ࡱ> NPM {bjbjO O 4B-a-a{XXT<VVVVV111MOOOOOO$ x#s11111sVV1VVM1M:,YVM^ 90Rj$)Zj$Yj$Y1111111ssZ1111111j$111111111X x: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE THE AXIAL SKELETON List the 3 major portions of the axial skeleton. SKULL, BONY THORAX & VERTEBRAL COLUMN Name the two sets of bones that make up the skull. FACIAL & CRANIAL Tell what each of the two sets of bones in the skull accomplishes. CRANIAL protective brain case. FACIAL houses sinuses and makes up the facial structure. What are sutures?SEAMS IN SKULL THAT JOIN THE VARIOUS SKULL PLATES (CORONAL-FRONTAL & PARIETAL). THESE ARE ALSO WHERE ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR FONTANELLES WERE DURING INFANCY Which is the only moveable joint in the skull? TMJ (TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT)-MANDIBLE/JAWBONE How many bones are in the cranium? 8 BONES (29 TOTAL IN THE SKULL) How many are paired? THE SKULL PLATES-PARIETAL, TEMPORAL, OCCIPITAL, MAXILLAE, MANDIBLE, PALATINE ARE PAIRED How many are single? REMAINING BONES ARE SINGLE Tell the significance of each of the following: external auditory meatus,ENTRYWAY TO EAR CANAL styloid process, MANY NECK MUSCLE ATTACH HERE zygomatic process PROVIDES CHEEKBONE STRUCTURE, mastoid process UTILIZED FOR CHEWING, jugular foramen HOLE WHERE JUGULAR VESSELS PASS THROUGH TO BRAIN. Why is an infection in the mastoid sinuses dangerous? MASTOIDITIS IS VERY CLOSE TO THE BRAIN AND IT IS NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE TO DISLODGE AN INFECTION LIKE ONE WOULD THROUGH PARANASAL SINUSES. What is the function of the foramen magnum? PROVIDES ENTRYWAY FOR VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINAL CORD) What is the function of the sella turicica or Turks saddle?HOUSES PITUITARY GLAND What is the function of the foramen ovale? TRIGEMINAL (3RD BRANCH (MANDIBULAR)CRANIAL NERVE EXITS THIS HOLE. SOME HEARING (OTIC PROCESSING MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH THIS STRUCTURE) How do nerve fibers carrying impulses from the olfactory receptors get through the skull and to the brain? OLFACTORY BULBS ON THE ROOF OF THE SKULL ALLOW FOR SCENT MOLECULES TO BE PERCEIVED. How many bones compose the face? 28(14 facial region) Which ones of these are single bones? MANDIBLE What is the common name for the maxillae? UPPER JAW Name the two functions of the paranasal sinuses. SOUND RESONANCE & SPEECH What causes sinusitis? INFLAMMATION OF THE SINUS PASSAGES What abnormality results if the palatine bones fail to fuse during development? CLEFT PALATE What is the common name of the zygomatic bones? CHEEKBONES What bone forms the bridge of your nose? NASAL Of what material is the tip of your nose composed? CARTILAGE What bone forms the septum in your nose? VOMER What it the common name of the mandible? JAWBONE What makes the hyoid bone unique? THE ONLY BONE NOT DIRECTLY ATTACHED TO THE SKELETON What is the function of the hyoid bone? ANCHORS THE TONGUE List three ways that an infants skull is different from that of an adult. FONTANELLES, SHAPE , PROPORTIONATE HEIGHT TO BODY. What are fontanels? FIBROUS MEMBRANES BETWEEN SKULL What is their common name? SOFT SPOTS What are the two purposes of the babys skull have fontanels? TO ALLOW FOR EXPANSION OF BRAIN What happens to the fontanels as the baby grows? THEY OSSIFY AND FORM SUTURES Name three functions of the vertebral column. SUPPORT, MOBILITY AND NERVE TRANSMISSION How many bones are in the vertebral column? 31 Which type of bones are these? IRREGULAR How many bones are in the spine before birth? 33 What happens to the extra nine bones that are not separate bones after birth? They fuse into the sacrum and coccyx Name the two composite bones formed by the fusing of these 9 bones. Sacral 5 coccyx 4 How many bones are in each of the following sections of the spine? Cervical 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5 What separates the vertebrae? What type of tissue are these made of? Vertebral disks/ hyaline cartilage What is the purpose of these discs? Shock Absorption & protection What happens to the water content of these discs with age? It decreases over time. What is a herniated disc? What causes this condition? A slipped disc. Which curvatures of the spine are primary curvatures? Why are they named this? Which curvature appears when a baby can raise its head? Cervical Which curvature appears when a baby begins to walk? Lumbar Define each of these conditions: scoliosis, a lateral curvature abnormal to the typical vertebral column, kyphosis a cervical curvature associated with hunch back, lordosis an extreme lumbar curvature where the pelvis tilts more anteriorly often seen in pregnant and obese. Give the names of the C1 and C2 vertebrae. Atlas and axis Which joint allows you to nod yes. Which allows you to move your head side to side to indicate no? Dens & odontoid process. What is the significance of the thoracic vertebrae? Attaches to ribs and provides bony thorax support Describe the shape of lumbar vertebrae. Large and block like How is their shape related to their function? Support the weight of the skeleton Which fused bone forms the posterior wall of the pelvis? Sacrum Which fused bone is the remnant of the human tailbone? Coccyx Which vertebrae contain foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain? Cervical Which type of vertebra(e) have transverse processes that have facets for articulation with the ribs? Thoracic Which bone is a composite bone that articulates with the hip bone laterally? Pelvic Bone Which bones make up the bony thorax? Flat bones ( ribs)& sternum Where are sample of blood-forming tissues taken for the diagnosis of suspected blood diseases? Bone marrow (Used to screen for WBC White blood cell count- a measure of the immune system response). How many ribs does EVERYONE have? 12 pairs To what structure are all ribs attached? 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