ࡱ> -/*+,KM 1bjbj== CWWLbl$UUUPUW\ Z:4[4h[h[h[ij7m3n 7hnChinn3uh[h[ 3u3u3un`2h[h[3un3u3ux~h[Z 9lv?Us  `3u3u JEPonline Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline Official Journal of The American Society of Exercise Physiologists (ASEP) ISSN 1097-9751 An International Electronic Journal Volume 5 Number 1 February 2002  Fitness and Training  THE INFLUENCE OF PRE-TEST ANXIETY, PERSONALITY AND EXERCISE ON VO2max ESTIMATION FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUBMAXIMAL CYCLE ERGOMETRY FITNESS TEST My Suggestion for a Title: Variability in VO2max estimation: An empirical look at exercise habits and pre-test anxiety HEATHER M. HUNN, PETER T. LAPUMA, PhD, PE DANIEL T. HOLT Air Force Institute of Technology  Email:  HYPERLINK "mailto:peter.lapuma@afit.edu" peter.lapuma@afit.edu Phone: (937) 255-6565 ext. 4319 Fax: (937) 656-4699 Mailing Address: Peter LaPuma AFIT/ENV 2950 P. St, Bld 640 Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 THE INFLUENCE OF ANXIETY, PERSONALITY AND EXERCISE ON VO2max ESTIMATION FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUBMAXIMAL CYCLE ERGOMETRY FITNESS TEST ABSTRACT THE INFLUENCE OF PRE-TEST ANXIETY, PERSONALITY AND EXERCISE ON VO2max ESTIMATION. Heather M. Hunn, Peter T. Lapuma, Daniel T. Holt. JEPonline. 2002;5(1):5-14. This research investigated the influence of exercise activities, situational factors, and personality on a submaximal cycle ergometry test (SCET). Data were collected via a questionnaire administered to 209 193 active duty Air Force members during their required annual SCET. Multiple regression and ANOVA were used to find the relative influence of each factor on the estimated maximal rate of oxygen uptake (VO2max) determined by the SCET. For the group as a whole, self-reported test anxiety explained 24% of the variance in SCET results, while self-reported aerobic caloric expenditure explained only 10%. For runners, test anxiety explained 26%, and calories expended running explained only 5%. For cyclists, calories expended cycling explained 53% of the variance, while test anxiety had no influence on SCET results. The results indicate that for non-cyclists, high test anxiety results in an underestimation of VO2max oxygen uptake as determined by the SCET. The exercise that has the greatest influence on increasing SCET scores is cycling. Increased time or intensity spent running does not significantly enhance SCET performance. The results also indicate that increased cycling intensity will increase estimated oxygen uptake but increased running does not significantly alter SCET performance. I MIGHT REVISE THIS AS FOLLOWS (ALTHOUGH IM NOT REAL SURE HOW TO HANDLE THE REVIEWERS QUESTION): The results also indicate that changes in exercise habits influence SCET performance differently (more cycling increases estimated oxygen uptake while increased running does not). Key Words: VO2max, VO2, aerobic fitness, anxiety, NEO-PI, heart rate, maximal oxygen uptake  INTRODUCTION The mMajor components of physical fitness are cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition (1). These components provide a basis to predict the bodys ability to sustain intense exercise. Because it would be costly and time consuming to evaluate all these components, a measure of cardiorespiratory endurance, simply called aerobic fitness, is often used as an indicator of overall physical fitness. It is well documented that a good measure of aerobic fitness is the extent to which the body is able to take up and use oxygen (2, 3, 4). A fit individual can deliver and offload oxygen to the skeletal muscle very efficiently. REVISION: That is, moreaerobically fit individuals have higher cardiorespiratory cardiorespritory and muscular endurance allowing them to deliver and offload oxygen to the skeletal muscle more efficiently as compared to individualsthose that are less aerobically fit. When a person is subjected to increasing aerobic workloads, oxygen uptake will increase until a maximum quantity of oxygen uptake is reached. When the maximum oxygen uptake is reached, workload may be increased, but oxygen uptake will not increase beyond this point (4). This point is called the maximal oxygen uptake, or VO2maxVO2max. VO2max VO2max is generally considered the best measure of physical aerobic fitness (2, 3, 4, 5). REPLACE WITH: cardiorespiratory and muscular endurance. NOTE: Would need to verify that this is consistent with the citations. VO2maxVO2max varies due to physiological differences between people such as age, body size and gender. That is, VO2maxVO2max tends