ࡱ> #` *Bbjbj 7:% RKRKRK8KDK ~LL"LLLLLL$hf%eLLee%LL:\i\i\ie LL\ie\i\iG}~LL PrQORKfT}$P0~. h.,~.~L\U&\i[n`<LLL%%hdLLLeeee   :?   ?    Era I: The Ancient World, Civilizations and Religion (4000 B.C. - 500 A.D.) Historical Narrative: Human society emerged slowly. Over thousands of years, primitive cultures slowly evolved into civilizations. From 400 B.C. to 500 A.D., the economic, social, and political activities of humans went through many transformations. By far, the most important change came in the form of economic revolution. Moving from nomadic hunter-gatherers to farmers, humans converted their entire patterns of life. Their needs and wants changed completely, and their new economic existence drove them to develop new social and political institutions. During the Neolithic Revolution 10,000 years ago, bands of hunter-gatherers began to form agricultural villages. In river valleys, certain villages grew prospered and produced broader cultures. The need for trade, protection, and irrigation moved groups to interact and pool resources into formative civilizations with cities and social institutions. As civilizations developed resources, they formed economic interdependencies, built great public works of architecture, organized spiritual beliefs into religions, and created bodies of literature and scientific and technological knowledge. By the Roman and Han Eras, civilizations interacted steadily and changed as they progressed. As new nomadic groups entered them peaceably and forcibly societies absorbed, remade, and diffused global cultures into great imperial systems. The Neolithic Revolution Facts Early Neolithic people were hunter-gatherers that were dependent on their environment. Around 7,000 B.C. (the end of the last Ice Age), early humans began to settle in permanent places. The Neolithic Revolution brought agriculture (farming) and domesticated animals to human settlement. The inventions of the wheel, plow and other tools made life more comfortable for early people.Impacts With early settlement people began to develop traits of civilization: 1. complex institutions (religion, government, and economics) 2. specialization of labor (from the surplus of food from agriculture) 3. record keeping 4. Cities (the city of Ur) 5. Advanced technology (wheel, plow and bronze making) Social structures that included warriors, priests, peasants, farmers, artisans and slavesVocabulary agriculture Bronze Age civilization domestication hunter-gatherer institution nomad specialization surplus Traditional economy Early River Valley Civilizations Facts: Early River Valley Civilizations were located in the following areas: Nile River Valley- (3000- 1000 B.C.) Egyptian culture was centered on the Nile Delta region where the Nile empties into the Mediterranean Sea. Mesopotamia- (3000- 144 B.C.) located between the two rivers called the Tigris and Euphrates. (Modern day Iraq), included the city states of Babylon and Sumer Huang He River Valley- (2500- 700 B.C.) Earliest Chinese civilization that started with Shang times in Eastern Asia Indus River Valley- The two cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa along the Indus River in South Central Asia The fertile soil that was used for farming came from the over-flooding of the rivers that deposited silt along the river banks. Ancient River Valley civilizations were able to redirect the waters to irrigate their crops. Other: Phoenicia, Hebrew and HittiteImpacts: Writing Systems: Egypt hieroglyphics Mesopotamia cuneiform Chinese pictographs Indus Sanskrit Phoenicia alphabet Ideas about government: Egypt pharaoh (god king) Mesopotamia Hammurabis Code Law Chinese Mandate of Heaven, Dynastic Cycle, Confucianism, Legalism Architecture: Egypt pyramids Mesopotamia ziggurat Chinese walled cities Indus plumbing, sewers Ideas about religion: (many of the River Valley Civilizations had polytheistic beliefs) Egypt after life, preservation of the body by mummification Indus Hinduism and the caste system Chinese Taoism Mesopotamia Zoroastrianism Hebrew monotheistic, covenant with God, Ten Commandments, Old TestamentVocabulary: Aryans Autocracy Confucius/ Confucianism cultural diffusion Daoism delta dynastic cycle Fertile Crescent Hammurabis Code irrigation Laozi Legalism Mandate of Heaven monotheism Siddartha Gautama theology polytheism Ancient Greece: Facts: City-states (polis) on the Greek peninsula between the Adriatic and Aegean Seas Developed ideas about democracy (people rule). The two leading city-states were Athens and Sparta. Experienced a Golden Age during the rule of Pericles (461- 421 B.C.) Developed a polytheistic mythology that included many Gods and Goddesses to explain the unknown and the forces of nature.Impacts: The polis (city-state) was the basic political unit in Ancient Greece Development of Western thought and philosophy by Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Development