWܿcqH|8񥘪f=HʆG{J7xq*i"z~ ߢ77s,ΫWifWIxهWWSrOd]#n .#n&=Ӷ&ykBMp bک󰎫z4]^ޘc|͟Xxsi]]C#[ >Άl _&ˡGU2/^)f`WWTCl>Zڳ5#p=lqn1{#Per)RM*O*0T>זuKZYYQB q 㮕ؤ9x,"p;xi/v#oV٧d{fHL H fjT[V| 0ҺYcܩ:<&[|^A@9G1΅npUo{4{/SuFL99bTԂ<7|>,S#D #=#vK96H_?]i&B5q3BHmo{kFLd䯕{O>=2I`@GxO-\uKtGB7!r9XiFEB_gÍj{FzC$"ĜFaK{Zz2p^ǞbqG&"wj7OQ/L, S~m`QP(ӕƅ}D<^pEL{X߶΀?t,16*iuy`GmMMKzq Rthت>B[j#1C?-e!^lxjoyxpݭ]Fu>Fa#DdcʏkҾ_#?pfӿ 7.9M](ieV llj0cۆ)7K7M ~j}4nŖ;YBT$ialj~#poGw6_nkuax+׉ ӾM!dLeR.mv+1:OQ\IˈSaAc˻}h11JL8$&VO Ů5\d4!E{q#"GW Y~Ϋ DO ŏ"ocD7tD3z}WoixA˹{ٱ`B81z'Sx&ܳ܋0J0򚄙RAWCyk0,١[fgukYs!:5B7p*ĐT_{y^@r6WO瑷KP74}fLY;:ns"ves{~DMՎd`rA YoQT?gƫr;quI!a$hE 6qGMs/ҙp4V)nM;vᡈ57 )r @!l{*+{[J.ZÍZ7}4D4P;x@aFE_$>#I4=J|/'w|ƶ^KˆF' -Kݞ2g[]QC5+Y,`; ]+*WVceJ6.<"֍F~`~ 876 >7H#Qsޢ0(>=@P%˱\[B'SN(yf"U d* 8qamMI<AZmM\;k (`O*Kӽ>^K38yZOأ{"!ӕ4^zViZ$LFu`n7z{|'ߍkX /wR92 !i VFȂaEmPEkޗ5{4 Dvޅh€h7-tQ'WSB#sme(Dh6@BÒn 7 5i8s2zp7Kg#[p{k],B$m˾<^t?l/-JFŏGav6%ɵjF'0p(17[ϑռucgmOE),33liR>4>cݑ jn*gFjGzӺ6 bP: ~7S]yGUz t`qrwHvIY!' [J* Smx?E. A{Vg}K<Ɂ ZR_<($q2maZB;-ʭ0}IVIU{.tnE~AqCh@^\d+3F[llÏ':lltEG7/R;'yRxkunrpzXAVpVV6@Xbô(.Ue8xp.S1m4"!guB8mb(9X(|b rfeAm_mò! ,co q8Ӳǥ![kM ]^6;y1cP R㳰{36;xga~cYޡr%g :9ƫ'r۷5k}$[. nGA;LPY57}ihcs5 dEi-{ӨE$I`1ȍ&@mn?xסc>A_z\{,tOω"(,2qafY'ԢIex #* 4(6#``4)\d {HOyY26w hʰ{l5)_@:;' (bX ";6P Gi^}@UBFX$G al"X|\O ҝA Ր܁}"BnF i jH*a9A'$k;Gu6.r$U#<^IFclIF ٣I҃;>hfÔ9;XU]˚gpt#֋xQ͋"g r=A&\Ex7`P+&]~.{(FM?2m8"[if cP˽MVN.?Jt##.́>, v}uLʾpS8ec ef/@m1ʝ ۵{Mglw/_[# ⰽ/%o//_QnS DŽvE|Q=|'֍ ']G:\&m& 6ӲoÀE]~R<$xΏ,l8sq[|Sx۹>¼.ۿPKtL2btZA萫#ԛ_[tP,ELsu!Ӎ?&|~&"qwݵWV:Ǘlc-LL\іx^\|~7HaJq(ov5_7],em*DvH,#A1.H3|BRG Z_o-/WhH,&eۏu'<x\;Oeh$Wc0 k^x*FYsvKn6(.jF,r܃rþ!%UFT UC_VdY$yuqRʤ ~.GC$rhW/t[rRS?vH6afZz;J>@%h&<ej YUSkhk&vlۛjxVWO֯UDy3GN+X o~4ۀPMW5s(@RݯAP%~cŒX~vPE( s_7HF9#!BjWp>uPz}&Vdc̣V+OPL`nPsxםz?L˴y}>NS{#xvj /h4!#IC0wҽ#898,Gk0a/X.p30Y*9^7#{/:G> xsoӜ%'f\Vя0돖+=c-{m xkS % ݴ0×*Q{yp38 q<Q.l;Pe1pgܰMޑo4 hM^`2:E\&0a:iRWPadOćƃrĪvE*Wg=K30d B8Sou]oǑ=7pިWy*iWHf[ Hl/,smš5?