ࡱ> gif%` 7bjbj"x"x .Z@@/''''$'d:B(B(B(B(B(B(B(B(w:y:y:y:y:y:y:$;h>:8B(B(88:B(B(:9998 B(B(w:98w:999B(6( F^!'9"9w::0:9>)9>996>:\B(-9145B(B(B(::9 B(B(B(:8888d#j'Dj' The Constitution and the New Republic By 1780 most Americans were dissatisfied with the Article of Confederation Move from fear of tyrannical power of centralized government to desire for more uniform and consolidated political authority Shays Rebellion Need to Fund Soldiers Pensions (Society of Cincinnati) Newburgh Conspiracy Effort by Revolutionary leaders to establish military dictatorship Manufacturers and tradesmen wanted to replace various state tariffs with uniform national duty Merchants and suppliers wanted to consolidate and regulate state commercial policies Western settlers and land speculators wanted to remove Indian threat from frontier People wanted inflationary policies of states printing money to be regulated by national government (lowered value of money owed) Crisis of National debt (lowered value of securities and property) Property owners wanted protection from mobs Issues of Constitutional Centralization Personal liberties versus the common good States rights vs. National power Fear of disorder Public concern for safety and security Liberty vs. Order Control and regulation of trade Taxation policies (need for federal system) Biggest problem of Articles of Confederation Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia (Second Continental Congress) Led by Hamilton, Madison, Washington September 1787 Founding Fathers or Framers (55 delegates from all states except R.I.) Well educated, Represented Property owners Feared reprisals from Democratic principles (fear from below) Fear too much consolidation of power in Federal government Protocol Washington to preside over hearings Simple majority required to carry measures One State, One Vote principal Closed sessions, secrecy sworn Proposals Edmund Randolph Three separate branches (Executive, Legislative, Judicial) James Madison (Virginia Plan) Bicameral Legislature Lower House - Representation based on population Upper House Representation based on election by Lower William Patterson (New Jersey Plan) Unicameral Legislature Representation based on one vote per state Congress would have powers to tax and regulate commerce Issue of Slavery Northern States Slaves counted for taxation (property) not representation (people) Southern States Slaves counted for representation (people) not taxation (property) Compromise Connecticut (Great) Compromise Bicameral Legislature Upper House based on equal representation (Two votes per state) Lower House representation based on population Three-Fifths Compromise Only 3 out of 5 slaves counted for purposes of representation and taxation (Based on idea that slave was only 3/5 as productive as White worker) Slave Trade and Commerce Compromise Southern states fear regulation of slave trade may lead to abolition and higher duties on exports Committee aggress to limit powers of Congress Can not impose taxes on exports Can only impose a $10 duty on importation of slaves Can not stop slave trade for a period of 20 years Constitution of 1787 (September) Blueprint of government-outline of branches and powers No definition of citizenship, no guarantee of individual rights James Madison architect of Constitution Question of Sovereignty All power derived from the people We the People.. Outline of Federal and States powers (Federalism) Supremacy Clause Federal government supreme Checks and Balances to prevent concentration of power Separation of Powers (Three autonomous branches) Republican form of government Fear from Below only House of reps directly elected by the people Challenges to Constitution and Ratification Constitutional Convention called to revise Articles not change government Fear that State Conventions might not approve Change ratification from 13 to 9 states needed (Art of Con) Rhode Island refuses to assemble Constitutional Convention Federalists versus Anti-federalists Federalists (Washington, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton, Jay) Support Constitution New Federalist Government Feared unchecked power of the masses, disorder, anarchy Better Organized Federalist Papers (Madison #10) Anti-federalists (Jefferson) Rejected Constitution- favored Articles Defenders of Revolutionary principles Opposed to strong central government Individual Liberties ignored (Bill of Rights) Fear Increased Taxes and greater federal control Fed Gov. favored the elite did not represent common man Republic vs. Democracy Feared despotism at hands of government -Fear from above Ratification Process By 1788 New Hampshire became 9th state to ratify Virginia and New York still divided (Two largest states) Virginia and New York ratify with condition of Bill of Rights (1789) Government under the New Constitution Washington elected President / J. Adams Vice