ŠĻą”±į>ž’ ÖŲž’’’ŅÓŌÕ’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ģ„Į7 šæI’bjbjUU "~7|7|śC’’’’’’ljjjjjjj~āĄāĄāĄ8Į“ĪĮ<~ÄžÖĒĒ4JĒJĒJĒJĒā,ɌøÉHgžižižižižižižš ŗŗižjŹJĒJĒŹŹiž–ŹjjJĒJĒ~ž–Ź–Ź–ŹŹ4jJĒjJĒgž–ŹŹgž–Źź–Ź€ŠŽÜhjjŻJĒ Ē `™1čŲÄ~d¼āĄ4Ź4kÜŻL!”ž0Äž{Ü thŹ.tŻ–Ź~~jjjjŁ DICTIONARY OF TERMS FOR OVERHEAD CONTACT SYSTEMS The purpose of this dictionary is to provide uniform terminology and definitions for technical terms used in the design of the overhead contact systems (OCS) for use by light rail vehicles and streetcars with pantographs and for trolley overhead systems (TOH) used by light rail vehicles, streetcars and trolleybuses, with trolley poles. Terms and descriptions used for both OCS and TOH are given in bold. Terms used only in trolley overhead are in italics. Terms, which in OCS are synonymous, are shown (Syn). Where synonyms exist the NON- PREFERRED term has an asterisk (*). OCS Style can be either ‘Fixed Terminated’ or ‘Auto-Tensioned’. Terms that are exclusively to one style, are referenced FT or AT respectively. Typically, TOH systems do not use messenger wires to support the trolley wire. All trolleybuses use swivel collector shoes to allow the trolleybus to drive up to 12 feet each side of the trolley wires. Streetcars with trolley poles use ‘fixed’ collector shoes; this allows them to track the correct trolley wire at turnouts without the use of electric frogs. For proprietary names see Suppliers Catalogs. . This dictionary does NOT define terms for ac-electrification OCS, but refers the reader to AREMA Chapter 33, which are recommendations prepared by the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance Association. Acceptance MeasurementsFinal definitive records of the installed contact wire heights and staggers at OCS support and registrations, and at midspan. Actual Span LengthSee “Span Length”Adjustments, Final adjustmentsPlacing the conductors to the correct wire heights and staggers.Airbreak; Half-tension AirbreakSee “Sectionalizing” Alignment Track alignment OCS alignment The centerline or other reference line of the track or tracks in both plan and profile. The position of the OCS relative to the (superelevated) centerline of the track. Along Track Feeder*See “Parallel Feeder”Along-Track Movement (ATM)The migration of catenary induced by balanceweights or tensioners due to thermal expansion or contraction of the conductors in an AT system. Ambient TemperatureThe weather related temperature of an OCS, which excludes temperature effects due to current in the conductors. Anchor Anchor Base Pole* Anchor Bolt Anchor Bracket Anchor Plate or Dead-Man Deadend Pole Base Anchor See “Bolted-Base Pole”. See “Foundation” An attachment to the face of a civil structure (tunnel portal, boat section or parapet) for anchoring OCS. See “Foundation” See “Fixed Termination” A pole, which provides the ground level anchorage at it’s base or base-plate for a down guy. Assembly OCS Assembly Trolley Overhead Assembly A discrete configuration of components used in an OCS, and identified in combination for ease of reference. See “Assembly Reference” A discrete configuration of components used in a TOH, and identified in combination for ease of reference. See “Assembly Reference” also “Special work” Assembly ReferenceAn alphanumeric code assigned to a discrete group of components, and that describes the materials list for one standard configuration, in which only the lengths of pipes or wires can vary. Auto-Tensioned (AT) EquipmentOCS conductors terminated with balanceweights, springs or hydraulic tensioning devices to maintain constant tension over a specified range of conductor temperatures by compensating for conductor thermal expansion and contraction. Autotransformer (AC) System Substation See AREMA Chapter 33.Auxiliary Messenger or Auxiliary*A third conductor typically installed with hangers above the contact wire and beneath the messenger wire of a catenary system and forming ‘Compound Catenary Style’ BackboneA span guy or along track span-wire between structural supports used primarily to align contact wire(s) and trolley wires around a curve by means of a series of pull-offs attached along the backbone. Backguy*See “Guy”. Balanceweight Assembly (BWA)The tensioning gear with weights that are installed at each end of a tension section of an auto-tensioned OCS. Balanceweight Stops, or Temperature Stops*Mechanical means for preventing further movement of balanceweights on a pole beyond a specified range of movement. BentSee “Bridge Bent” Blow-offLateral displacement of the contact wire/trolley wire due to wind. Boat sectionCivil engineering term for an open concrete structure that is below the general ground level. Body Span WireThe center wire of a three-wire head span used mainly to carry the radial and wind loads exerted by the messenger wires. Bolted Base PoleA pole for use on a foundation with anchor bolts (as opposed to a plain (stock section) pole which is embedded in stone or concrete).  Bond Impedance Bond Rail Bond (traction) Structure BondAn electrical connection between metal hardware (rails, poles, rebar, etc) that eliminates voltage difference An inductive device bridging an insulated rail joint that allows passage of traction return current while preventing passage of signaling current. An impedance bond is typically housed in a metal box 1ft. deep and up to 3ft. square, that is located close by or between the track rails and is connected across an insulated rail joint. Electrical connection between two rails in OCS return circuits and rated for the full traction return current. An electrical connection between a structure and the rebar cage of the foundation and/or to a ground rod, or to a grounding circuit of a civil structure. Booster Transformer or Suction Transformer (AC)See AREMA Chapter 33. Bracket Arm or Mast Arm*The frame usually supporting a direct suspension single contact wire or trolley wire directly from a pole without using a hinge. (A bracket arm, which is hinged to a pole, has the preferred term “cantilever”.) BracketSee “Pole Bracket” or “Anchor Bracket Break*See “Section break” or “Airbreak” Bridge Overpass Bent Bridge Barrier  See “Overpass” A Structural Engineering term for a portal frame or transverse framework, as used to support the deck of a bridge. The name given to a protective shield on an overbridge spanning over electrified tracks or over trolley overhead wires, for the purpose of shielding the overhead conductors from vandals, and/or protecting people from electrical danger. BridgingThe act of connecting across sectionalization points by pantographs. Bridle Backbone A span guy or wire between structural supports used primarily to provide support to a cross-span wire or pull-off attached approximately midway along the bridle. Also see “Catenaries - Stitched”.  