to decrease as age increases (6, 7, 8), and women tend to have lower a VO2maxVO2max than their male counterpartsmen. Also, and generally VO2maxoxygen uptake tends to increase is in proportional to body size because more energy and therefore oxygen is required to move a larger individual (4). DELETE THE HIGHLIGHTS AS RECOMMENDED BY COMMENTS. VO2max VO2max is most commonly expressed as milliliters of oxygen (O2) consumed per kilogram (kg) of body weight per minute, ml/kg/min (4). Expressing VO2maxVO2max as ml/kg/min normalizes the data for body weight and enables VO2maxVO2max measurements to be comparable among people of different body sizes. A prolonged increase in physical activity involving large muscle groups will increase VO2max (4, 9, 10). This is because physical activity increases the bodys ability to take in and use oxygen in muscles (9). The increase in VO2max as a result of training is dependent upon the duration and intensity of the exercise, as well as the baseline level of VO2max for the individual (4). BASED ON THE REVIEWER COMMENT THAT SAID PAGE 4 CONTENT READS LIKE A TEXTBOOK, I WOULD DELETE THE TWO PREVIOUS PARAGRAPHS. THUS, WE TRANSITION FROM THE IDEA THAT VO2MAX REPRESENTS FITNESS TO THE IDEA THAT THERE ARE THREE WAYS TO MEASURE VO2MAX.. There are three common ways to determine VO2maxVO2max for an individual. VO2max VO2max can be measured directly with maximal tests or indirectly with non-exercise tests or with submaximal exercise tests. Maximal tests are expensive to administer and can be risky because the subject reaches their maximal heart rate near complete exhaustion. Non-exercise tests depend upon the truthful self-report of activity and cannot be used when the individuals have an interest in the results, giving them a reason to falsify the self-reported activity levels. Submaximal tests indirectly estimate VO2maxVO2max using heart rate (HR) and are most often performed on a cycle ergometer, although they can be performed on a treadmill or a track. Submaximal tests are faster, safer, and cheaper to administer than maximal tests. However, submaximal tests have been found to be less accurate than maximal tests yet more accurate than the non-exercise tests (911, 1012). In a submaximal test, one or more HR measurements are taken throughout the test as workload on the individual is increased. The HR measurements, power output, and some additional factors are entered in a regression equation to determine the slope of the individuals HR in relation to their workload. VO2max VO2max is estimated by extrapolating the HR slope to a maximal HR which corresponds to an estimated VO2maxVO2max (102). Submaximal power outputs are defined as outputs that elicit a HR response between 45% and 70% of an individuals estimated HR at VO2maxVO2max (102). Because HR is used to estimate VO2maxVO2max, anything that affects HR would affect the results of a submaximal test (102). Numerous factors can alter HR such as drugs, caffeine, eating, nicotine, amount of sleep, time of day, room temperature and humidity, and anxiety (1210, 1113). Caffeine increases, HR, while nicotine decreases, the HR response to exercise. Therefore, caffeine would tend to underestimate VO2maxVO2max because HR is elevated from the caffeine. Conversely,and while nicotine could overestimate VO2maxVO2max because nicotine slows the HR response to the increased exercise (11, 91,2 13). IM NOT SURE IF THIS WOULD BE RIGHT (IM UNCLEAR ABOUT THIS OVER & UNDERESTIMATION IDEA) HOWEVER BASED ON THE COMMENT I WOULD SAY THE FOLLOWING: Therefore, the ingestion of caffeine just prior to the test would tend for the results of the submaximal test to underestimate VO2max because of the heart rate responses to exercise and caffeine (CITATION). Conversely, nicotine in the bloodstream just prior to test would tend for submaximal tests to overestimate VO2max because of the heart rate responses to exercise and nicotine (CITATION) The submaximal cycle ergometry test (SCET) is an example of a submaximal test. The SCET is used by the Air Force to evaluate the physical fitness of its members. While there is a considerable body of research that has evaluated the SCET (2, 4, 10, 11, 912, 12, 13), this study builds on that literature by evaluating additional factors that may influence SCET performance. While there is general agreement that VO2maxVO2max is a good predictor of aerobic fitness (2, 3, 4), the VO2maxVO2max estimated by the SCET may vary depending on training intensity or method, situational factors such as anxiety or stress, or personality factors. Prior studies