/֭}?WˇW/)a,RH&% P/Ogg #N?F uPwe<EzO2񈱚1WPwb}"B-槳pXp;8i*߹uumdS~^Y:IO:20l1EM}k{++6 ,YhLsΛ=ՙ\z8J0,tqWWP31Sd>V>F6_EuWo] QL[1~K;!B `QY1]]A}nK}5MEi-5uuG/OƯ׽=#*73Š~* %7Q@^"oSgiU o[>e1Tx& ƫ$ynD2)F⺺7:'Z^pQ>D!rɸVwcʅS#(b4K Jtnv>kb|QxYX&8!Wf,?W>o<÷]]ADd  S zA2*_39445491_joemccarthy203Senator Joe McCarthyRPxkyL9*"L{DFsPxkyL9*"LJFIFddDucky(Adobed     $$''$$53335;;;;;;;;;;  %% ## ((%%((22022;;;;;;;;;;"   !1AQa"q2BR#3brCDSs$4T5c񒣄%EUe& ?[}bȤ$jNf;?8%`NٛxH)ǓmD4Z@Oե}Y`N^6,I: "gt1<]/ͷ$j Mjz%JѕF](}8ϥ+AC@ofexx=EӶQk _f&CʙrcՆ<m!=AɋFϷqkXGWvH3SϣՋӀ  Xi|vv`ZEA`>?s le_L'q0Nqv?/8m[O;[ xT,mCKs#O}׶s=|8>@Ơp`mlVpV&*mm+ :_`tYEOI nR*|1Km- [GExt`wE'/0`wd"X< g)ƣPhp 0:{tH{TW<YaA*&\?z vjx(n SݘV?p{8E\vV &Id5t!@ŤeP='KEA$WVU%P9(ڲ nv˻W9)5*Iݒ˜r$D n, ڔ  MSr=ફ6+Z(ZP lRې;.AM${3{V)DefXQ}*mXGzԔ5^|8oz̏FQN߮{ʚTk,I+ŔnhH:$Oy=g{ȚZJuGdF[iǪx`+h%jv(:14KiOFG1\mR)"utAH 9QlyQ^Z+yY^Fd@9 O^; Xz1#p 1Cp4>gК`)qBX8O:@v^`=$Um;DUqǨrL "FzNDY`-[\]可q۶Y;: ,C ^8Y@qٟl11C'5" ڷ O J;[U-/W S-{f4.g' " v*d0k{e"gsĴCB\4*W,bZ1ąX ;Nʾ'Gߺ|sb~3IuVՔD38  h!ݤM@ Ƃsj0a3ǒ9XǒȀfkyN„". %ujbkUjxPq0mi1x 6 4aB.8)k+& Ϊf8aq*Kl3v11R૙' `WK!bt@"T(iLy ՜,6mBv  wUQP a~v_F-wx^>_kO`>%QGņ~_[Hh|BTqĀuƣb{SJ{A܎=c.,liQ4ncU:raJePO!1|sě5#2C"PG,ivD4`v~L6{cm K,Q@I';cۑni"3{hAdВ:}8,2m樴"49[2bz?j0fٵ^YJg|ϳWHWS˲pGׅZcЄ{^]yG"Hmo#Ps4ɹX30P !'/Neل~j߾緎8gC_uWxR~vk0fln>`y0+},tKu3%GX6lnb644Ybe]Yq犼Mq6O[`H?Z^G"ѵ~}kew"ywř2,X՛>#gxbwdYcxؕuF`*^|q.]_u#^̬-!UɛS(4v+Aֈ{8OQHWr dfciV&; ֖X yYA*uKRQX53vf4UIxвT׌wp#Pj cG}y!m6R15@:j1cޅW~Ūoͽ 5ݼow_Sw+}Gjaf~8&pgگ!Vp ]ZBOCeLVWDQ$cz3p[J+x$j^ m#;,ШOVt9de 2R Ex*G #:b=ݔv=oI: i9 qpڤUb5;ߓx!Fqq .DʔR$1B#$2JԯVXgsko5ażےN]И1b^e6[kTy9gφ|$F=f"cK-v*.7rHjri%+RH0F$5-C*q9%!)+R]s9𙯞}(8cj u>KHFw@-:Nx Dh@?i&!ī \Rpp%טυK& \CL]B-ᎍ++O{M휳 14NW<8+XAi,GPW#[DjWn ȌJHU6_FUј- 3v ;%,Q1."IQ-D1iyYnE(g`/"wH'`Hg5kSҺOJttL;;*>q'.|=8%Ӻt]?{xW6ݴHynJpP/)^nۢLI c,gg+Hdq- (`!rg5g:ᇕHG1'{x:~1oR;+ m=Ҭ}R`ǘB—Eji_,%}vϘQ8j#@Acp)ZӨ=O,eDy"E`YuE @ud^9`.gÁ * YQVAɑ+{`c )\9Y FEK`ݪİ\kQ?IrqUdBA+Tzi'2Uˇ%Td2)rhRDaz`PqId'&@+S3x%]Uqr'Okk)m`XaNU(m&ɸ[uU(̫K§ӌæ(վ1<1$Ƣ' u{ qƭ#(&ZC<4`Gr(NFs X]d{M۞d[S7M1!5V~ g4`Eae"\k`;ÿQkaP;6cŎ@5 w~YH)(u$~fąG֙pO/٘᥵grfikBK,*F-gz0uJVRE JqcTvhs)MJ+N|qSNC*HZ*PT"[FfBcS4xX>k]nw0CHD]3wUi-swC [1羿w#ltWF5PSLu0Ȕ_vۗ#HscI='${vI3$lڔ 0SL Z]yĬ +ˠ* 4+#cJ^+9=rz$`@fRͺL$VH $A`瘮R6P.b:uhY l)N P+SUGNjW*x=TziUnVwmbdWeP.