ࡱ> U@ Qbjbj 'I22282,&4gNF5L5"5556 6 6MMMMMMM$UORQ N?66?? N55!NxCxCxC?55MxC?MxCDxCCC5:5 2 k2A4C2J7N0gNC/RA/RCC2/RDD6 8vxC/:,[;q666 N ND&^+dPC(^+Citing Sources Worksheet ~ APA Style Directions: This worksheet contains 9 examples in which the left-hand column provides text from an original source and the right-hand column features a sentence that might appear in a research paper along with the corresponding bibliographic citation from the papers References list. Examine each example, and determine whether or not the information provided in the right-hand column represents proper citation of the source material. 1Material from the original sourceExample sentence and Reference list citation from a student paper Police officers encounter work-related stressors unknown to most other professionals. Street-level police work often places the officer in imminent risk of physical injury or death. Even when their own personal safety is not at risk, officers are often witness to others who have been brutalized or killed, and are suffering. Coupled with this often-unpredictable work environment, many officers also experience stress as a result of their exposure to the bureaucratic structure of the police department itself. Officers experience both acute and chronic stressors that, over time, can affect job performance, personal relationships, and long-term psychological adjustment and physical health. [Block quote from Hadfield, K. (2005).Stress.In L. Sullivan&M. Rosen (Eds.), Encyclopedia of law enforcement.(Vol.1, pp. 443-445). Thousand Oaks:Sage Reference. Quote appears on pp. 443-444.]  Policing is a very stressful job.  Reference [blank] Did the student cite the source correctly in the right-hand column? Yes___ No___ Please explain briefly: 2Material from the original sourceExample sentence and Reference list citation from a student paper To summarize the discussion thus far, the effect of vicarious victimization on attitudes toward capital punishment has never been systematically studied. While the public seems to assume that capital punishment is in the interests of family members and friends of homicide victims and the media portray vicarious victims as particularly supportive of the death penalty, sociological theories challenge this assumption. Black's theory of law predicts that social and cultural distance lead to greater use of the law. Hence, to the extent that most homicides occur between intimates and those of the same race, and insofar as the family members and close friends of homicide victims share with the offender these same social and racial relationships, the theory suggests an inverse effect of vicarious homicide victimization on capital punishment. [Block quote from Borg, M. J. (1998). Vicarious homicide victimization and support for capital punishment: A test of Blacks theory of law.  HYPERLINK "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=JournalURL&_cdi=5833&_auth=y&_acct=C000038279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=687412&md5=2acf4f568310d486b2768686e148b86f" Criminology, 36(1), 537-567. Retrieved November 5, 2006 from the Criminal Justice Periodicals database. Quote appears on pp. 541-542.]  There are many theories about the relationship between vicarious homicide victimization and capital punishment views. One popular theory, for example, claims that families and acquaintances of victims advocate the death penalty, while Blacks theory of law, a sociological theory, claims an inverse correlation between vicarious victimization and attitudes toward the death penalty. Yet, despite the existence of many theories, the effect of vicarious victimization on attitudes toward capital punishment has never been systematically studied.  Reference Borg, M. J. (1998). Vicarious homicide victimization and support for capital punishment: A test of Blacks theory of law.  HYPERLINK "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=JournalURL&_cdi=5833&_auth=y&_acct=C000038279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=687412&md5=2acf4f568310d486b2768686e148b86f" Criminology, 36(1), 537-567. Retrieved November 5, 2006 from the Criminal Justice Periodicals database.  Did the student cite the source correctly in the right-hand column? Yes___ No___ Please explain briefly: 3Material from the original sourceExample sentence and Reference list citation from a student paper We interpret the absence of significant differences in sentences for hate and non-hate crimes in our study as an indication of both a general concern for proportionality in sentencing and a tendency to focus on the immediate harm caused by an offense, rather than on more long-term and/or widespread harm (e.g., the terrorizing effects of hate crimes on other members of the target community). In the language of sentencing, proportionality generally means that punishment is meted out in proportion to the harm caused by an offense. Proportionality is also taken as an indicator of equality-people who are convicted of similar offenses will receive similar treatment by the courts. It is possible that many of our respondents equated the hate crime with the non-hate crime for one of two reasons. First, they may have focused on the immediate harm caused by the crimes, which was identical in both scenarios. Second, they may not have interpreted the hate crime scenario as a hate crime, since hate crimes that receive wide publicity (thereby becoming the standard by which people define hate crimes) are generally those that fit the racial animus model and that cause physical harm to the victim (e.g., the murders of James Byrd and Matthew Shepard). [Block quote from Steen, S., & Cohen, M. A. (2004). Assessing the publics demand for hate crime penalties. Justice Quarterly: JQ, 21(1), 91-124. Retrieved November 6, 2006 from the Criminal Justice Periodicals database. Quote appears on p. 118.]  Survey responses indicate that the general public does not favor more severe punishment for hate crimes than for other kinds of crime. Such responses may demonstrate the publics regard for proportionality in sentencing and a tendency to focus on the immediate harm caused by an offense, rather than on more long-term and/or widespread harm (e.g., the terrorizing effects of hate crimes on other members of the target community) (Steen & Cohen, 2004, p. 118).  