that correlate submaximal test results to maximal tests do not appear to focus on the influence of personality or anxiety factors and did have not addressed perceived consequences for low VO2maxVO2max scores. I DONT UNDERSTAND THE COMMENT THE REVIEWERS MADE REGARDING THE FIRST PART OF THE SENTENCE. This study will examined the influence of anxiety, personality, and exercise on SCET results by DELETE BY using active duty members of the AF who are were REPLACE WITH WERE aware of negative career consequences for failure to achieve a minimum SCET score. The AF SCET was selected because it creates a tense situation where an individual could be nervous or anxious during the test because disciplinary action can result if AF members fail to meet minimum AF fitness standards. This study was conducted during the regularly scheduled annual AF SCET to reflect typical anxiety levels felt by AF members. Because immediate anxiety often leads to an increased heart rate regardless of muscular demand, there is some concern that the AF SCET may underestimate VO2maxVO2max in AF members with a high degree of anxiety during the test. METHODS Data were collected from Air Force officers enrolled in a graduate education program using a written questionnaire and actual SCET results. 193 military personnel assigned to the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), Dayton OH, took the AF SCET and corresponding questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered after the SCET rather than before, due to concerns that the questionnaire might increase anxiety and inadvertently influence SCET performance. There are three possible outcomes of the AF SCET. A member can receive a pass, fail, or invalid score. To pass the test, the member must have pedaled at 50 rpm and the ending HR must have been greater than 125 b/minpm but less than 85% of his or her age-determined maximum HR. Also, HR must reach a steady state (134). To receive a failing score, all the above must have occurred, but the members estimated VO2maxVO2max score was below AF standards. An invalid test can occur for various reasons. For example, an invalid rating occurs if the HR monitor slips off an individual, or if an individual exceeds his or her maximum HR. An invalid rating means that a VO2maxVO2max score could not be assessed, but it is not a failing score. The data collected via the questionnaire are broken down into the following six categories. Some of the categories are further explained in the following paragraphs.; (1) Demographic data age, weight, height, gender; (2) Exercise activity during the past four weeks; (3) Perceived test anxiety of the participant during the SCET; (4) Perceived validity of the SCET; (5) Personality facet assessments (Trait Anxiety and Achievement Striving); (6) Participants SCET score and SCET score history. Exercise Activity Participants indicated their average weekly exercise routine during the four weeks prior to the SCET. Each participants average weekly activities, intensities, and durations were collected and converted to kilocalories (kcal) per week so that data could be compared between exercise activities. The conversion to kcals was accomplished using metabolic equivalents (METs). One MET is defined as the resting metabolic rate of an adult (145). Ainsworth et al. (14) published MET values for numerous physical activities to include common methods of exercise. Energy expenditure was calculated by multiplying the MET value for a specific exercise intensity by the participants weight (kg) and the hours of the particular exercise (145). The calculation of kcals is shown in Equation 1. The MET conversion equation assumes the resting metabolic rate of an adult equals one kcal per kg of body weight per hour of activity. The MET value assigned to an activity is a multiple of the resting metabolic rate so the units of each MET are kcals per kg per hour.  