Bridle SuspensionA short (4 feet to 6 feet long) loop of wire that supports a single contact wire from a horizontal (cantilever) pipe or pulley. A short (6 feet to 8 feet long) loop of wire that supports a messenger wire from a pulley in AT equipment. Building AttachmentAn eyebolt or other OCS mounting on a building. Bull RingA steel ring usually 2” to 4” in diameter to which two or more aerial (span) guys may be attached. Bus PathThe locus of the center point of the front axle of a trolleybus along a transitway. [Not necessarily the centerline of the transitway] BWBalanceweight BWA Balanceweight Anchor or Balanceweight Assembly Bypass SwitchSee “Switch” Cable Outlet*See “Feeder Spout” Cantilever Cantilever Assembly Long-Reach Cantilever Multi-Track Bracket Arm Reach Twin Cantilevers Two-Track Bracket Arm Two-Track Cantilever Pole  An OCS support frame (and registration) assembly mounted on a pole or portal beam bracket using hinge fittings. A cantilever assembly whose reach (see below) exceeds 13 feet. A frame rigidly attached to a pole and serving three or more tracks. The dimension between the face of the pole and the contact wire, or in the case of several contact wires, the furthest contact wire from the pole. Two cantilevers installed side-by-side on spreaders on one pole, each supporting its own OCS, and both OCS serving the same track. Have application in overlaps and at crossovers where two catenaries will normally have differential along-track movement. A frame rigidly attached to a pole that serves two adjacent tracks to one side of it from which the OCS for each track is supported. A single OCS pole serving two adjacent tracks to one side of it, usually with a long-reach hinged cantilever supporting the OCS for the ‘further’ track, and a regular cantilever supporting the OCS adjacent to the pole, with the former being mounted above the latter, and capable of independent movement along track.  Catenary Dictionary Meaning Simple Catenary Style Compound Catenary Style Stitched Catenary Style Inclined Catenary Style Low Profile Catenary Style Chordal Catenary Style ContenaryThe combination of two or more OCS conductors, with hangers and in-span hardware, but not including supports and cantilevers. The curve assumed by a perfectly flexible cord of uniform weight and cross-section hanging freely between two fixed points. Auto-Tensioned Simple Catenary (ATSC) and Fixed Terminated Simple Catenary (FTSC) styles each comprised of a contact wire supported from a messenger wire by hangers. Comprising a contact wire supported by an auxiliary wire, which, in turn, is supported from a messenger wire by hangers. A two conductor catenary system to which a stitch wire (messenger bridle) has been added at the supports to improve catenary dynamics. An arrangement of OCS conductors, where the messenger carries the horizontal (radial) load of the contact wire (and auxiliary wire) on curved tracks, in addition to providing vertical support, and in which the contact wire closely follows the centerline of the track. Inclined catenary has excellent commutation performance, has great economy of OCS support structures, but is difficult to install and to replace. A version of simple catenary with a small system height, (2ft. 0in. to 2ft. 6in. compared to 4ft. 0in. of standard simple catenary) which permits both conductors to be supported and registered from a single cross-span wire for improved aesthetics. As a consequence of the small system height the maximum span is typically limited to about 150 feet. A catenary system in which the messenger (and auxiliary) are installed vertically above the contact wire. A type of OCS construction wherein the messenger of a simple catenary system is locally substituted with a contact wire, that can be installed alongside the primary contact wire to create a catenary system of extremely small system height which is a practical solution for wiring bridges with very low clearances. Carbon Collector Strip* for Pantograph Shoe for Trolley Pole See “Rubbing Strip” See “Trolley Shoe”  Catenaries DynamicsThe interactive relationship between “current collectors” and contact/trolley wires at operating speeds. Chording of CurvesOn curved route the propensity of the contact wire to “cut the curve” between points of registration. Clamp Contact Swivel or Fixed Clamp Parallel Groove Clamp Pipe Clamp Strain Clamp Suspension Clamp The fitting on the end of the steady arm or registration pipe, which attaches to the contact wire. Previously called a ‘line-ear*’ in TOH construction. A piece of hardware used to clamp two or more parallel wires together. A piece of hardware used to attach various types of components to a pipe. A piece of hardware used for deadending a wire or conductor under high tension. A piece of hardware used to support a tensioned conductor or cable in a hanging arrangement, the greater part of the applied load being due to conductor weight. Clipping InThe sagging (regulating) of the OCS conductors to correct tension, and clamping at the supports and installing the hangers. Commutation* Commutation Performance*The act of picking up electrical power from an overhead contact wire by pantograph or trolley pole. See “”Current Collection” See “Bridging” See “Catenary Dynamics” Component (OCS)An item of OCS hardware as commonly supplied complete by manufacturers. Compound EquipmentSee “Catenary” Conductor Bar* or Conductor Beam*See “Conductor Rail” Conductor RailVarious shapes of rigid bar, e.g. “double lobe bar”, used in maintenance shops and under bridges as an alternative to a contact wire or trolley wire. Not to be confused with third rail.  Constant Tension OCS*See “Auto-tensioned equipment” Construction OverlapSee “Overlap” Contact Bar* or Rail*See “Conductor Rail”. Contact Wire (CW)The wire with which the pantograph or trolley pole makes contact for current collection. Normally made of copper or bronze, the wire is a single wire conductor usually with a groove to which hangers and clamps may be fitted. Cross section shapes include ‘round grooved’ with various copper cross sectional area from 106 kcmil to 350 kcmil, and ‘figure-9, Deep Section’ (335, 350 and 400 kcmil.) See also “Trolley Wire” for Trolley Overhead Contact Wire Along-Track Movement (ATM) See “Along-Track Movement” Contact Wire BridgeAt track crossovers, crossings and turnouts, a rigid bar or contact wire, up to 5 feet long, is attached to the in-running contact wire, and closely above it, to form a slot for a second contact wire to pass through, thereby preventing differential uplift of crossing contact wires. Also called a ‘wire cross*’. Contact Wire Clamp (FT) Contact Wire Swivel Clamp (AT)The clamp at the end of a registration arm or a steady arm, which is fixed into the groove of the contact wire or trolley wire to take the registration and wind, loads. The clamp at the end of a registration arm or a steady arm which is fixed into the groove of the contact wire or trolley wire to take the registration and wind loads, and has a swivel to accommodate along-track movement of the contact wire. Contact Wire Creep Initial CreepThe ongoing stretch of a contact wire or trolley wire, which is under a sustained tension. It has been shown that when a conductor is subjected to its normal tension, it will creep at a greater rate for the first 15 days under load than it will after the first month or so. Contact Wire DeviationWhen contact wires are staggered on straight tracks or registered on curved tracks the contact wire changes direction at each clamp, through an angle, which is termed the ‘deviation angle’. As a consequence a radial load is imparted to the registration arm or span wire.  