фsnU v;}ci=6WFF*N\Cd,!i#Y1 PhOM1Qb`$fI>ǖY^6;(Gw+c OL x.FK 7Lv;([6@5OÉJ?b~*B*ph &  &)(PyPzzzzzzzz z z z z zzzzzzzzzbc((3'9*AEN8Xc6q}G/ V     #@!"#$%&IJ^_`abop0JKTUko_! " < = ghgh2378IJcd~45b"c"$$6(7((((((((((((**++:,<,,,F...=0>0335566&8'889999 9!9"9#9$9%9&9'95969L9M9]999999::::;;;E;F;R;;;;_<`<o<===<>=>K>>>>^?_?m????@@@)A*A+A8ABBBBBB&C'CBCCCCD DDnDoDDDDDEEEEEE E E E E EEEEEEEE"E#EEEEYGZGsGmInIoItI|I}IJ J!JJJbKcKKKKKK,M-MHMNNNNNNOO]Q^QQQ*ReRfRRRCSSSTTTYUUUV V.V/VpVVWW7X8XJXKXTXUXoYpY[Z\ZZZZ[r[[\\\\^^__k__j`eaabZccccude%ffYgshiiiijnjkpkl mmmlnn|opkpp4q5q6qKqqr tuuvwxyyyy*zzz{~{{{{|||}}}~~P~Q~{~|~~~~~~~ ̀̀yz01hstׂ؂emn01V#$'(opEFGjk]^mnD de345@AŜ&'KL *oq:;Z$h!UӦTVGũJb!"12]׮4V~ ,def*+01տֿAB0100000000000000000000000000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0 0 0 0 000000000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 0 0 0 00000000000000 000000000 00000000 00000 0000 0n 0n 0n0 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000p000000000000000000000000000p00000000 0 0000000000000p00000000000000000000000000000 00 00p0p000000000000p00p00000000000H0p00000H0000 ghgh2378IJc5b"c"$$((((+:,<,,F.>066&889>>>^?_?m???@EEE"E#E.V7XGjk]@Jb]׮4V~,AB@0@:00:00:00Oy00Oy0 0Oy0 0:00y:00:00:0 0:0 0:0 0:0 0Oy00Oy0 0Oy00Oy00:00u:00:00Oy00Oy00:00:00Oy00Oy00Oy0 0QOy0 0QOy0 0QOy00QOy00QOy00QOy00QOy00QOy00Oy00 @0EO900P`*Oy00 O900 O900 Oy00 O90 0 Oy00 Oy00 Oy000/O900P\*O900O900Oy00Oy00Oy00Oy00$ :0*0 9:0*0:0*0 @0Oy00Oy00z0*0Oy00< Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 j@0 Oy00< Oy00 Oy00 Oy00 Oy0 0 Oy0 0 Oy00Oy00z0*0Oy00 &Oy00Oy00@ln0 Oy000w y &0+ACGM U*Z_kJrPm'nqsuvwyz}K J#0AACCEFmGHJKnLM#MRV]csp} ortx{|~p7(((C !_b$ Vۥ_R$&[Dv.YC64PR$= wc$;X R$'8vBPR$I&@s5hv8"b @2 (  HB @ C D NB  S DNB  S D\  3 "` HB  @ C DNB   S DNB   S D &\   3  "` ! HB @ C D NB  S D NB  S D\  3 "`    s JA N. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39445000/jpg/_39445449_guantanamobay203.jpgPrisoners held at Guantanamo Bay, CubaS`TS`T"`T  s A . http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39445000/jpg/_39445495_arthurmiller203.jpgArthur MillerS`TS`T"`  s NA D. