ࡱ> \_YZ[U r|bjbjnn &aa+9FR R 8lj"<<<"""$ĭ%9" """"%<<^$$$"F<<$"$$fsxk<2%#R|Dt0|bw#bkkb%""$"""""%%5$"""""""b"""""""""R B : 4.1: Sampling and Surveys Learning Objectives -Identify the population and sample in a statistical study. -Identify voluntary response samples and convenience samples. Explain how these bad sampling methods can lead to bias. -Describe how to obtain a random sample using slips of paper, technology, or a table of random digits. -Distinguish a simple random sample from a stratified random sample or cluster sample. Give advantages and disadvantages of each sampling method. -Explain how undercoverage, nonresponse, and question wording can lead to bias. Introduction: Over the course of the year, Tim has submitted several written assignments to his Comm. Arts teacher, Pam. Some assignments were done in class and some were done completely outside of class. Pam believes that Tim had someone else write his most recent paper. Pam decides to analyze Tims paper by estimating the average word length in the questioned assignment and compare it to the average word lengths of Tims other works that were completed in class. Directions: The following passage is the opening paragraph of Tims most recent essay on Shakespeares King Lear. Choose 5 words from this passage, count the number of letters in each of the words you selected, and find the average word length. Share your estimate with the class and create a class dotplot. King Lear of Britain has decided to abdicate his throne. In order to bestow his kingdom between his three daughters; Goneril, Regan, and Cordelia, he calls them together. His intentions are to divide the kingdom among them based on each daughters expression of love and devotion for him. The two oldest daughters sweetly talk their way into their fathers heart and Lear decides to bequeath them sizable kingdoms. Cordelia however, the youngest and Lears favorite, sees the sinister motivations of her sisters and reveals to her father her deep true feelings. Lear, not hearing the sweet words that he expected, is so dismayed that he banishes her. She leaves the country to marry the King of France. Method 1 Dotplot Method 2 Dotplot Conclusions: Directions: Use a table of random digits or a random number generator to select a simple random sample (SRS) of 5 words from the opening passage to Tims essay. Once you have chosen the words, count the number of letters in each of the words you selected and find the average word length. Share your estimate with the class and create a class dotplot. How does this dotplot compare to the first one? Can you think of any reasons why they might be different? NumberWord NumberWord NumberWord1King39On78Sinister2Lear40Each79Motivation3Of41Daughters80Of4Britain42Expression81Her5has43Of82Sisters6Decided44Love83And7To45And84Reveals8Abdicate46Devotion85To9His47For86Father10Throne48Him87Her11In49The88Deep12Order50Two89True13To51Oldest90Feelings14Bestow52Daughters91Lear15His53Sweetly92Not16Kingdom54Talk93Hearing17Upon55Their94The18His56Way95Sweet19Three57Into96Words20Daughters58Their97That21Goneril59Fathers98He22Regan60Heart99Expected23And61And100Is24Cordelia62Lear101So25He63Decides102Dismayed26Calls64To103That27Them65Bequeath104He28Together66Them105Banishes29His67Sizable106Her30Intentions68Kingdoms107She 31Are69Cordelia108Leaves32To70However109The33Divide71The110Country34The72Youngest111To 35Kingdom73And112Marry36Among74Lears113The37Them75Favorite114King38Based76Sees115Of77The116France Vocab WordDefinitionExamplePopulation Sample Census  Example: Identify the population and the sample in each of the following settings. a. The student government at a high school surveys 100 of the students at the school to get their opinions about a change to the bell schedule. b. A furniture maker buys hardwood in large batches. The supplier is supposed to dry the wood before shipping. The furniture maker chooses five pieces of wood from each batch and tests their moisture content. If any piece exceeds 12% moisture content, the entire batch is sent back. How to Sample Badly Convenience Sample: Bias: Voluntary Response Sample:  These sampling methods are often biased!Why?Voluntary Response SamplesThose with extreme opinions are most likely to choose to respond.Convenience SamplesThe sample is usually not representative of the population. Example: To estimate the proportion of the residents in the 17 counties in the metro area around St. Louis City that support a proposed tax to support fine arts in St. Louis, individuals are surveyed as they enter Powell Symphony Hall, The Sheldon Concert Hall, and the St. Louis Art Museum on 3 randomly selected evenings this year. Explain how this plan will result in bias and how the bias will affect the estimated proportion. Example: Former CNN commentator Lou Dobbs doesnt like illegal immigration. One of his shows was largely devoted to attacking a proposal to offer drivers licenses to illegal immigrants. During the show, Mr. Dobbs invited his viewers to go to loudobbs.com to vote on the question, Would you be more or less likely to vote for a presidential candidate who supports giving drivers licenses to illegal aliens? The result: 97% of the 7350 people who voted by the end of the show said, Less likely. Explain how this sampling method led to bias and describe how the bias effected the estimated proportion. Homework: pg. 229-230 # 1-9 odd How to Sample Well: Simple Random Sampling Random Sampling: Simple Random Sample:  Some ways to choose a simple random sample (SRS) of n items/people: Hat Method: Write all the names on identical papers in a hat, mix well, select n of them. The names you choose indicate your sample.This is the best option for when you are asked to write a description on a test or the AP exam.Table of Random Digits (Table D): Number each item, using labels that are equal lengths (1-9, 01-99, 001 to 999, etc.) & then use a random number table to choose n unique ___ digit numbers. Your sample is the group of individuals linked to those numbers.Be very familiar with this. You are often asked to carry out some procedure that is provided to you by using a table of random digits.Technology: Number each item from 1 to some value & then use technology to choose n unique numbers. Your sample is the group of individuals linked to those numbers. On calculator: MATH ! PRB ! 