Contact Wire Door BridgeA bridging device between sections of contact wire that is mounted on the transom of doorframes of maintenance shops that can be opened to allow roll-up doors to open and close. Such a design may have a bridging piece that laterally overlaps the contact wire conductor rail in which case it would not be suitable for use with trolley poles. See “Trolley Door Bridge”. Contact Wire Droop or Contact Wire FallThe additional downward displacement of the contact wire due to temperature or ice. The increase in sag; not the actual sag. Contact Wire GradientThe gradient of the contact wire relative to the track. Shallow CW gradients are always preferred where possible. Steeper gradients are sometimes required to raise the CW over a grade crossing especially after it has been graded down under an overpass. See AREMA Chapter 33 for recommended gradients related to line speed. Contact Wire Height (CWH) Minimum Contact Wire Height Maximum Contact Wire HeightThe height of the underside of the contact wire above reference rail level or street (trolley bus) when not uplifted by the pantograph or trolley pole. The minimum allowable contact wire height, usually at mid pan or under bridges, which takes due account of vehicle clearance envelope, vehicle bounce and track tolerances, OCS temperature effects and electrical clearances. May also take future track raising into account if so required. The maximum allowable contact wire height within the vertical operating range of the pantograph or trolley pole. Contact Wire RiseThe dimensional rise of a contact wire under its own weight and tension, from grade over a distance. See “Messenger Wire Rise”; also see “Uplift”. ContenarySee “Catenary – Contenary”. Copper clad Conductor, also known as CopperweldA wire with a steel center and layer of copper fused around it or a number of such wires stranded together.’ CounterpoiseA buried wire or a configuration of wires to provide a low resistance grounding system. Counterweight*See “Balanceweight”.  CreepThe on-going permanent stretch of tensioned wires over time. CrosbyA type of clamp with a U-bolt and saddle that pinches two wires together so they hold tight. Crossarm – Feeder OCS Crossarm*Typically a short cross bracket mounted high up on OCS poles that support feeders. See “Cantilever”, “Bracket Arm”. Cross Catenary*See “Headspan” Cross Contacts*See “Contact Wire Bridge” Cross Level Cross Level ToleranceThe plane through the tops of the rails of a track in the transverse direction. See “Track Tolerances”. Crossover (Special Work)A trolley overhead assembly that permits two sets of trolley wires to cross each other, either at right angles, or a straight or curved skew angle. Cross-SpanA single wire fastened between two poles that crosses the track or roadway just above contact wire level and supports one or more contact wires. See also “Headspan”. Current CollectionThe act of picking up electrical power from overhead contact/trolley wire by pantograph or trolley pole. Current Collector For Pantographs For Trolley Poles The rubbing strip at the top of a vehicle pantograph, which rides along under the contact wire collecting current. The carbon insert housed inside the trolley shoe and normally 3 ½ inches long, which rides along under the contact wire collecting current. Curve Construction Inside Curve Outside Curve An arrangement for trolley overhead where the poles are on the inside of the curve, necessitating the use of bracket arm construction. Poles are on the outside of the curve. Curve HangerSee “Single and Double Curve Hanger.” Curve Rail (Special Work)A short version of a curve segment for shallower turns. Curve Segment (Special Work)A trolley overhead assembly used on trolleybus systems that permits the trolley wires to follow a curve and to make an angle in general from 10ŗ to 45ŗ. Curve SpanA cross-span on a curve with one or more double curve hangers or a curve segment. Curve Supports Inside Curve Outside Curve An arrangement for an OCS where the poles are on the inside of the curve. Poles are on the outside of the curve. Cut-In-SwitchA type of directional switch in the trolley overhead where a section of trolley wire is cut out in order to insert the switch special work. Cut-OutA section insulator used in the trolley overhead for sectionalization: but only installed in positive trolley wires. CWContact wire CWAContact wire anchor. Deadend The direct termination of a conductor under tension to a pole, beam or wall. Deadend AssemblySee “Fixed Termination Assembly’ Direct SuspensionDirect support of a trolley wire from a cross-span wire or bracket arm.Disconnect SwitchSee “Switch” Door Bridge*See “Contact Wire Door Bridge” or “Trolley Door Bridge” Double Curve HangerAn overhead assembly used in cross-spans to support trolley wires in large radius curves. Each hanger typically provides up to 2 ½ ŗ deviation in the trolley wires. Double InsulationInsulation provided by two physically separated insulators, to create a safe working zone for maintenance staff between energized equipment and grounded equipment. A separation of at least six feet is preferred. (Requirements are described in California PUC G095 and other codes.)  DroopFall of a conductor from its height at normal temperature, due to temperature change and/or ice coating. Droop is an increase in sag, rather than the total sag of a conductor. Drop BracketA fitting attached to the underside of a cantilever registration pipe that carries the steady arm or registration arm Dropper*See “Hanger” or sometimes used ambiguously as “Feeder”. Drop VerticalA steel pipe or frame rigidly attached to the underside of a portal or bridge deck for mounting an OCS support and/or registration assembly. Dual-mode or Dual-Powered Bus, or a Hybrid Bus or Rail Vehicle.A trolley bus or rail car designed to operate either by self-powered or by electricity taken from a contact/trolley wire or third rail. Dual Operation or Dual Mode OperationA system where rubber tired and rail vehicles share the same right-of-way. Duct, Duct-LineAn enclosed conduit i.e. pipe, etc. for electrical cables, typically underground, or mounted on, or embedded in, civil structures. Dynamic LoadSee “Live Load” Dynamics See “ Catenary Dynamics” Ear, Trolley Ear, or Line-EarThe normal trolley wire clamp used to suspend the trolley wire. Also called a ‘Clamp’. See Manufacturers’ Catalogs. Elastic Arm*See “Resilient Arm” Elastic HangerA form of resilient arm with a limited use due to being of lower strength than a normal resilient arm. Elastic SystemA term applied to a trolley overhead system where the trolley wires are free to uplift under the pressure of the current collectors at the supports. Typified by the use of pendulum suspensions comprising one hanger or two articulated parallel hangers. Electrical Clearance Passing or Dynamic* Static The dimensional mechanical clearance between the live part of either the vehicle (such as current collector) or OCS and grounded parts of the fixed structures, or during the passage of the vehicle. See AREMA Chapter 33. The dimensional mechanical clearance between live parts of the OCS and grounded parts of fixed structures, in the absence of current collectors. See AREMA Chapter 33. Embedded PolesOCS poles without base plates that are directly inserted into socket-type or open foundations and fixed by concrete, grout or compacted backfill. Encumbrance*See “Pole Encumbrance”. Envelope Combined Vehicle Envelope Pantograph Clearance Envelope Structure Clearance Envelope Trolley Pole Clearance Envelope Vehicle Dynamic Envelope Vehicle Static Envelope The vehicle dynamic envelope plus the effects of track alignment and cross-level tolerances. The combined vehicle envelope applied to the pantograph plus a typical 6” lateral ‘running’ allowance for safety and a typical 8” vertical allowance above static contact wire level. Only steady arms and registration arms are permitted within this envelope. The combined vehicle envelope plus a safety clearance allowance typically 6” all round, into which no part of the fixed facilities e.g. bridges, stations, signal, trackside ‘houses’, etc. shall intrude. The dimensioned space around the vehicle trolley pole(s) depending upon the position of the trolley wire(s) and the vehicle. The maximum envelope of a vehicle when it is free to lurch and sway. The maximum envelope of a static vehicle Equation – StationingTypically the mathematical adjustment at a point along an alignment where the “running” stationing is interrupted or restarted. Equivalent Span or Ruling Span*A weighted average span of a given tension section of conductions used in sag-tensioned calculations. Exclusive Right-of-WayROW only accessible to the operator’s own vehicles. Eye-BoltSee “Building Attachment” Eye of Pullover*See “Heel of Steady Arm” Eye Setting* See “Heel Setting” Face of PoleThe absolute nearest part of a pole from the track for structure clearance purposes. Structure clearance requirements do not include base plate and top of foundation unless these are located significantly above the level of the rails and intrude into the clearance envelope.  