ࡱ> '` Rbjbj2rr!^'^'^'^' ($].:):):):):)y*y*y*] ] ] ] ] ] ]$^hBa-]91u*y*11-]:):);f]3331:):)]31]33SOQ:).) P@@^' 2PX<|]0]9Pa2a4QaQy*R,3s.T/y*y*y*-]-]3 y*y*y*]1111 $$ Environmental Science Chapter 8 Test Review EddY More developed countriesLess-developed countriesPer capita income>10000<5000Population1.2 billion (stable)5.2 billion, high growth rate2050 populationGrow by 4%Grow by 55%EgEurope, Canada, USA, Australia, New Zealand, JapanAsia, Latin American, Africa Population density- the number of people per unit of land area, relates the size of the population to the resources available What are the factors that influence life in the future? Energy availability Food availability Size of the world and national population Availability of resources From Middle Ages to Modern Ages, population increases all of a sudden (1000 A.D.), because of Industrial Revolution. Demography- the scientific study of human population, their characteristics, how these characteristics affect growth, and the consequences of the growth Demographers predict the future growth of a population by looking at several biological indicators CountriesPopulation BirthrateDeath rateNigeria, EthiopiaGrow rapidlyHigh HighMexico, IndiaGrow rapidlyHighLowJapan, FranceGrow slowlyLowLowRussia, GermanyDeclineLowLow Total fertility rate- the number of children born per woman in her lifetime Replacement fertility ( a total fertility rate of 2.1 Age distribution- the number of people of each page in the population Comparisons between women in developed and less developed countries? Less developedDevelopedFertility rate2.6~5.11.6Education levelLowHighFinancialDepend on husband and children in old ageIndependentMarriageEarly: 15-19Late: 25-27ContraceptionLow: 28%High: 70% Why do they have more children in less developed countries? High infant mortality Traditional to have large family Women are poorly educated, no disposable income, depend on their husbands income Women are more likely to have children they dont want ( cant afford or understand birth control They view children as workers and care givers Describe the population policy in developed and developing countries DevelopedDevelopingProvide paid maternity leave, job guarantee, and childcare facilities Tax deduction and bonusPrograms that provide information on maternal and child health Program on birth control ( provide free or low cost access to contraceptives Chinese Population Policy 1949- encouragement of births 1955- first family-planning program to improve maternal child health 1971- family planning policy, Wan Xi Shao, during the Cultural Revolution Wan (Zf) marry late, rural area 23-25, urban area 25-28 Xi (z) longer birth interval, 4 years between 2 children Shao (\) only 2 children 1979- One child campaign ( incentives: free medical care, cash bonuses, special housing treatment, extra old-age benefits 1988- a second child is sanctioned for rural couples if the first child is a girl Measurements of standard of living Average purchasing power per person Gross National Income (GNI)- measures the total goods and services generated within a country as well as income earned by citizens of the country who are living in other countries Gross National Income Purchasing Power Parity (GNIPPP) USKenyaGross National ProductHigh LowIndividual incomeHighLowInfant mortality rateLow (6.7 per 1000)High (78 per 1000)Age expectancyHigh (>70)Low (51)BirthrateLowHighAvailability of foodHighLowConsumption of energyHighLowAccess to educationHigh 80% girlLow 24% girlAvailability of jobsHighLowWasteHighLow Sweden has the least percentage of poverty. Why is high birthrate related to poor education? Poor people cant afford birth control. They make children work in low income. Little healthcare, more likely to suffer preventable illnesses Women are poorly educated and do not have income. They depend on husbands and cannot afford birth control. High infant mortality. In Cairo, Egypt, the UN International Conference on Population and Development focuses on the breaking the cycle of poverty and high population growth rates Access to birth control and healthcare would reduce infant and maternal deaths. Environmental degradation Dust bowl in North America Desertification in Africa China used to be a food importer, now its self-sufficient and a food exporter. In Africa, however, per capita grain production has decreased. In North America, 50% are overweight, 25% are obese. Feeding plants to animals and harvesting animal products( 90% of energy in the original plants is lost. The ecological impact of one person at a carnivore level is about 10 times the herbivore level. Food to feed people with gifts, self-sufficiency is the best solution to hunger Net food exporters( USA, Canada, Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, Europe Net food importers( Japan, former Soviet Union, some European countries Self-sufficient( China, India Birthrate declines from after Industrial Revolution to WWII (1880-1940). Demographic transition- the hypothesis that economies proceed through a series of stages, resulting in stable populations and high economic development. It is based on the historical, social, and economic development of Europe and North AmericaHigh birth rate and high death rate ( stable population Improved economic and social conditions, control disease & increase food ( high birthrate, low death rate Industrialized countries ( people want small families and use contraceptives ( birthrate drops Birthrate and death rate balanced ( low growth rate But the model isnt entirely accurate. Because: There wouldnt be enough energy and natural resources for less developed countries to repeat the model as Europe and North America Time element: industrialization has been slowed down by world population US Population Total fertility rate is low ( 2.0 US population ( post war baby boomers, born in 1947-1961 after WWII, high birthrates Current population growth rate is 1.1% per year 293 million in 2004 will become 420 million in 2050 Likely consequences of continued population growth Conversion of natural ecosystem to a agricultural ecosystem and economic crisis What can we do to solve the energy crisis? Change lifestyle to be less costly Use more efficient public transportation Recreation without energy-demanding machines Review Questions What is demography? Demography is the scientific study of human populations, their characteristics, and changes. What is demographic transition? What is it based on? It is a hypothesis that economies proceed through a series of stages, resulting gin stable popuations and high economical development. It is based on the historical, social, and economic development of Europe and North America. What is a baby boom? Its a significant increase in birthrate over a specific period of time. What does the age distribution of a population mean? Its the percentage of different age groups within the population. List 10 differences between your standard of living and that of someone in a less-developed country. Higher GNP, income, age expectancy, birth rate, food availability, energy consumiption, education level, job opportunities, and waste Lower mortality and birth rate Why do people who live in overpopulated countries use plants as their main source of food? Because they cannot afford the 90% energy loss that occurs when plants are fed to animals; the same amount of grain can support more people at the herbivore level than at carnivore level. List five changes you might anticipate if you world population were to double in the next 50 years. Increase in energy consumption Travel and mobility restricted Recreational activities changed Less food in 3rd world country Decrease in living standard Redistribution of wealth Which three areas of the world have the highest population growth rate? Which three areas of the world have the lowest standard of living? Asia, Latin America, Africa; the same three. How many children per woman would lead to a stable U.S. population? 2.1 is the replacement fertility rate. However, even at a rate of 1 child per woman, the growth rate will increase because of immigration. What role does the status of women play in determining population growth rates? Theyre poorly educated, do not have disposable income, and depend on husbands income. Theyre more likely to have children they dont want because they cant afford or understand birth +,0123JKLcefvw}~! 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