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39445000/jpg/_39445971_arthurmillermonroeap203.jpgArthur Miller with Marilyn MonroeS`TS`T"`B S  ?(:,699:;`<a<=_?'C(CCD @ @ @DtMMttt yyt yt vt txtxx< tD0WtxtzzIzBzLzOz,NzKzLHzDzAz|Q{{A?{ @{ A{D B{ C{ D{ E{D F{ G{ H{ I{D J{ K{ L{ M{D N{ O{ P{ Q{D R{ S{ T{ U{D V{W{ġX{Y{DZ{[{Ģ\{]{D^{_{ģ`{a{Db{c{Ĥd{e{Df{ e0ĥ e0e0De0e0Ħ e0g{Dh{i{ħj{k{Dl{=f0Ĩ>f0?f0E@f0TEAf0EBf0ECf0 EDf0T EEf0 EFf0 EGf0 EHf0T EBaJ|CaJdKf0 ELf0T E8f0 EFaJ EGaJ E;f0T E?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Q]]N]]6EECC uu  NN||i"i"""##d%d%%2&2&&&&&))**++,,,///00*3*399v<v<YBYBCCDDDDPPQQ,S,S9S9SVVccccQdQdddkekeeeggehehhhii j joossssttttiuiuuuvv-w-wDyDyxx00ɝɝxx--Z,,++44   !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456798:<;=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~B*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsState=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceName=*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceTypeV*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplacehttp://www.5iantlavalamp.com/h*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCity0http://www.5iamas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags JQ dkw}do%%-&2&&&,,P-X---99/:8:>>AA9CACCCwD~DEEEEEE]GgGLLQQQQQQSSUU[\a\\\]]__aaRcXcZc`cddaghg3h:hBjJjk kpkxkglolmmmmo oooYq_qqqqqqqrr5t=tvvOW DL\e34  %%00>'>HH*J2J+R7RDSGS\U^UUUUU|~~Àˀ58x{02’Òɒʒܒ ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Ujo~ d(('969999:::i::;;F;R;;;`<o<==(>K>>>L?m???R@@+A8AAB[BB CBCCC DDoDDDDZGsGSI}INN/SCSV/VVV8XKX^_bbcceeff#gYgKll}mmqKquuxx~zen35@David Falconer dfalconer\r?@Wzk-(8$b=WKZJyL|yj"X1$Wj-PEMi?b }haHG6&0+HgH #fMPs'(~j,*pG^`B*OJQJo(phhH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`B*OJQJo(phhH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH@ 0@ ^@ `0OJPJQJ^Jo(-  ^ `OJQJ^Jo(hHoxx^x`OJQJo(hHHH^H`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoX X ^X `OJQJo(hH^`B*OJQJo(phhH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`B*OJQJo(phhH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH^`o(.0^`0o() pLp^p`LhH. @ @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.