Facing Turnout; Facing-Point TurnoutA track turnout that can be entered with point of switch entered first in the normal direction of travel (see also “Trailing Turnout”) FallSee “Contact Wire Fall” or “Messenger Wire Fall”. Feeder Spout or Feeder Outlet*A short pipe installed through the wall of a tubular pole, through which a feeder cable exits the pole. FeedersConductors that supply power to or augment the power-carrying capacity of the conductors in an overhead contact system. Final AdjustmentThe positioning of an OCS to the correct alignment and wire height, tightening up of all components and any remedial work prior to operation. Finial*See “Pole Cap”. FittingsSmall components used in the assembly of cantilever frames, cross-spans and terminations. Fixed End The dead-ended termination of a conductor.Fixed Tension*See “Fixed Terminated, (FT) equipment” and “Auto-Tensioned, (AT) equipment”. Fixed Termination AssemblyAn assembly for dead-ending a conductor. Fixed-Terminated (FT) Equipment Single Contact Wire Style (FTSCW) Tramway Style Equipment* OCS with dead-ended conductors, either “Catenary” or “Direct Suspension”, (fixed terminations). The tensions in FT equipment vary with temperature, being higher at low temperatures and lower at high temperatures. A style of FT equipment. Single trolley wire style FT equipment. Floating Section AC A section of OCS equipment between two insulators which is neither bonded to the live conductors, nor is bonded to ground, and whose line potential is unknown. See AREMA Chapter 33 - “Neutral Section”  Foundation (OCS) Anchor Bolt Anchor Plate Dead-Man* Guy Anchor FoundationAn earth anchored concrete block for the embedment or attachment of an OCS pole or down guy, or part of a civil structure (viaduct, overpass, tunnel, etc) for embedding or attaching an OCS pole, support bracket or down guy. A bolt inserted into a concrete foundation to form an attachment for a pole or support bracket. A buried plate at the end of an anchor rod used with down guys. A mass buried in ground (usually a rectangular block of concrete) to which a down guy wire is directly or indirectly attached. A foundation for a down guy. Frog (trolley)A solid metal device (casting) in the trolley overhead that guides the direction of travel of a vehicle trolley pole at locations where two trolley wires diverge from a single wire. Frog (track)A rail component used at the intersection of two running rails to provide support for vehicle wheels thus permitting wheels to cross over or join rails of other tracks. GainThe flattened part of a round pole ready to receive the mounting plate of a cross arm or bracket arm, or A plastic molding type packer for interfacing between a round pole and a cross arm or mounting plate of a bracket arm.  Gauge Load Gauge* Track Gauge Electrical Umbrella* Pole Gauge The “Structural Clearance Envelope” around the track within which all loaded track vehicles are required to remain while in motion. The distance between the inside running edges of the rails. See “Envelope” “Pantograph Clearance Envelope”. The wall thickness of steel in a tubular pole. GlasticA proprietary insulating material ¼” to 2” thick used to form troughs for protection of the trolley overhead from damage caused by dewired trolley poles or to provide a safety barrier for linemen working on live wires in close proximity to uninsulated overhead beams and pipes. Grade CrossingA crossing of a highway, railroad track, other fixed guideway, or pedestrian walk or combination of these at the same level. Grade SeparationThe vertical separation at a crossing of a highway or walkway from a rail track by the provision of a bridge or underpass. Gradient (Contact Wire)The average slope of the contact wire between two adjacent OCS supports relative to the track. Ground WireThe conductor installed for the purpose of providing lightning protection and electrical continuity between the supporting structure of the overhead contact system and the common return or grounding system. Guy Down Guy Or Back Guy* Guy Guard Head Guy Span Guy Sidewalk Down Guy Guy AnchorA steadying or positioning wire, or span wire. A wire attached high on a pole and coming down at an angle to an anchor in the ground. A protective strip, often of light colored plastic, typically 10 feet long, which fits around the lower end of a down guy for increased visibility. A wire, usually between two pole tops, for the purpose of transferring an anchor load. A wire between two poles, or between buildings for supporting an OCS. Used where a normal down guy anchorage would occur on a sidewalk or other pathway and possibly be an obstruction to pedestrians and sidewalk vehicles. A sidewalk down guy is a down guy that is diverted to a vertical position for anchorage to the ground, by use of a horizontal strut braced against the pole at about halfway down the pole. See “Foundation” Hand HoleAn access hole in a pole, or duct-line, for cable installation or inspection.  Hanger For Trolley Overhead For CatenaryA support for a trolley wire, normally used to support the trolley wire from cross-spans. A series of light wire, light cable, light strap or light rod assemblies for suspending the contact wire from the messenger wire at regular intervals (typically every 15-30 feet). Catenary hangers are usually designed to avoid current flowing through them from the messenger to the contact wire and vice versa, by incorporating insulating components. HarpHardware mounted at the end of a “Trolley Pole” that houses the “Trolley Shoe”. HeadspanAn OCS support structure with two or more wires that straddles the tracks and supports several catenaries, or several single contact wires in multi-track area. See also “Cross-Span” Heel of Registration Arm or Steady Arm or Eye of Pullover* (Catenary)The pivoted end of a steady arm opposite to the end with the contact wire clamp. Heel Setting Dimension (Catenary)The dimensioned height of the pin or hinge at the heel of a steady arm or registration arm, above the plane of the contact wire. The heel setting is designed to minimize uplift of the contact wire due to the radial load in the registration arm caused by contact wire deviation. Hog of Contact WireArching of a contact wire between catenary supports. Prevalent in FT systems at low temperatures – opposite of sag. Horns (pantograph)The curved or angled downwards ends of the pantograph head, which lift ‘out-of-running’ wires onto the rubbing strip, as they converge. Hotel PowerElectrical power taken by a vehicle for uses other than traction. Impedance BondSee “Bond” Inclined CatenarySee “Catenary”  Inductive SwitchAn electro-mechanical switch with an electronic receiver placed just above diverging trolley wires that can receive radio signals from trolleybuses in order to set the trolley wires for the route direction required. In-Running CatenaryThe catenary for a track that has multiple catenaries (such as overlaps), which provides the passage for the pantograph. Insert – ConcreteA mechanical screw socket-type fixing for direct embedment into concrete usually placed before pouring concrete. Insulated MidpointSee “Sectionalizing” Insulated OverlapSee “Sectionalizing” Insulator Bobbin* Bell or Disc* Johnny Ball or Porcelain Strain Insulator No-Bo Section Standoff Strain Strut Suspension SyntheticAny body or substance provided and designed for the purpose of surrounding, supporting or interrupting an electrical conductor so as to restrict the flow of electricity to a desired path. A synthetic insulator that looks like a bobbin for thread. A bell-shaped insulator of ceramic or glass used singly or in strings. A type of ceramic strain insulator, which has interlocking terminations for wires and is used primarily for guy, span wire or dead end insulation. The brand name for a type of section insulator. See “Section Insulator” A solid core insulator with bending strength. An insulator or a string of disc insulators used in line in a tensioned conductor. A standoff insulator used in compression members of cantilevers. An insulator or string or discs, which are suspended in vertical position. An insulator made from fiberglass, plastic or epoxy resin.  