5. RandInt(lower limit, upper limit)This works well when you are doing a sample for yourself, but this is not the one to rely on for tests or the AP exam. Sampling with replacementSampling without replacementEach individual is returned to the population and can be selected repeatedly.Each individual chosen is removed from the population and cannot be selected repeatedly.In a sequence of random numbers, 05 22 18 17 05 02, the second time that 05 appears, we use it, meaning the individual was returned the first time it appeared and so, the same individual was selected twice.In a sequence of random numbers, 05 22 18 17 05 02, the second time that 05 appears, we ignore it, meaning the individual was removed the first time it appeared and is not available to be chosen again.Select 5 cards from a deck, one at a time, replacing each card after it is inspected.Select 5 cards from a deck, placing each card on the table as it is selected.Example: A principal wants to choose a random sample of three teachers for a committee he is working on. Mr. Able Mr. Haskins Mrs. Oliver Miss Bean Mrs. Ingleman Ms. Pickering Mrs. Cain Ms. Jenkins Miss Queensen Mr. Daniels Mr. Kasper Ms. Rolfing Mrs. Elfing Mrs. Ludwig Mr. Star Mrs. Franklin Mrs. Moore Miss Thompson Miss Goodall Mr. Niehaus Mr. Usinger a. Explain how you could choose an SRS of 3 teachers using the Hat Method. b. Use Table D at line 101 to select an SRS of size 3 teachers. Explain your process. Other Random Sampling Methods Tom raises peaches in an orchard on his farm in Calhoun County, Illinois. Suppose he wanted to estimate the total yield of his peach orchard. The orchard is square and divided into 16 equally sized plots (4 rows x 4 columns), with several peach trees in each plot. A stream runs along the eastern edge of the field. We want to take a sample of 4 plots. Using a random number generator, pick a simple random sample (SRS) of 4 plots. Place an X in the 4 plots that you choose.  12345678910111213141516 stream Now, randomly choose one plot from each horizontal row. This is called a stratified random sample.  1234123412341234 stream Finally, randomly choose one plot from each vertical column. This is also a stratified random sample.  1111222233334444 stream Which method do you think will work the best? Explain. Now, its time for the harvest! The numbers below are the yield (pounds of peaches) for each of the 16 plots. For each of your three samples above, calculate the average yield per plot. 42994150731981536279214853297147 Graphing the results: Simple Random Sample:  10 70 130 average yield Stratified by Row:  10 70 130 average yield Stratified by Column:  10 70 130 average yield Type of Random SampleBenefitSimple Random Sample (SRS) Choose randomly with no other complicating steps. This is equivalent to drawing names from a hat.This is simple and all our formulas this year are based on a SRS.Stratified Random Sample Divide the population into groups (called strata) based on shared attributes or characteristics (homogeneous grouping). Within each stratum a simple random sample is selected, and the selected units are combined to form the sample.This avoids the chance that all individuals are from a single group or stratum. Stratify based on the variable that we believe may affect the variable we are measuring.Cluster Sample Divide the population into heterogeneous groups (called clusters) of varied individuals that are representative of the population. A simple random sample of clusters is selected to form the sample of clusters. Data are collected from all observations in the selected cluster.It is easy and quick since usually the groups (clusters) already exist & are representative of the population. It also avoids the chance that all individuals chosen are similar in some way that may affect the variable we are measuring.Systematic Random Sample A method in which you sample members from a population are selected according to a random starting point and a fixed, periodic interval. (For example, every 5th person).This is usually very easy to do.  How can you tell the difference between a stratified random sample and a cluster sample? Example: The manager of a sports arena wants to learn more about the financial status of the people who are attending an NBA basketball game. He would like to give a survey to a representative sample of the more than 20,000 fans in attendance. Ticket prices for the game vary a great deal: seats near the court cost over $100 each, while seats in the top rows of the arena cost $25 each. The arena is divided into 20 numbered sections, from 101 to 120. Each section has rows of seats labeled with letters from A (nearest to the court) to ZZ (top row of the arena). Describe how you would take each of the following types of samples: simple random sample, stratified sample, cluster sample, and systematic random sample.  Inference for Sampling Inference is drawing a conclusion based on a sample or experiment. We should not make inferences based on convenience or voluntary response samples because these methods are biased, and results can be misleading. Different samples will most likely give us different results. A margin of error is an estimate of how far off we are in using some average or percent to estimate a population parameter, if we did repeated samples/experiments. Note that if we increase the sample size, we have more info about the population. This decreases variation from one sample to another. Larger samples give us better estimates for population parameters. Sample Surveys: What Can Go Wrong? Using convenience or voluntary response samples can result in bias. Undercoverage occurs when certain groups in the population are underrepresented (or not represented at all). Undercoverage is a problem when the opinions of those left out differ in some important way from those we do include. Nonresponse is when people don't respond (because it is not possible or they refuse). It becomes a problem when those who do respond and those who do not differ in some important way. Response bias occurs when there are problems in the data gathering instrument or process. Examples include question wording bias and self-reported answers (people give wrong information). The wording of the question is the most important influence on the answers given to a sample survey. Confusing or leading questions can introduce strong bias.  Example: Each of the following is a possible source bias in a sample survey. Name the type and direction (if possible) of the bias. a. A teacher surveys her students and asks them if they have ever cheated on a test. b. A sample is chosen at random from a telephone directory. c. A person chosen for the sample cannot be contacted in five calls. d. An interviewer asks the question, Do you believe that the drinking age should be 21 years old, given that you only have to be 18 years old to join the military? e. A student trying to estimate the GPA of seniors at his school interviews the 15 people in his AP Calculus class. f. An Internet poll is posted on a students Twitter. .jk) * + , : p q m   ? 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