of Western literature by Homers works of the Iliad and the Odyssey Medical advances by Hippocrates (Hippocratic Oath) Vocabulary: acropolis aristocracy Aristotle democracy epics Homer myths monarchy oligarchy Plato polis Socrates tyrant Alexander the Great and the Hellenic World: Facts: The Hellenic Age lasted from 334 B.C. to 27 B.C. The kingdom north of the Greek poleis (Macedonia) conquered the Greeks by 338 B.C. Alexander the Great led armies against the Persians and Egyptians. The Hellenic World was a blend of Greek, Persian, and Egyptian cultures. Alexander controlled an area that stretched from Greece to the Indus RiverImpacts: The Egyptian city of Alexandria was the most important city of the Hellenic World Alexanders empire broke up after his death. His generals divided it among themselves. Alexanders general, Ptolemy, became pharaoh of Egypt. Mathematic advancement by Pythagoras (Pythagorean Theorem) and Euclid (Elements)Vocabulary: Alexander the Great Hellenistic Roman Republic: Facts: Rome was founded in 753 B.C. on seven hills in the Tiber Valley (where modern Rome is today) on the Italian Peninsula By 300 B.C., Rome expanded to control all of the Italian Peninsula. The Roman Republic consisted of the Senate, which consisted of both patricians and plebeians. The written law was the Twelve Tables. A code written laws that were known to all citizens. Rome expanded its influence throughout the entire Mediterranean Sea by defeating its trade rival Carthage by 146 B.C. By the 1st century B.C., Rome controlled all of Gaul, Spain, Greece, Asia Minor, North Africa, and Judea. Romes republican government and economy destabilized. Slavery and high taxes caused revolts against the Senate.Impact: Latin was the official language of the Roman Republic and Empire. The codified Roman law became the basis for European law. Used the arch to build bridges and aqueducts. United most of Western Europe and the area around the Mediterranean Sea. Combined and preserved Greek and Hellenic learning and culture. Adopted Greek mythology. The ideals of gravitas guided Roman men and women. The women of the Republic had rights to property and the ability to will it to an heir.Vocabulary: consul dictator patrician plebeian republic senate tribune Roman Empire: Facts: The Roman Empire was the result of a civil war between Julius Caesar and his rival general Pompeii. Julius Caesar declared himself dictator for life. After Caesars assassination, his nephew became emperor of Rome. Augustus (Octavian) slowly changed the Roman Republic into a monarchy and then an empire that lasted for almost 500 years. The Pax Romana (Roman Peace) led to an extended period of peace and prosperity for Europe and the Mediterranean Sea. The Roman Empire began to fall into decline around 350 A.D. There were many causes for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire: division of empire, contrast between rich and poor, high taxes, threat from northern invasions by Germanic tribes. The city of Rome was sacked in 476 A.D. and the final Roman Emperor was forced to abdicate his throne.Impact: The Latin language became the basis for Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese, and Romanian. Preserved Greek and Hellenistic knowledge. Engineered the Roman road system throughout the region of the Mediterranean Sea and Europe. After many years of persecuting Christians, legalized Christianity in the 4th century by emperor Constantine. Established the foundations of western culture (government, literature, technology, and religion). Basis for the Roman Catholic Church (Latin is the official language, and the organization is based on the Roman imperial model) The Roman Empire split into three different civilizations: 1. Medieval Europe 2. Byzantine Empire 3. Islamic WorldVocabulary: aqueduct Constantine the Great gladiator inflation mercneary Pax Romana triumvirate  Asian Golden Ages in China and India: Facts: Han Dynasty (202 B.C. 220 A.D.) was Chinas classical civilization. The Han Dynasty in China solidified Chinese culture and language throughout East Asia. India and the Age of Asoka (272 B.C. 232 B.C.) was Indias golden era of learning, peace, and religious toleration.Impacts: Han Dynasty: 1. Unified learning under Confucian principles 2. Developed the civil service system based on Confucian principles. 3. Began building the Great Wall of China. Maurya and Gupta Empires: Developed early Arabic numerals, the use of zero, and negative quantity theories in mathematics. Built many roads, bridges, temples and harbors.Vocabulary: assimilation centralized government civil service monopoly religious toleration New York Sate Regents Review questions: Answer the following review questions using the review guide and your vocabulary from the vocabulary list. 1. Which activity would be most characteristic of people in a traditional society? (1) serving in government assemblies (2) working in an industrialized city (3) having the same occupation as their parents(4) establishing a mercantile system 2. What is the main reason the Neolithic Revolution is considered a turning point in world history? (1) Fire was used as a source of energy for the first time. (2) Spoken language was used to improve communication. (3) Domestication of animals and cultivation of crops led to settled communities. (4) Stone tools and weapons were first developed. 