Jumper Continuity or Full Current EqualizingGenerally an electrical connection in the overhead contact system; a short conductor installed to provide electrical continuity. A jumper capable of carrying full line current from one catenary to another longitudinally at tensioning overlaps and track turnouts. A light jumper in the catenary connecting the messenger to the contact wire for electrical continuity. Generally installed one in each span. Kcmil, mcm* (Syn)The measured cross-sectional area of a conductor in thousands of circular mils. Knuckle A rigid connection between two adjacent messenger wires and/or between two adjacent contact wires for their mutual alignment. Usually with insulation to prevent circulating currents or for maintaining electrical sectioning. Lightning Arrester or Arrestor*A device typically mounted on OCS poles and connected to the OCS, designed to protect the OCS and adjacent equipment, e.g. cables, against lightning, typically providing a path to ground through a spark-gap, with or without variable resistance elements. Line GuardA bunch of short (12”) steel wires with preformed twist that self lock around a conductor inside a support clamp to prevent the breakage o conductor strands due to fatigue. See also “Messenger Liner” Live Live Load (structural) Live Wire (electrical)  A load or force that is temporary in nature such as wind, ice, tension due to temperature change and the dynamic uplift force of a passing current collector. A bare conductor carrying a voltage for power supply. Load GaugeSee “Gauge” Long Turn LaneA wire segment of overhead trolley system parallel to the ‘through’ trolley wires used by trolley buses in preparation for a right or left turn that allows ‘through’ trolleybuses to overtake.  Lug Crimped Terminal An attachment to the end of wire or cable for an electrical connection made using a griping or crimping tool. A crimped, soldered or bolted metallic tag with a hole used to terminate a wire or cable on a stud to make an electrical connection. Magnetic Blow OutAs assembly attached to in-running section insulators that quenches power arcs drawn by trolley shoes entering insulated runners. Mast Arm*See “Bracket Arm”. Master Overlap Chart (MOC); Master Wiring Diagram (Syn)Like an electrical sectioning diagram but including essential OCS design features and typically drawn to scale based upon civil alignment plan/profiles. An MOC will include provisional layout of the traction power substations, and the associated feeding/sectioning points in the OCS. Typically the location of additional operational sectionalization at track crossovers and pocket tracks will be shown. The type of sectioning arrangement be it an overlap, insulated midpoint, airbreak or section insulator will be indicated. On steeply graded track profiles the location of OCS fixed ends, midpoints and balanceweights will be given. Maximum Operating Wind SpeedThe maximum wind speed in which vehicles will continue to be operated at their normal speed. The wind speed selected for pantograph security calculations. Typically 55 mph for LRT Systems. Maximum SagThe sag of conductors either at maximum conductor temperature or under a given radial ice loading, whichever is greater. Mcm*See “Kcmil” Messenger or Messenger WireThe uppermost conductor in a catenary system. The conductor, which hangs in, the approximate shape of a catenary from which the contact wire is suspended by means of hangers. Messenger LinerA piece of insulating material inserted between messenger hanger saddles and messenger wires to prevent currents circulating through hangers.  Messenger Rise or Messenger Wire RiseWhen given in tables for vertical clearance purposes: The increase in the height of the messenger wire at midspan, due to the combined effect of : An increase in messenger wire tension at low temperature. Wear of the contact wire. Uplift due to the pantograph Middle Ordinate*See “Stringline”. Midpoint Anchor Pole (AT)A pole adjacent to the midpoint structure where the midpoint guy is terminated. Midpoint Guy (AT)The span guy that provides the midpoint restraint in AT equipment. The broadly horizontal guy wire, (preferably of galvanized strand for its light weight), which is anchored to the messenger wire at the midpoint of a tension section of auto-tensioned OCS. Midpoint Structure (AT)The OCS support structure approximately midway between the two Balanceweights of a tension section of AT equipment where the OCS is anchored against along-track movement. Midspan OffsetThe deviation of the static contact wire from the superelevated centerline of track at midspan. Mixed Operation*See “Dual-mode Operation” Negative Feeder – DC Negative Feeder - AC In a DC rail system, the traction current return cable connecting the track rails or negative contact wire to the substation negative busbar. See AREMA Chapter 33. Negative Feeder.Neutral Section (AC Only)See AREMA Chapter 33. Floating Section. No-BoA proprietary type of section insulator. See “Insulator”. No-Load Tension or Unloaded Stringing TensionThe messenger stringing tension to be applied to a messenger alone so that, once the contact wire is suspended from the messenger, the messenger assumes the desired final sag and tension. Non-Bridging, Non-Commutating*The act of not connecting across sectionalization points by pantograph. Non-Riding*See “Out-of-Running”. “Normal” Temperature, Normal Setting Temperature.The selected temperature at which all the cantilevers in an auto-tensioned OCS are “square” (“normal”, mathematically) to the track. See “Normal Tension”. “Normal” TensionThe nominal selected tension for a conductor. The tension in a conductor of a fixed terminated OCS at “normal” temperature range. The tension in a conductor of an auto-tensioned OCS when tensioned by balanceweights within the auto-tensioned temperature range – when the balanceweight stops are not engaged. OCS StyleThe generic type of conductor configuration and tensioning system of a particular OCS. See “Catenary” and “Direct Suspension”. Offset Contact Wire/Trolley Wire Offset Pole Offset The deviation of the contact wire/trolley wire in its static condition from the normal centerline of the track. The dimension of the centerline of the pole from the centerline of the track. Out-of-Running (OOR) CatenaryIn sections of track where more than one catenary is installed, OOR catenaries do not provide passage for the pantograph because they are higher than, or offset from, the in-running catenary. Overhead Contact System (OCS)That part of the traction power