EMBED Equation.3  (1) 1 MET = 1kcal / 1 kg body weight / hour of activity For example, if an 80 kg male ran 3 hours per week at 7 mph (MET = 11.5), then the energy expended = (11.5 METs) x (80 kg) x (3 hours) = 2,760 kcalsKcals. Test Anxiety and Perceived SCET Validity Test anxiety and perceived validity of the SCET were measured using multi-item scales for which participants indicated their agreement with each item using a six point Likert scale (i.e., 1 = strongly disagree and 6 = strongly agree). An overall score for each scale was obtained by averaging the responses of the corresponding items. Trait Anxiety and Achievement Striving Trait anxiety and achievement striving personality facets were measured using eight items each from the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (156). Trait anxiety is a measure of how anxious a person is. If someone scores high for trait anxiety, they may be a nervous type which may increase their response to anxiety response tocaused by the SCET. Someone who scores high for the achievement striving facet works hard to achieve goals and has high levels of aspiration, which may also result in increasing their anxiety response to having more anxiety over performance on the SCET. Participants indicated their level of agreement with each item on the questionnaire using a seven-point Likert-type scale with higher values indicating greater levels of agreement with each item (i.e., 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree). Results for each question were averaged to form an overall score for each facet. Analysis Because it was suspected hypothesized that other variables besides aerobic fitness contribute to SCET VO2maxVO2max assessment, multiple linear regression was used to determine the explanation of variance relative influence of each variable on of an adjusted SCET VO2maxVO2max score ( VO2max) provided by each independent variable.  VO2max is the SCET estimated VO2max score for the participant minus the AF established minimum passing score, which is age and gender specific. If VO2max=0, the individual matched the minimum AF standard. A positive  VO2max would indicate that the individual performed better than the AF standard, and a negative  VO2max would indicate that the individual performed worse than the AF standard. The  VO2max score is a more comparable measure of SCET performance because it places their estimated VO2max in relation to minimum AF standards, which correct for age and gender. Multiple linear regression was also used to determine which factors explain the most variance in VO2max scores. Variables were entered into regression analyses in differing orders, with no significant change to the results. The dependent variable in the regression is VO2max. VO2max is the SCET estimated VO2max score for the participant minus the AF established minimum passing score, which is age and gender specific. If VO2max = 0, the individual matched the minimum AF standard. A positive VO2max would indicate that the individual performed better than the AF standard, and a negative VO2max would indicate that the individual performed worse than the AF standard. The VO2max score is a more comparable measure of SCET performance because it places their estimated VO2max in relation to minimum AF standards which correct for age and gender. The exercise data, expressed as average kcals expended per week, were entered into the regression in several different ways to determine if there were certain activities that were better predictors of VO2max than others. For example, the data were grouped into aerobic and anaerobic activities to measure the relative influence of each on VO2max. Also, specific exercise activities, such as running and cycling, were entered separately to determine which activities were better predictors of VO2max. An example of the independent variables entered into the regression analysis is as follows: (1) Aerobic activity kcals/week (2) Anaerobic kcals/week (3) Test anxiety score (4) Perceived validity of SCET score (5) Trait anxiety score The exercise data, expressed as average Kcals expended/week, were entered into the regression in several different ways to determine if there were certain activities that were better predictors of  VO2max than others. For example, the data were grouped into aerobic and anaerobic activities to measure the relative influence of each on  VO2max. Also, specific exercise activities, such as running and cycling, were entered separately to determine which activities were better predictors of  VO2max. An example of the independent variables entered into the regression analysis is presented in Figure 1. RESULTS Of the 209 participants in the survey, 193 usable questionnaires (188 men and 16 women) were collected (i.e., complete data were provided). The age range of the men and women wasranged in age from 21 to 48, and the womens ages ranged from 23 to 49, respectively. The mean data for select variables are provided in Table 1. age was 30.5 with a standard deviation of 5.6 years. VO2max scores (ml/kg/min) ranged from -8 (failing) to 28 (passing) with a mean of 7.5 and a standard deviation of 7.8. Table 12 shows the AF minimum required scores to pass the SCET. The 16 females in the