ࡱ> npmq` :-bjbjqPqP .0::TTTT$xK2XXXX333$}hvE33XX XXV8@X yT x >\0K [[[ 3"Um333 333K   Lean Manufacturing Initiative focused on eliminating all waste in manufacturing processes. The Production System Design Laboratory (PSD), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) http://lean2.mit.edu/ states that 'Lean production is aimed at the elimination of waste in every area of production including customer relations, product design, supplier networks and factory management. Its goal is to incorporate less human effort, less inventory, less time to develop products, and less space to become highly responsive to customer demand while producing top quality products in the most efficient and economical manner possible.' Principles of Lean Enterprise: Zero waiting time Zero Inventory Scheduling -- internal customer pull instead of push system Batch to Flow -- cut batch sizes Line Balancing Cut actual process times. Six Sigma The goal of Six Sigma is to increase profits by eliminating variability, defects and waste that undermine customer loyalty. Six Sigma can be understood/perceived at three levels: Metric: 3.4 Defects Per Million Opportunities. DPMO allows you to take complexity of product/process into account. Rule of thumb is to consider at least three opportunities for a physical part/component - one for form, one for fit and one for function, in absence of better considerations. Also you want to be Six Sigma in the  HYPERLINK "http://www.isixsigma.com/dictionary/Critical_To_Quality_-_CTQ-216.htm" Critical to Quality characteristics and not the whole unit/characteristics. Methodology:  HYPERLINK "http://www.isixsigma.com/me/dmaic/" DMAIC/ HYPERLINK "http://www.isixsigma.com/me/dmadv/" DFSS structured problem solving roadmap and tools. Philosophy: Reduce variation in your business and take customer-focused, data driven decisions. Six Sigma is a methodology that provides businesses with the tools to improve the capability of their business processes. This increase in performance and decrease in process variation leads to defect reduction and vast improvement in profits, employee morale and quality of product. Here's an article with more detail on defining Six Sigma:  HYPERLINK "http://www.isixsigma.com/sixsigma/six_sigma.asp" What is Six Sigma? ------- Six Sigma is a rigorous and a systematic methodology that utilizes information (management by facts) and statistical analysis to measure and improve a company's operational performance, practices and systems by identifying and preventing 'defects' in manufacturing and service-related processes in order to anticipate and exceed expectations of all stakeholders to accomplish effectiveness. Standard deviation  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Standard_deviation_diagram.png" \o "Dark blue is less than one standard deviation from the mean. For the normal distribution, this accounts for 68% of the set while two standard deviations from the mean (blue and brown) account for 95% and three standard deviations (blue, brown and green) account for 99.7%."  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Standard_deviation_diagram.png/350px-Standard_deviation_diagram.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Standard_deviation_diagram.png" \o "Enlarge"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Dark blue is less than one  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation" \o "Standard deviation" standard deviation from the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean" \o "Mean" mean. For the normal distribution, this accounts for 68% of the set while two standard deviations from the mean (blue and brown) account for 95% and three standard deviations (blue, brown and green) account for 99.7%. In practice, one often assumes that data are from an approximately normally distributed population. If that assumption is justified, then about 68% of the values are at within 1 standard deviation away from the mean, about 95% of the values are within two standard deviations and about 99.7% lie within 3 standard deviations. This is known as the "68-95-99.7 rule". DMAICDefine Measure Analyze Improve ControlDefine the project goals and customer (internal and external) deliverables Measure the process to determine current performance Analyze and determine the root cause(s) of the defects Improve the process by eliminating defects Control future process performance DMADVDefine Measure Analyze Design Verify6 8 ` b   J L n p ]^  >?DEFGwx|}deIJ]رؚؚرؚؚؚؚرؚؚ؂zhMmH sH haBmH sH hM0JCJOJQJ^JaJ,jhMB*CJOJQJU^JaJph)hM5B*CJOJQJ\^JaJph#hMB*CJOJQJ^JaJph#hMB*CJOJQJ^JaJph)hM5B* CJOJQJ\^JaJph06 `  J n  GHIJ]h2E -D`M gdM -D`M gdM -D`M gdM & Fdd[$\$gdMgdM:-]^cfghi-./01MNEJKQRSڽ럍yd)haB5B*CJOJQJ\^JaJph'haB0JB*CJOJQJ^JaJph#haBB*CJOJQJ^JaJph'haB0JB*CJOJQJ^JaJphhM0JmH sH j6chMB*UmH phsH hMB*mH phsH jhMB*UmH phsH hMmH sH jhMUmH sH #EK|6b]XgdMkdbe$$IfDF ""? 6    34D` ap & Fdd$If[$\$$If SZ[]dehopt{,8-9-®š†tlhtT®š†tRtlU'haB0JB*CJOJQJ^JaJphhMhaBCJaJ#haBB*CJOJQJ^JaJph'haB0JB*CJOJQJ^JaJph'haB0JB*CJOJQJ^JaJph'haB0JB* CJOJQJ^JaJph'haB0JB*CJOJQJ^JaJph)haB5B*CJOJQJ\^JaJph'haB0JB*CJOJQJ^JaJph@ L,,,,8-9-:-]XgdMkd;f$$IfDF ""? 6    34D` ap & Fdd$If[$\$$IfDefine the project goals and customer (internal and external) deliverables Measure and determine customer needs and specifications Analyze the process options to meet the customer needs Design (detailed) the process to meet the customer needs Verify the design performance and ability to meet customer needs 9-:-haB,1h/ =!"#$% 6cDd  c AB$350px-Standard_deviation_diagramDark blue is less than one standard deviation from the mean. 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