President Most delegates were Federalists First Capital New York City First Congress Draft Bill of Rights (10 Amendments to Constitution Sept 1789) Ratified in 1791 Bill of Rights First 9 Amends Protected basic rights (Freedom of speech, trial by jury) Tenth Amendment reserved to states all powers not delegated to Fed Gov Judiciary Act of 1789 Established National Court System Supreme Court (6 members including Chief Justice) Oversees cases regarding Constitution law District Courts (13, one in each state) Courts of Appeals (3) Cabinet Presidential Advisors Departments of War (Knox), Treasury (Hamilton), State(Jefferson) Attorney General (Randolph), Postmaster General (Franklin) Continuing Controversies Same issues faced by Framers Strong Central Government vs. Weak Central Government (States) Urban vs. Rural Interests (Commercial vs. Agrarian Economy) Washington diverted most controversy out of reverence French Revolution (1789) Federalists vs. Republicans Federalists = Hamilton Fear from Below (French Revolution) Favored Elite Ruling Class Favored Business Interests (Important allies to government) Government should assume debts of the states (Rev War) Create a National debt and create creditors of wealthy (vested interest in government) Create National Bank-Provide stability, safety for tax collections Favored Gov sponsored protection of American industry Import tax on foreign goods Tax on Whiskey Distillation (Back country farmers not brewers) Envisioned a new stable government, led by a wealthy enlightened ruling class, with a vigorous and independent commercial economy, a thriving industrial sector, and a nation able to play a prominent role in world affairs Federalist Plan Enacted Assumption of Debts (Most held by wealthy speculators) Some states debts higher (Mass 10x Virginia) Capital Compromise Southern Capital (Washington DC) Bank of the United States (20 year Charter) Tariffs on Imports and Whiskey Delight of Merchants, Manufacturers, Creditors, Businesses Excise taxes (to pay off debt) Whiskey taxes, Import taxes hurt poor farmers (Majority of population) Republicans=Jefferson and Madison Reaction to Hamiltons Plan (Party of the Wealthy) Fear from Above Consolidation of power in the hands of wealthy and affluent Contracts and concessions rewarded to Hamilton allies Creation of local associations to control and consolidate power Fight to defend the common man from consolidation of power Agrarian over Commercial interests (Jeffersons yeoman farmers) Property ownership the key to order Industry led to growth of proletariat (urban, landless mobs) Envisioned decentralized society dominated by small landed gentry Establishing National Sovereignty and Control Dealing with the problems created by the Articles of Confederation Issues on the Frontier Eastern vs. Western Interests Rural vs. Urban, Poor vs. Wealthy, Agrarian vs. Commercial Lack of Infrastructure (No means of policing) Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Reaction in West Pennsylvania to Whiskey Tax Terrorist reaction to Tax Collection efforts Shays Rebellion Washington led national army to quell uprising Expansion Vermont (14th State 1791) Kentucky (1792) Tennessee (1796) Issue of Balance Western representation vs. Eastern Native Americans Nation within a nation No power of Federal Government in Constitution (Not Foreign Nation) Treaties tenuous at best (Short Term solutions) American Neutrality in International Affairs French Revolution Citizen Genet Affair War between France and England British Impressments /Confiscation of American ships (Trade with French) Governor of Canada inciting tribes on Western Frontier to attack Americans Jays Treaty (1794) Establish American sovereignty in Northwest Commercial Treaty Spanish Commercial and territorial aspirations (Florida, Mississippi) Pinckneys Treaty (1795) Established American rights of navigation on Mississippi Set Florida border at 31st parallel Restricted Indian raids from Spanish territory Downfall of the Federalists Federalists choose stability over individual freedom People refused to vote for them after 1796 Election of 1796 Washington Resigns Office (Two term precedent) Farewell Address Opposition to foreign entanglements Opposition to Republican challenge Opposition to partisan politics John Adams Federalist candidate Thomas Jefferson Republican candidate Divisions among Federalists (Hamilton faction, Southerners) Adams wins Presidency, Jefferson takes second Until 12th Amendment (1804) second runner up VP Adams Presidency Divisions Jefferson and Adams Adams and Hamilton Adams and himself Quasi War with France Impressments / Capturing of American vessels XYZ Affair American delegation sent to negotiate with France Want to meet with Talleyrand (French Foreign Minister) Requested that Americans bribe 3 French agents Delegation recalled US cuts off trade with France Department