Reference Steen, S., & Cohen, M. A. (2004). Assessing the publics demand for hate crime penalties. Justice Quarterly: JQ, 21(1), 91-124. Retrieved November 6, 2006 from the Criminal Justice Periodicals database.  Did the student cite the source correctly in the right-hand column? Yes___ No___ Please explain briefly: 4Material from the original sourceExample sentence and Reference list citation from a student paper The present study finds that a central factor in understanding existing racial disparity in death sentences may be the severity with which those who kill white females are treated relative to other gender-race victim combinations. Even after controlling for several legally relevant factors, analyses revealed that homicides with white female victims were more likely to result in a death sentence than others. In fact, homicides with white female victims are the only statistically distinct victim dyad. Analyses indicate that the severity of responses to white female victim homicides may partially account for findings of general white and general female victim disparity. [Block quote from Holcomb, J. E., Williams, M. R., & Demuth, S. (2004). White female victims and death penalty disparity research. Justice Quarterly: JQ, 21(4), 877-902. Retrieved November 5, 2006 from the Criminal Justice Periodicals database. Quote appears on p. 898.]  According to Holcomb, Williams, and Demuth (2004), when examining race and gender in relation to capital punishment homicide sentences, homicides with white female victims were more likely to result in a death sentence than others (p. 898).  Reference Holcomb, J. E., Williams, M. R., & Demuth, S. (2004). White female victims and death penalty disparity research. Justice Quarterly: JQ, 21(4), 877-902. Retrieved November 5, 2006 from the Criminal Justice Periodicals database.  Did the student cite the source correctly in the right-hand column? Yes___ No___ Please explain briefly: 5Material from the original sourceExample sentence and Reference list citation from a student paper In terms of racial or homophobic harassment reported to the police, it is possible to say that the majority of perpetrators are persons who are recognized, perhaps known, by the victims as locals or neighbours. The localized nature of this harassment means that many perpetrators are not absolute strangers to the victims but nor are they known to the victim in any capacity other than neighbour or local. Victims often know who these perpetrators are on the basis of where the incident took place (the difference between knowing who someone is and actually knowing someone). This way of knowing highlights the uncertainty and ambiguity of the victim-perpetrator relationship in racial and homophobic harassment (and perhaps in other forms of hate crimes as well). It points to the possibility that a perpetrator may be someone who is familiar to the victim yet simultaneously a virtual stranger. [Block quote from Mason, G. (2005). Hate crime and the image of the stranger. British Journal of Criminology, 45(6), 837-859. Retrieved November 6, 2006 from the Criminal Justice Periodicals Index database. Quote appears on p. 856.]  Perpetrators of harassment based upon race or sexuality are often not complete strangers to their victims, who may not personally know the perpetrator but may at least recognize or be aware of the perpetrator as someone who resides in or frequents the same neighborhood.  Reference [blank] Did the student cite the source correctly in the right-hand column? Yes___ No___ Please explain briefly: 6Material from the original sourceExample sentence and Reference list citation from a student paperUndoubtedly, continued study is required to understand the different outcomes girls with CD will face in adulthood as well as how these outcomes may be prevented. However, because so many antisocial women do not clearly exhibit signs of CD in adolescence, we may also need to develop more gender-specific theories to account for the emergence of criminal behavior. As a starting point, we began by exploring which existing constellations of CD symptoms were most predictive of later ASPD in women. Analysis of specific patterns of behavior did imply that some CD behaviors could be relatively more informative in the prediction of adult outcomes, at least in this extreme spectrum of the population. The severe CD type, although quite small in number, reported a unique history that corresponded most closely to what has been described in men as the life-course persistent pathway of antisocial behavior (Moffitt, 1993). The group represented the clearest analogy to the subset of men who engage in a developmentally continuous and escalating pattern of antisocial behavior across the life span. However, this group was only about 9% of our sample of incarcerated, maximum-security prison inmates and cannot account for the vast majority of women who have been judged antisocial by current legal standards. [Block quote from Burnette, M. L., & Newman, D. L. (2005). The natural history of conduct disorder symptoms in female inmates: On the predictive utility of the syndrome in severely antisocial women.  HYPERLINK "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=JournalURL&_cdi=5833&_auth=y&_acct=C000038279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=687412&md5=2acf4f568310d486b2768686e148b86f" American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(3), 421-430. Retrieved November 5, 2006 from the PsycArticles database. Quote appears on p. 428.] [Work cited in the paragraph refers to Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674-701.] According to Burnette and Newman, the large number of incarcerated women deemed antisocial under the law cannot be explained by a persistent pattern of antisocial behaviors over the life span, as observed and predicted in male populations, or by the early presence of conduct disorders.  Reference Burnette, M. L., & Newman, D. L. (2005). The natural history of conduct disorder symptoms in female inmates: On the predictive utility of the syndrome in severely antisocial women.  