{pp^p`OJPJQJ^Jo(-@ @ ^@ `OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hHPP^P`OJQJo(hH  ^ `OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`B*OJQJo(phhH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hHh ^`hH.h ^`hH.h pLp^p`LhH.h @ @ ^@ `hH.h ^`hH.h L^`LhH.h ^`hH.h ^`hH.h PLP^P`LhH.^`B*OJQJo(phhH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHopp^p`OJQJo(hH@ @ ^@ `OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHo^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJo(hH^`OJQJ^Jo(hHoPP^P`OJQJo(hH@ 0@ ^@ `0o(.   ^ `hH. xLx^x`LhH. HH^H`hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. X LX ^X `LhH.h ^`5hH.h ^`hH.h pLp^p`LhH.h @ @ ^@ `hH.h ^`hH.h L^`LhH.h ^`hH.h ^`hH.h PLP^P`LhH.\1$?@zk=WEMi?'(~j*pHgH8JyfM|yj"haHGj-ψ?        ψ?        f        ψ?        ψ?         2       %Vv        ψ?        ψ?        ^f        8;        >=H/_S :`U#y'0n1RY4BT9(>/3;6FS- M9]999999::::;;;E;F;R;;;;_<`<o<===<>=>K>>>>^?_?m????@@@)A*A+A8ABBBBBB&C'CBCCCCD DDnDoDDDDDEEoItI|I}IJKK"""""""""@0@Unknown Gz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial5&  ImpactA Cooper Md BT7&  Verdana5& zaTahoma?5 z Courier New;Wingdings"qhʳf[FOzk|Ozk|>4d^^ 3QH)?+O THE CRUCIBLE David FalconerDavid FalconerL           Oh+'0 ( D P \ ht|THE CRUCIBLE oHE David FalconeraviaviNormalaDavid Falconer8viMicrosoft Word 10.0@b@2@,N @h^Oz՜.+,D՜.+,8 hp|   /|k^A THE CRUCIBLE Title 8@ _PID_HLINKSA*jRhttp://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39445000/jpg/_39445449_guantanamobay203.jpg(jQhttp://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39445000/jpg/_39445495_arthurmiller203.jpg.nYhttp://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39445000/jpg/_39445971_arthurmillermonroeap203.jpg  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZ[\]^`abcdefkRoot Entry F0mData -1Table+WordDocumentξSummaryInformation(WDocumentSummaryInformation8_CompObjj  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q