study had significantly higher (p = 0.032) mean  VO2maxVO2max scores Table 1 - Minimum VO2max score needed to meet AF Fitness Standards (ml/kg/min) (16) (10.9 ml/kg/min) than the males (6.8 ml/kg/min). However, the males reported expending significantly more (p =0 .008) total aerobic kcals Kcals (2,031 kcalKcal/wk) than the females (1,100 kcalKcal/wk) during the four-weeks prior to the test. The small number (n=16) of female participants prevented a detailed analysis of gender differences. Table 231 shows descriptive statistics for all variables evaluated and their correlation with VO2maxVO2max. Examination of the correlations among the variables revealed some significant correlations with VO2maxVO2max. There were no significant multicollinearity relationships among the variables in any of the analyses performed. Anxiety and VO2max As shown in Table 231, there is a significant negative correlation between test anxiety and VO2maxVO2max. That is, the more anxious a person was about the test, the lower the person scored on the SCET. This negative correlation was reflected in people who ran a majority (>50%) of their caloric expenditure (r=-0.51; p<0.01) and with people who cycled a majority of their caloric expenditure (r=-0.50; p<0.05). Trait anxiety, however, was not significantly correlated to VO2max. This suggests that having an anxious personality does not affect performance on the SCET, but anxiety about the SCET negatively impacts SCET performance. Anxiety, SCET History, and VO2max A correlational analysis was performed to see if there was any relationship between SCET performance history (previous failures), test anxiety, and VO2max. Past failures are significantly negatively correlated with test anxiety (r=-0.43; p<0.01) and VO2max (r=-0.49; p<0.01). Thus, participants who reported failing the SCET in the past, tended to score lower on the SCET and report high levels of anxiety. The lower SCET scores received by individuals who had failed the SCET in the past may be the result of elevated test anxiety due to past failures. Exercise Activities and VO2max Figure 2 shows the means and standard deviations of VO2max for runners, cyclists, and individuals who reported no aerobic activity. In Figure 1, individuals were grouped according to the percentage of Kcals expended in the activities. For people who participated in multiple exercise activities, an individual was included in the activity shown only if he or she reported 50% or more of their total aerobic caloric expenditure from the activity. For example, if a participant reported 50% or more of their total aerobic kcals from running, he or she was added to the running group. Participants who reported zero aerobic activity (such as a weightlifter) were placed in the no aerobic activity group. Table 23.1 - Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Table for Variables 1*234567 1. VO2maxVO2max (mL/kg/min)1.0Exercise Data 2. Aerobic (Kkcals)0.33! 1.0 3. Anaerobic (kcalsKcals)-0.080.121.0Situational Factors 4. Test Anxiety-0.49! -0.04-0.0311.0 5. Perceived Validity 0.20-0.18-0.26-0.291.0Personality Factors 6. Trait Anxiety0.03-0.07-0.150.31-0.011.0Achievement Striving-0.060.080.170.02-0.11-0.051.0* All numbers in the first row correspond with the titles in the first column; p < 0.05; p < 0.01  the SCET. This negative correlation was reflected in people who ran a majority (>50%) of their caloric expenditure (r = -0.51; p < 0.01) and with people who cycled a majority of their caloric expenditure (r = -0.50; p < 0.05). Trait anxiety, however, was not significantly correlated to VO2max. This suggests that having an anxious personality does not affect performance on the SCET, but anxiety about the SCET negatively impacts SCET performance. Anxiety, SCET History, and VO2max A correlational analysis was performed to see if there was any relationship between SCET performance history (previous failures), test anxiety, and VO2max. Past failures are significantly negatively correlated with test anxiety (r = -0.43; p < 0.01) and VO2max (r = -0.49; p < 0.01). Thus, participants who reported failing the SCET in the past, tended to score lower on the SCET and report high levels of anxiety. The lower SCET scores received by individuals who had failed the SCET in the past may be the result of elevated test anxiety due to past failures. Exercise Activities and VO2max Figure 1 shows the means and standard deviations of VO2max for runners, cyclists, and Figure 1  Means and Standard Deviations of VO2max for Several Population Subsets individuals who reported no aerobic