system comprising the overhead conductors (or single contact wire), aerial feeders, OCS supports, foundations, balanceweights and other equipment and assemblies, that delivers electrical power to non-self powered electric vehicles. OverlapA span of the overhead contact system where the contact and messenger wires of two adjoining tension sections overlap before terminating at opposite ends. Overlap PolesThe structures that position the two contact wires in parallel within an overlap section. Overlap SpanThat portion of the overhead contact system between two structures, where the contact and messenger wires of two adjoining sections overlap, thus allowing pantographs to transition from one tension section to the next under power. See “Sectionalizing - Insulated Overlap” Overpass, Bridge* (Syn) or Overbridge* (Syn) Where a street, pedestrian walkway or railway crosses over the OCS tracks. PanAn alternative name for the “head” of a pantograph, which carries the rubbing strips/carbon collectors*. PantographA current collection device fitted on top of an electrically powered rail vehicle, hinged to allow it to vary in height as it rubs along the contact wire.  Pantograph Clearance EnvelopeSee “Envelope, Pantograph Clearance Envelope”. Pantograph HeadThe uppermost part of the pantograph that is fitted with the current collector. Pantograph Pressure The nominal upward force exerted by the pantograph on the contact wire. Typically 18 to 22 pounds. Pantograph SecurityThe analyses of the lateral relationship of the pantograph with the contact wire at the pole and at midspan, under prescribed operating conditions, including allowances for crosswind, track tolerances, vehicle sway, pantograph sway, temperature range and installation tolerances. Based on these analyses, maximum stagger, maximum span length on tangent, and span lengths on curves are determined. Pantograph SwayLateral displacement of the pantograph induced by vehicle roll and lateral shock loads. Typical value 1 ½ " each way (independent of pantograph height), unless specified otherwise. Pantograph Up-LiftThe distance the contact wire is lifted as a pantograph passes. Pantograph Up-Thrust*See “Pantograph Pressure” Parallel FeederAn along-track aerial bare or insulated cable mounted on the OCS poles; or an insulated cable installed in a trough or duct, which provides electrical power reinforcement to the OCS by means of T-connected feeder jumpers at regular intervals. Parallel Running (Length)The design length where the two parallel contact wires in an overlap are suspended at the same height. Paralleling Station (AC Only)See AREMA Chapter 33. Paralleling Station Pendulum SupportA type of support using two parallel hinges 12” to 24” long to support the contact wire keeping the contact wire oriented vertically as it lifts freely. Pendulum SuspensionAn “elastic” hanger configuration in the form of a trapezoid hinged at each corner that maintains correct wire orientation of the trolley wire for use by trolley shoe and yet is free to move upwards under pressure from the vehicle trolley pole. PH HangerA stick insulator installed square to the trolley wires for carrying two trolley ears that can maintain insulation levels between them. Phase BreakSee AREMA Chapter 33. Phase Break Pole (OCS) or Mast*An independent slender vertical structure with or without guy, used to support some part of the OCS. Pole BracketA connection or an assembly of small – part steel components by which a cantilever assembly or bracket arm assembly is attached to the pole. Pole CapThe attachment over the top of a pole to prevent intrusion of rainwater. Fancy designs may be called “Finials” Pole EncumbranceThe across-track outside dimension of a pole and its attachments at vehicle level. Pole FaceThe side of the pole to which the cantilever or bracket arm is attached. The side of the pole facing the track. Pole Guide*See “Trolley Pole Guide” Pole (Trolley)See “Trolley Pole” Portal (OCS) Beam Bracket A frame support structure, typically of galvanized steel, consisting of vertical columns supporting each end of a horizontal beam. Two beams mounted on three columns would be termed a “compound portal”, etc. A fabricated steel frame mounted on a portal beam, primarily for the attachment of cantilever assemblies. Potential Equalizer (Jumper)See “Jumper” Power On-Off SwitchA trolley overhead switch control system which operates in one position as the bus draws power from the overhead contact system and retracts to another position when the bus coasts through. Pre-Emption DeviceA switch/contactor operated automatically by transit vehicles in city streets, which controls traffic signals to their favor. Preformed or Preformed End FittingA trade name for a wrap-around type of dead end or guy grip. PresagThe static difference between the average contact wire height at the end hangers in a span and the height at midspan. Typically span/1000 in value. Prestress (of conductors)The tension, normally 30% to 50% of its breaking load, applied to conductor for a day or two to reduce long-term “creep”, after which it is reduced to normal tension for operations. Profile (overhead)The vertical alignment of the OCS conductors relative to the track. Pull-Off*See “Wire Pull-off” Pull-Off Arm*See “Registration Arm” Pull Off CantileverA cantilever that provides registration of the contact wire towards the pole in relation to the centerline of track. Push Off CantileverA cantilever that provides registration of the contact wire away from the pole in relation to the centerline of track. Pulley (AT)A pulley block used in messenger support and in AT termination systems. Pull-overSee “Registration Arm” Radial LoadA horizontal load comprised of static and dynamic forces. Rail BondSee “Bond”. Rail ReturnThe combination of track rails, impedance bonds, and cables that provides the electrical return path for the traction current from the rail vehicle to the substation. Rake The installed backward lean of the pole from vertical, before loading, such that when loaded the pole does not lean towards the load once the load is applied. Range (Touring) or Travel*, of a Trolleybus The safe distance a trolley bus may move laterally away from its overhead wires-usually about 12 feet Range of Pantograph Operating Maximum  The operating range for Pantographs to operate normally The range of a pantograph between its upper limit stop, and its lock-down height. ReachSee “Cantilever Reach”  Registration or Alignment*Lateral stabilizing (with or without support), of conductors to maintain a fixed horizontal location relative to the track. Registration Arm or Steady Arm The lateral restrainer on the contact wire at a structure or other point of registration, such as at a wire pull-off. Registration Pipe The lowest pipe of a cantilever, which a steady arm or a registration arm is attached, with or without a drop bracket.Registration Span Wire or Registration Span GuyA span guy between poles for contact or trolley wire registration; usually the lower of two horizontal span wires. Regulation* or Regulating*See “Adjustments” Resilient Arm For Direct Suspension For Catenary  A trolley wire support embodying a sprung suspension, typically used under decks or in tunnels where cross-spans and bridles cannot be installed. A combined registration and support assembly with vertical resilience, used for support of catenary conductors in situations of restricted clearance such as tunnels and overbridges, or for providing a soft contact wire suspension where a messenger or messenger bridle is not present. Return CircuitThe circuit for the traction return current utilizes track rails or negative contact wire to a location near to a traction substation, where it is connected by the “Negative Feeders” to the substation negative busbar. Rigid Contact SystemTypically used in maintenance shops and at moveable bridges. An overhead contact system using an un-tensioned contact wire relying on continuous support, (such as proprietary aluminum extrusions or “T”-bars) or “barn hangers” at close spacing to supply the necessary rigidity. An untensioned self-supporting (copper) conductor rail, such as “double lobe bar”. Rigid Trolley SystemTOH that uses an un-tensioned contact wire relying on structural support at close spacing to supply the necessary rigidity. RiserA vertical conduit and cable supplying traction current from an underground feeder system to the OCS. ROWRight-of-way; a definition of land ownership; the available space for a railway.  