HYPERLINK "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=JournalURL&_cdi=5833&_auth=y&_acct=C000038279&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=687412&md5=2acf4f568310d486b2768686e148b86f" American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(3).  Did the student cite the source correctly in the right-hand column? Yes___ No___ Please explain briefly: 7Material from the original sourceExample sentence and Reference list citation from a student paper Our findings suggest that a moral panic (as defined by consensus, concern, hostility, volatility, and disproportionality) about hate crimes existed in America during 1998 and 1999. The measure of concern was manifested in numerous concrete ways. Public opinion poll results illustrated the presence of concern in the public regarding hate crimes in the late 1990s. Increased amounts of print media and activist group attention, proposed federal legislation, and both public and private sector attention were also an indication of the presence of social concern about hate crimes.Our finding that letters to the editor exhibited high hostility levels indicated that the general public held a high level of hostility towards hate crime offenders. We also found that the peak in hostility coincided with the peak in media attention, indicating that public hostility increased in conjunction with media attention. Overall, media attention given to the issue of hate crimes was quite volatile from 1997 to 2000. The data illustrated that the nature of the hate crime panic was explosive and had a measurable fever pitch. The data also suggested that the significant fluctuations in the amount of attention were independent of the actual threat of hate crimes. There was a dramatic increase in media attention given to hate crimes in 1998, another in 1999, then a steep decline by 2000. At the same time, the occurrence of hate crime offenses either decreased or increased only moderately. This, of course, suggests a high degree of disproportionality. [Block quote from Colomb, W., & Damphousse, K. (2004). Examination of newspaper coverage of hate crimes: A moral panic perspective. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 28(2), 147-163. Retrieved November 6, 2006 from the Criminal Justice Periodicals database. Quote appears on p. 160.]  While the extent of hate crime media coverage has risen and fallen over time, the significant fluctuations in the amount of attention were independent of the actual threat of hate crimes (Colomb & Damphousse, 2004, p. 160).  Reference Colomb, W., & Damphousse, K. (2004). Examination of newspaper coverage of hate crimes: A moral panic perspective. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 28(2), 147-163. Retrieved November 6, 2006 from the Criminal Justice Periodicals database. Did the student cite the source correctly in the right-hand column? Yes___ No___ Please explain briefly: 8Material from the original sourceExample sentence and Reference list citation from a student paperThe first gap pertains to the effectiveness of juvenile drug court, per se. Although the effectiveness of juvenile drug courts has received little empirical attention, several factors suggest that such courts might be more effective than traditional justice services at reducing adolescent substance use. First, the related literature on adult drug courts (Belenko, 2001) suggests that close collaboration of criminal justice professionals and alcohol and drug treatment providers under a drug court rubric increases retention in treatment, provides closer and more comprehensive supervision, reduces substance use, and produces short-term cost savings. [Block quote from Henggeler, S. W., Halliday-Boykins, C. A., Cunningham, P. B., Randall, J., Shapiro, S. B., & Chapman, J. E. (2006). Juvenile drug court: Enhancing outcomes by integrating evidence-based treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 42-54. Retrieved November 5, 2006 from the PsycArticles database. Quote appears on p. 42.] [Work cited in the paragraph refers to Belenko, S. (2001). Research on drug courts: A critical review 2001 update. New York: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Columbia University.] Belenko (2001), as cited in Henggeler et. al. (2006, p. 42), indicates that cross-disciplinary collaborations between criminal justice and substance abuse professionals within structured court and closely supervised environments help decrease drug and alcohol abuse.  References Henggeler, S. W., Halliday-Boykins, C. A., Cunningham, P. B., Randall, J., Shapiro, S. B., & Chapman, J. E. (2006). Juvenile drug court: Enhancing outcomes by integrating evidence-based treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 42-54. Retrieved November 5, 2006 from the PsycArticles database. Belenko, S. (2001). Research on drug courts: A critical review 2001 update. New York: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Columbia University.  Did the student cite the source correctly in the right-hand column? Yes___ No___ Please explain briefly: 9Material from the original sourceExample sentence and Reference list citation from a student paper Prosecutors often are publicly called upon to defend a universal practice peculiar to American justice called "plea bargaining." In exchange for guilty pleas, prosecutors settle or dispose of pending criminal cases by either reducing the seriousness of lodged charges or agreeing to limit defendants' exposure to criminal penalties. The necessity for the practice, some commentators say, comes from the overwhelming caseloads that, in some jurisdictions, make it impossible to try most cases. Others comment that the practice is grounded in the prosecutors' responsibility to do justice and recommend and bring about fair outcomes. [Block quote from Sonner, A. (2005).Prosecutors.In L. Sullivan&M. Rosen (Eds.), Encyclopedia of law enforcement.(Vol.1, pp. 384-386). Thousand Oaks:Sage Reference. Quote appears on p. 386.]  Most cases are pushed through the court via plea bargaining.  Reference [blank] Did the student cite the source correctly in the right-hand column? 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