activity. In Figure 1, individuals were grouped according to the percentage of kcals expended in the activities. For people who participated in multiple exercise activities, an individual was included in the activity shown only if he or she reported 50% or more of their total aerobic caloric expenditure from the activity. For example, if a participant reported 50% or more of their total aerobic kcals from running, he or she was added to the running group. Participants who reported zero aerobic activity (such as a weightlifter) were placed in the no aerobic activity group. Figure 1 2 shows that the average VO2maxVO2max for runners was 4.7 ml/kg/min higher (p < 0.01) than individuals who did not report any aerobic activity. There were no significant differences in mean VO2max between any other groups in Figure 1. Regression and ANOVA Table 32 summarizes the results of the regression and ANOVA for the various subsets of Table 2 Stepwise Regression and ANOVA Results with Standardized Beta Coefficients of the population sampled. When all participants were included in the multiple regression analysis (n=193), the variables with the most influence on VO2max were test anxiety, explaining 24% of the variance followed by total aerobic Kcals explaining only 10%. AllaRun > 0%bRun e" 50%cCycle > 0%dCycle e" 50%ePopulation Size193118745918R20.3910.3810.3080.4950.532Adjusted R20.3780.3640.2880.4680.505Variance Unexplained63%61%69%51%47% Test Anxiety24%31%26%28%0% Kcal of Activity10%3%5%11%53% Other3%5%0%10%0%bbbbbAerobic Activity Kcal0.3570.1690.2270.3400.73Test Anxiety-0.478-0.605-0.504-0.618Perceived Validity0.138Trait Anxiety0.1670.1990.335Achievement Strivinga All participants b Runners who expended > 0% of their aerobic kcals running c Runners who expended e" 50% of their aerobic kcals running d Cyclists who expended > 0% of their aerobic kcals cycling e Cyclists who expended e" 50% of their aerobic kcals cycling the population sampled. When all participants were included in the multiple regression analysis (n = 193), the variables with the most influence on VO2max were test anxiety, explaining 24% of the variance followed by total aerobic kcals explaining only 10%. Runners For runners and cyclists, only the running or cycling kcals were input to the regression analysis to observe the influence each activity had on VO2maxVO2max. The running group included anyone who reported running for any portion of his or her workout expenditure (individuals who ran > 0% of total aerobic kcalsKcals; n = 118). Test anxiety explained the most variance in VO2maxVO2max scores (31%); Kkcals burned running only explained 3%, and trait anxiety explained 4% of the variance. For individuals who spent the majority (e" 50%) of their aerobic kcals running (n = 74), test anxiety explained 26% of the variance in SCET performance and kcals expended running Table 3.  Stepwise Rregression and ANOVA Rresults with Sstandardized BBeta Ccoefficients. AllaRun > 0%bRun e" 50%cCycle > 0%dCycle e" 50%ePopulation Size193118745918R20.3910.3810.3080.4950.532Adjusted R20.3780.3640.2880.4680.505Variance Unexplained63%61%69%51%47% Test Anxiety24%31%26%28%0% Kcal of Activity10%3%5%11%53% Other3%5%0%10%0%bbbbbAerobic Activity Kcal0.3570.1690.2270.3400.73Test Anxiety-0.478-0.605-0.504-0.618Perceived Validity0.138Trait Anxiety0.1670.1990.335Achievement Strivinga All participants, b Runners who expended > 0% of their aerobic kKcals running, c Runners who expended e" 50% of their aerobic kKcals running, d Cyclists who expended > 0% of their aerobic kKcals cycling, e Cyclists who expended e" 50% of their aerobic kKcals cycling For individuals who spent the majority (e"50%) of their aerobic kcals running (n=74), test anxiety explained 26% of the variance in SCET performance and Kcals expended running explained only 5% of the variance. These results suggest that a differences in running kcals has only a small influence on SCET VO2maxVO2max scores. However, people who ran any amount at all (running > 0%) scored an average of 4.6 ml/kg/min higher than people who did not run (p < 0.01). These results suggest that some time spent running does positively affect SCET results but a large difference in running expenditure does not result in a significant difference in SCET performance. The data suggests that for runners, the best predictor of SCET performance is test anxiety not Kkcals spent running. Cyclists Another regression was performed on people who reported cycling for any portion of his or her workout expenditure (individuals who cycled > 0% of total aerobic Kkcals). Both stationary