3. Which heading best completes the partial outline below?  (1) Economic Development in Ancient Egypt (2) Cultural Diffusion in Mohenjo-Daro (3) Features of the Old Stone Age (4) Characteristics of Civilizations 4. The Pillars of Emperor Asoka of the Mauryan Empire and the Code of Hammurabi of Babylon are most similar to the (1) ziggurats of Sumeria (2) map projections of Mercator (3) Great Sphinx of the Egyptians (4) Twelve Tables of the Romans 5. Which factor led to the development of civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia? (1) political harmony (2) favorable geography (3) religious differences (4) universal education 6. Which statement most likely represents the view of a citizen of ancient Athens visiting Sparta? (1) The government and society in Sparta are so strict. The people have little voice in government. (2) I feel as though I have never left home. Everything here is the same as it is in Athens. (3) This society allows for more freedom of expression than I have ever experienced in Athens. (4) I have never heard of a society like Sparta that believes in only one God. Base your answers to questions 7 and 8 on the illustration below and on your knowledge of social studies.  7. Which concept is most closely related to the main idea of the illustration? (1) isolation (3) armed conflict (2) cultural diffusion (4) urbanization 8. Which leader is most closely associated with the accomplishment shown by the illustration? (1) Charlemagne (2) Mansa Musa (3) Alexander the Great (4) Suleiman the Magnificent 9. The Twelve Tables of Roman Law is considered a milestone because it (1) preserved many ancient Chinese legal decrees in writing (2) served as a model for European legal systems (3) became the first democratic constitution (4) united Muslim and Roman thought 10. How did the introduction of agriculture affect early peoples? (1) Societies became nomadic. (2) Food production declined. (3) Civilizations developed. (4) Birthrates decreased rapidly. 11. Which factor most influenced a persons social position in early Indian societies? (1) education (2) birth (3) geographic location (4) individual achievement 12. If a man has destroyed the eye of a free man, his own eye shall be destroyed. If a man has knocked out the teeth of a man of the same rank, his own teeth shall be knocked out. These rules are based on the (1) Analects of Confucius (2) Code of Hammurabi (3) Ten Commandments (4) Koran (Quran) Base your answer to question 13 on the illustration below and on your knowledge of social studies.  13. The illustration shows the relationship between individuals in a society according to the ideas of (1) Confucius (2) Moses (3) Mohammad (4) Siddhartha Gautama 14. What was one effect of Alexander the Greats conquests? (1) expansion of Hellenistic culture (2) formation of the Christian church (3) decreased importance of the Silk Roads (4) increased support of the Mayan leaders 15. Which statement most accurately describes how geography affected the growth of the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia? (1) River valleys provided rich soil to grow plentiful crops. (2) Large deserts provided many mineral deposits. (3) Access to the Atlantic Ocean provided trade routes. (4) Large savanna areas provided protection from invaders. 16. One way in which the Five Relationships, the Ten Commandments, and the Eightfold Path are similar is that they (1) promote polytheism (2) establish gender equality (3) provide codes of behavior (4) describe secularism 17. Which accomplishments are associated with the Gupta Empire? (1) adoption of democracy and construction of the Pantheon (2) defeat of the Roman Empire and adoption of Christianity (3) establishment of Pax Mongolia and founding of a Chinese dynasty (4) use of Sanskrit language and development of the concept of zero 18. During which period did the domestication of animals and growing of crops first occur? (1) Iron Age (2) Old Stone Age (3) Neolithic Revolution (4) Scientific Revolution 19. Which statement about Greek civilization is an opinion rather than a fact? (1) Boys in Sparta were trained to be soldiers. (2) Athens had a better culture than that of Sparta. (3) Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were Greek philosophers. (4) Many adults in Athens did not have the right to vote. 20. 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