ࡱ> FHE5@ bjbj22 "(XX2222222F* * * * $N FW+2v v v v v Q Q Q *******$,R.`*2> Q Q > > *22v v + > .2v 2v * > *  8 "(22f*v j p* l (*'+0W+)^;/ ;/4f*FF2222;/2f*pQ "s   Q Q Q **FF*  FF* Virtue Ethics Virtue Ethics emphasizes the notion of a good person and the qualities that make someone a good person, rather than emphasizing the notion of right/wrong the kind of ethics that was most prominent in ancient Greece, particularly the ethics of Plato and Aristotle Virtuesqualities that constitute excellence of one kind or another Two Types of Virtues moral virtuese.g., honesty nonmoral virtuese.g., intelligence Two Kinds of Theories concerning Virtue Ethics of Virtueconcerned primarily with providing moral guidance; regards the understanding of virtue as essential for this purpose General Theory of Virtuedoes not attempt to provide moral guidance; consists of views about the nature of virtue and of particular virtues Platos Virtue Ethics Main Theses A human being is a combination of a material body and an immaterial soul. Many things, including human souls, have specific functions. The function of the human soul is to deliberate, make choices, and direct the whole person. This requires the use of reason. Somethings virtue or excellence is that which enables it to perform its specific function well. The human soul has 3 parts: reason, a spirited part, and the appetites (desires for food, drink, sex, etc.). The virtue of reason is wisdom. The virtue of the spirited part of the soul is courage. A soul in which the appetites are properly controlled and subordinate to reason has the virtue of temperance. Justice is the virtue of the soul in which each of the parts is performing its specific function well and is in harmony with the other parts. Relationship between virtue and conduct We acquire and maintain virtue through conduct. Right conduct is any activity that promotes and sustains virtuein oneself, in others, and in society as a whole. Since, for Plato, virtue is good in itself and also brings happiness to the virtuous person, his theory of moral obligation is teleological. Aristotles General Theory of Virtue Main Theses The soul is the form and principle of organization of the bodynot a separate entity. There are 3 basic functions of the soulvegetative (nutrition, growth, reproduction), appetitive (seeing, hearing, feeling, etc.), and rational (thinking, reasoning) Reason has 2 functions: theoretical (gaining knowledge) and practical (guiding conduct) The virtue of the theoretical function of reason is theoretical wisdom; the virtue of the practical function of reason is practical wisdom. Collectively, they are the intellectual virtues. Practical wisdom consists of directing the nonrational part of the soul well. Moral virtues are virtues of the nonrational part of the soul. Moral Virtue Moral virtues represent habits, traits, or dispositions of character (in contrast to intellectual virtues, which represent capacities of reason). Moral virtues are acquired by practicei.e., by performing virtuous acts over and over until they become habitual behavior. The moral virtues include pride, courage, temperance, justice, truthfulness, liberality, friendliness, and others. Virtuous Action A virtuous action is an action that occupies the mean between two extremesone an excess and the other a deficiency. For example, a courageous action is the mean between the extreme of recklessness (excess) and cowardice (deficiency). The mean is often relative, depending on the capacities and the circumstances of the person taking the action. To determine where the mean is in a particular situation, one must first consider all relevant facts about the situation. The virtuous person then simply sees where the mean is. (This is just one interpretation of Aristotles views.) Although there are some general rules that apply to locating the mean, there are no rules that can tell us precisely where the mean is in every situation. (This is just one interpretation of Aristotles views) Aristotles Views on Goodness All things aim at their own good. The good for human beings is happiness. 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