of Navy formed 9warships constructed) Captured 85 French ships Allied with the British Napoleon negotiates treaty in 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Attempt to silence Republican opposition Fear of immigration of French Republicans Alien Act allowed Adams to restrict immigration / deport foreigners Sedition Act allowed Adams to stifle criticism of administration Broad definition of libelous and treacherous Ten Republican newspaper editors found guilty Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Written by Jefferson and Madison based on Social Contract (Locke) Constitution written as a contract between states and federal gov. States have the right to nullify inappropriate actions Government for the People, By the People Nullified Sedition Act Bitter Divisions Congress Lyons (Rep Vt.) and Griswold (Fed Ma.) Cabinet Jefferson vs. Adams Party- Hamilton vs. Adams Revolution of 1800 First Major Modern Political Race Federalists Adams Republicans Jefferson Political Advertising / Attacks Jefferson represented Mob rule, French Revolution, Anarchy Adams represented Tyranny, British Monarchy, Anti-Rights Mud slinging-Jeffersons Affair with Slave woman Aaron Burr Affair Burr organized Tammany Society (Republican NYC) Carried Republican vote in city and state Burr and Jefferson tie (73 votes) Federalist Congress (led by Hamilton chooses Jefferson over Burr) Hamilton swayed vote Burr resents Hamilton later challenged to a duel Jefferson and Republicans win Presidency and Majority of seats in Congress Revolution of 1800 shift from Federalist ideals to Republican Judicial Branch only one dominated by Federalists Adams administration spends last days packing federal courts Judiciary Act of 1801 Expands number of federal judgeships Midnight Appointments to fill before Republicans take office & " 7 9 L    O _ CDLMMZJUWuv!W|ֲֺֺֺh|hi+5h|hi+>*hi+h|h@c5hCh|hC5h|hG5h|h@c5>*h|hG5>*hGhr3h@c5h@chr3h05h0hr3h05>*CJaJ9&'r 9 F  _   = P q  gd@c`gd0 0^`0gd0$a$gdr37 = M CMs>\t O 0^`0gdG p0^p`0gdG`gdGgd@cIUv=n"[Rgd@c @ 0^@ `0gdC 0^`0gdCgdG @ 0^@ `0gdGRW=y{L`Qgdi+ 0^`0gdi+ p^p`gdi+1QS qy.79<Dָּzzu h|5h|h^t5hh^t5hh5hh|h^t5>*h^th|hAI5h|h|hAI>*hAIhdhdH*h|hd>*h|hr35>*hd h|hdh|hd5>*hi+h|hi+5h|hr35.1d EfE,Wpy.Lgdi+7Qz h >!""4"m"""#&#c## \ ^\ `gd}3  ^ `gd^t`gd^tgdi+DTUdefyh ""X#b#c######"$#$%&'&U&?'X'' (((((()))*)+)X)Z)l)?*R***V+X++++,+,^,o,-h|h15h|h15>*h1hBhBH*h|hB5hBhhH*h|h5h|h5>*hAIh|h|5h|h^t5h|h}35h}3h|hhqZ5hhqZhh|h^t3####$9$x$$$3%v%%%%&&&'&U&&&& '='X'''L]LgdL]L^`gdL]Lgd}3gdi+ ^`gd^t''' (&(8(K((((((()*)X)l))))<*R*****:+L]LgdBL@ 0]L^@ `0gdBL]Lgd:+b++++++,,+,\,o,,,,---k-n-----.$.@.A.Y..L]LgdB--------C.Y..... /*h|ha95>*ha9h|hy>5>*hy>h|h15h|h15>*h1h1hr3H*hr3+.../=/U/v////0 0%0R000 1<1n1p1s111!2]222L]L^`gdy>L]LgdB22223-3.3C3g3}333354j4}4445D5\55556Q666 L]L`gdr3L]LgdB66777L0]L^`0gdr3L]LgdB,1h/ =!"#$% @@@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH DA@D Default Paragraph FontRi@R  Table Normal4 l4a (k@(No ListL^`L r3 Normal (Web)dd[$\$ B*ph/Z&'r9F_=Pq=MCMs>\t OI U v    = n " [  R W=y{L`Q1d EfE,Wpy.L7Qzh>4m&c#9x3v%&'U =X & 8 K (!*!X!l!!!!<"R""""":#b######$$+$\$o$$$$%-%k%n%%%%%&$&@&A&Y&&&&'='U'v''''( (%(R((( )<)n)p)s)))!*]******+-+.+C+g+}++++5,j,},,,-D-\----.Q....///0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000./Z00 00>D-7"%) R#':+.267 !#$&'(*+,7f$  $    T T Lgl:TDƬܬ̳TͬL/Ȭͭ4+tv |!"v#|c$,j? @AЬBC<֬DlجEdFGDH4IlJtKL<MNOLPLQ8R8S9TU$VdWLճXճYճZ ֳ[Lֳ\ ]L^_` abTcdefTgQhQiRj\RkR>>))2OOW W >>vv;;fsswwGGZg ( ( : : !!!!!""".#.#B#B#-$-$L%L%%%R&R&&&o'o'((t)))))*** +'+++-/-G-G-l-l-S./      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdeEE0<<YYb b JJ}}HHn{{OOcx  0 0 C C !!!"""""9#9#I#I#7$7$T%T%%%X&X&&&u'u'((|)))))***+,++,&-8-O-O-t-t-X./  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdeB<*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region:H*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsStreet9`*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsState;I*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsaddress8f*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsCity9e*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace [feeffe``ee`e`e`ef`e`e``e``eefIHee`efe`fe`e<efefeee``ee`e`<e<e<`e``ee``eefeee<<ee<ee`e`fefe`eeeefeeffee/  ),-,/33<DTUde%%&&.+/+A+B+.....///-<dd1y>}3AIhqZ@c^t|a90dGBr3i+C@//(///`@UnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial"hT &(U(U!24..2HX)?02%The Constitution and the New Republic Patrick Steil Patrick SteilOh+'0 ,8 X d p|(The Constitution and the New RepublicPatrick SteilNormalPatrick Steil1Microsoft Office Word@3@paA!@xH!(՜.+,0  hp|  U.' &The Constitution and the New Republic Title  !"#$%&'()*+,-/012345789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUWXYZ[\]_`abcdehRoot Entry FH^!jData .1Table6>WordDocument.ZSummaryInformation(VDocumentSummaryInformation8^CompObjq  FMicrosoft Office Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q