Rubbing Strip or Carbon Collector (Strip)*The replaceable (typically metallized) carbon strip(s) on the pantograph head used for current collection. Ruling SpanSee “Equivalent Span”. Running EdgesThe inside faces of the rail heads of a track. SaddleThe fitting that supports a hanger on the messenger wire, sometimes fitted with an insulated lining to prevent current entering the hanger. Safe Working Zone (1500 volts or less)A zone around the OCS in which OCS maintenance staff can undertake routine OCS inspections and maintenance, without there being some electrically grounded equipment, except plastic sheet, wood, stone or concrete, etc within easy/accidental reach. SagThe difference between the average heights of a conductor at its adjacent supports and its height at the lowest point in the span. SaggingThe act of installing messengers and other conductors to the correct tension by measuring conductor sag. Sag-Tension ChartsCharts referred to during wire stringing that give conductor tensions related to ambient temperature for use during the sagging operation. Sag RodsLong steel rods that support the center section of a portal beam from extensions to the portal columns. Sectionalizing or Sectioning* Half-Tension Airbreak Insulated Overlap or Airbreak* Insulated Midpoint The division of the OCS into electrical sections, while permitting trolley poles and pantographs to operate from section to section. An airbreak where the two parallel contact wires are each at half tension and are cut into a single contact wire over a distance of 100 feet to 200 feet. Half-tension airbreaks do not require additional contact wire anchor poles, thus making them a practical substitute for section insulators. A sectionalization point in an OCS formed by cutting insulation into the out-of-running sections of the two overlapping catenaries with at least minimum electrical clearance between them, which provide a continuous powered path for pantographs. A sectionalization point in an OCS formed at an insulated overlap with fixed terminations, by cutting insulation into the out-of-running sections of the two overlapping catenaries. An insulated midpoint can thus provide sectionalizing while replacing a midpoint anchor in an AT tension section. Section BreakAn electrical break in the overhead contact system. When two adjacent section breaks are installed, the section of OCS between them can be isolated and energized or de-energized. Section Insulator or Section Isolator*A device for isolating two electrical sections from each other. Selectric SwitchAn electro-mechanical switch for setting the route for trolleybus poles at a turnout, that is operated by the interaction of two contactors judiciously placed in the trolley overhead in advance of a trolleybus turn and triggered by the relative position of trolley shoes. Shoe*See “Pantograph Head”, “Trolley Shoe”. Sidewalk guySee “Guy”. Simple CatenarySee “Catenary” Single Wire SystemComprising single contact wire only. May be FT or AT. Sleeve Chaffing Sleeve Ground sleeve, Reinforcing Sleeve or “Dog Collar” Pipe Sleeve Repair Sleeve Sleeve Foundation A sleeve around a conductor to reduce damage from abrasion. A steel sleeve placed around a steel pole at ground line to protect against corrosion damage. A short length of smaller diameter pipe fitted into a larger diameter pipe to reduce the internal diameter of the larger pipe. A compressed copper sleeve around a conductor to repair local electrical damage. A custom-designed circular concrete tube placed in a drilled hole to provide a foundation for an embedded pole. Small Part Steelwork (SPS)Steel brackets, frames, links, plates and yokes, etc, which are cut from stock steel sections for attachment of catenary assemblies, but not constituting part of a principal support structure. SoffitThe underside of a tunnel roof or bridge deck. Span Guy, or Span WireSee “Guy” Span Length Actual Span LengthThe distance along track between structures as determined by the difference in along track stationings. The horizontal length of contact wire between two adjacent support points (not necessarily the distance or difference in stationing between the support structures). Span WidthThe distance across track or roadway (may be skewed) between the columns of a portal, headspan, or cross-span. Special WorkGeneric description for the frogs, switches, crossovers and curve segments used in trolley wires for vehicles with trolley poles. Spiral (Track)The transitions from tangent to curve track along which superelevation increases from zero to the selected value for the curve, and vice versa. SpoutSee “Feeder Spout”. Spreaders or Spreader Bars*Typically named for the 4ft. to 5ft. long brackets made of small angle or channel sections mounted on the front of a pole and facing the track, a pair of which carry two or more cantilevers. Each cantilever carries its own catenary, and the cantilevers are spaced sufficiently to allow independent along track movement of each catenary. StaggerThe (normally alternating) offset of the contact wire from the tangent or superelevated track centerline by registration at each support that causes the contact wire to sweep side to side over the pantograph head during vehicle operation. Stagger ChangeIncrease or decrease of wire stagger due to along-track movement of the OCS under the influence of balanceweights, as wire temperature changes Stagger EffectThe additional contact wire deviation above the normal value of wind blow-off in a span, whenever the staggers at each end of the span are unequal. Stagger GaugeA mechanical or electronic device that can be mounted on track rails for measuring contact and messenger wire heights and staggers. Stand-Off InsulatorSee “Insulator”. Static, Dead LoadThe weight of the structure and any permanent load applied to it. This will include wire tension loads at nominal temperature. Loads due to temperature change are considered “Live”. Steady Arm A lightly loaded registration arm that serves to steady the contact wire from lateral displacement. See “Registration Arm”. Steady SpanA cross span guy for contact wires, usually the lower of two horizontal span guys.  Step and Touch Potential Accessible Voltage*The potential difference between points of contact – if between hand and feet it is called “touch” potential, if between one’s feet, “step” potential. Stops*See “Balanceweight Stops.” StringingThe process of installing overhead wires under tension Stringline ValueThe distance between the track arc and its chord between catenary support structures, measured at midspan. StructureA principal support for the OCS conductors, normally including foundation, pole(s), and cantilever(s)/bracket arm(s) or headspan/cross-span; or eyebolts and cross-span. Structure Clearance EnvelopeSee “Envelope, Structure Clearance Envelope” Structure Spacing ChartA design table of span length and track curves that shows the maximum OCS span length for a track curve of a given radius. Stub-UpsConduits, usually conduit bends, cast into concrete foundations, for later use with or without extension ‘risers’, to accommodate feeder cables. Subassembly (OCS)A configuration of OCS components forming part of a larger OCS assembly. Suction Transformer*See AREMA Chapter 33. Superelevation Effect OCS, TOH Displacement from the vertical track centerline due to track superelevation. Lateral displacement of trolley wires from a ground reference point, e.g. centerline of trolleybus path, due to roadway superelevation. Surge Arrester*See “Lightning Arrester” Swath (Pantograph)The swept area above railway tracks at contact wire level that is covered by the pantograph during train operations, into which no part of the fixed facilities, except the contact wire, may intrude. Swath (Trolleybus)The swept area of the roadway covered by the plan area of the trolley bus when driving on a curved bus path.  Switch Disconnect Switch Bypass Switch Special Work Switch Track Switch  A switch for OCS typically installed at a sectionalizing point or at a traction power feeding point in the OCS or for isolating the positive feeder cable at a substation. Such switch would be designed only to operate off-load, usually by hand, ‘hot’ stick or by motorized operation controlled remotely. See “By-pass Switch”. At traction power feeding points, pad-mounted disconnect switches may be located within the substation compound or on the adjacent feeder pole. Bypass disconnect switches are installed at the sectionalizing points in the OCS and would normally be pole-mounted. An electric frog for trolleybuses, or a plain frog for streetcars, to allow trolley poles to enter a diverging route at a track turnout A track turn outSynthetic Guy StrandA synthetic rope material, such as “Kevlar” or “Phillystran”, used in cross-span guying and messenger bridles. Not normally used in trolley pole operation. System Height or System Depth*The vertical distance between messenger and contact wires, at the support structure. Tail Wire or Tail Guy*The wire that joins the yoke plate to the balanceweight assembly or deadend. Temperature Stop*See “Balanceweight Stop” Tension ReducerA strain reliever, usually a terminating guy connected at the shallow angle to a tensioned conductor to take up a portion of the tension.Tension SectionA length of OCS between two corresponding terminations with automatic tensioning or fixed terminations. TensioningA method of controlling sag in an OCS by tension or by weight. TESTraction Electrification System - comprising of the Traction Power System (TPS) and the Overhead Contact Systems (OCS). TORTop of rail (as a vertical datum). TPFSTraction Power Feeder System.  TPSTraction Power System - comprising of the Traction Power Substations (TPSS) and the Traction Power Feeder System (TPFS) (i.e. duct banks and traction power feeder and return cables). TPSSTraction Power Substation Track Raising AllowanceAn allowance for additional vertical clearance when determining minimum contact wire levels, to cater to future lifting of tracks. Track Tolerances Cross Level Tolerance Lateral Tolerance Track Gauge Tolerance Vertical ToleranceVariations from design dimensions. Allowable variation between the levels of the two rails (or the designated difference in levels on superelevated track). Allowable variation in the track alignment. Allowable variation typically from 4’ - 8½”. Allowable variation in track height. Traction PowerThe electrical power supply to the OCS Trailing Turnout Tracks converging with point of switch last in the normal direction of travel. Tramway EquipmentSee “Single Contact/Trolley Wire System” .Transition CurveA curve of continuously increasing radius that connects a curve to a tangent or to a curve of larger radius. See “Spiral”. Travel*See “Range” Travelers, or Stringing BlocksSheaves used in pulling wires during stringing preferably with one “cheek” that can be opened for inserting wires and pull lines. Trolley Door Bridge A bridging device between sections of trolley wire that is mounted on the soffit of the doorframes of maintenance shops that can be opened to allow the doors to open and close. Such a design must have a bridging piece or conductor bar aligned between the trolley wire dead-ends to provide a trolley ‘path’ for use with trolley poles. See also “contact -wire door bridge”. Trolley Pole or Collector Pole (Syn)An electric power collector on a trolleybus or streetcar, which delivers current from the trolley wire to the vehicle.  Trolleybus, Trolley Coach*, Trackless Trolley*, Electric Trolley Bus*, ETB.A trackless rubber-tired public service vehicle for passengers propelled by electricity, which draws power from the trolley overhead conductors by means of two (positive and negative) trolley poles. Trolley OverheadThe system of overhead trolley wires and their supports from which vehicles with trolley poles collect current. Trolley Pole, or Trolley Collector Poles*The long shaft mounted on the roofs of trolley buses, streetcars and a few Light Rail Vehicles, with a shoe (current collector) at the top end that presses upwards against the underside of the trolley wire, to draw current. Trolley Pole Guide or FunnelA device to steer the trolley pole collector shoe upward onto the trolley wire from the retracted position. Trolley ShoeThe current collector comprised of carbon insert fitted into the holder attached to the harp at the top of a trolley collector pole to collect current. Trolley WireSee “Contact Wire” Tunnel SupportA support for trolley wires, feeders, or ground wires for use in tunnels, normally mounted in the tunnel soffit. Tunnel support (assembly)A catenary, feeder, or return wire support assembly for use in tunnels and normally mounted in the tunnel soffit. Turnout (Track)The arrangement of a track switch and a frog with closure rails by which rail vehicles can be diverted from one track to another. Twin Contacts (Wires)*See “Contenary”. Underbridge SupportsOCS supports used beneath overpasses and normally attached to their soffits. Underpass or Underbridge*Where a road or river crosses beneath the LRT tracks. Uplift The difference in height of contact wire when at rest and when subjected to an upward force due to Pantograph or trolley poles passing. Variable Tension in OCS A characteristic of Fixed Terminated OCS, where rise in conductor temperature due to traction current and/or ambient air temperature results in lowering of conductor tension due to the expansion of the conductors. Similarly low ambient temperatures cause contraction of the conductors resulting in a rise of conductor tensions. See “Auto-tensioned OCS” which is also termed “Constant Tension OCS”*.  ViaductA long civil structure over a road, river, etc., typically built on piers or bents. Wind Stay or SteadyA light rod that is provided to prevent collapse in compression of lightly loaded registration arms due to wind forces. Wire Cross*See “Contact Wire Bridge” Wire GradientSee “Contact Wire Gradient” Wire Pull-offA pull-off using a registration arm, “Single or Double Curve Hanger” attached to the end of a guy wire, that does not directly support the contact wire, although it can be lifted by the vertical component of the registration load. YokeA steel plate or casting on which two or more wires terminate on one side and continue as one wire on the opposite side (usually yoke-shaped and with lever action to distribute loads from a Balanceweight to the messenger and contact wire).  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