and outdoor cycling are were included in this group of 59 individuals. Test anxiety again explained the most variance in scores (28%) followed by the amount of kcals Kcals expended cycling (11%) and trait anxiety (10%). This group was narrowed further to individuals who cycled a majority (> 50%) of their aerobic kcals (n = 18). The results from this group show that kcals Kcals expended cycling were the only predictor of VO2maxVO2max, explaining 53% of the variance. The breakdown of explained variance for individuals who cycle any amount (> 0%) closely resembles the group as a whole. However, individuals who cycle the majority of their total caloric expenditure, show a strong influence between cycling kcals and their SCET scores with test anxiety showing no influence. These results suggest that increased cycling will significantly improve SCET scores, particularly for people who predominantly cycle. Figure 3 shows the relative amounts of variance in VO2max scores explained by test anxiety and aerobic exercise for all individuals (n=193), runners (n=74), and cyclists (n=18). The groups listed include individuals who report expending at least 50% of total aerobic kcals in the activity. For the group including all participants, the amount of variance explained by all reported aerobic activities was used. Figure 2 graphically illustrates the influence of test anxiety for non-cyclists and the strong positive influence of aerobic cycling on SCET performance. DISCUSSION There were two main purposes of this study. The first was to examine the relationship between different exercise activities and performance on a submaximal cycle ergometry test. The second was to examine other factors such as anxiety and personality, which may introduce bias in the estimated VO2maxVO2max. This study suggests that running to some degree will may improve SCET performance as compared to people who do not actively engage in aerobic activity. Furthermore, test anxiety explained the most variance in VO2maxVO2max for all aerobic activities except cycling. When the majority of kcals Kcals were expended cycling, the kcals Kcals cycled had a large influence (53%) on SCET performance, and anxiety did not play a role in SCET performance. The results suggest that while running does modestly improve SCET performance, the differences in running kcals Kcals does not significantly influence SCET VO2maxVO2max. In fact, individuals who expended more than 4,000 aerobic kcals Kcals per week had a larger mean increased their mean VO2maxVO2max by only 6.6 ml/kg/min over individuals who do not engage in aerobic exercise. An increase of 6 ml/min/kg on the SCET is very small given an aerobic expenditure of 4,000 kcals Kcals per week (estimated by the MET conversion) which is roughly the equivalent of a 30- year-old male running 30-40 miles/week per week (an endurance-trained athlete). The maximally determined VO2max v of an endurance-trained male runner ranges from 65 to 80 ml/kg/min (177). The mean VO2maxVO2max for males who expended at least 4,000 kcals was only 44 ml/kg/min as determined by the SCET. For very aerobically fit, non-cyclists, VO2maxVO2max appears to be significantly underestimated by the SCET. The non-cycling underestimation is further supported by the fact that running intensity does not substantially influence SCET VO2maxVO2max estimation. For the males who report no aerobic activity, the SCET-determined VO2maxmax was an average of 36.6 ml/kg/min. For untrained males, VO2maxVO2max ranges from 38 to 52 ml/kg/min (177). Thus, for the group of non-aerobic males, VO2maxVO2max was only slightly underestimated. Test anxiety repeatedly surfaced as the most significant predictor of VO2maxVO2max for non-cyclists. This may be explained by the body s responses to immediate stress (concern over career ramifications). Specifically, an increase in HR due to something other than muscular demands would result in VO2maxVO2max underestimation. It is interesting that test anxiety had a dominant influence on SCET performance, but trait anxiety did not in most cases. Having an anxious personality does not appear to significantly influence the bodys response to test anxiety. Figure 2 shows the relative amounts of variance in VO2max scores explained by test anxiety and aerobic exercise for all individuals (n = 193), runners (n = 74), and cyclists (n = 18). The groups listed include individuals who report expending at least 50% of total aerobic kcals in the activity. For the group including all participants, the amount of variance explained by all reported aerobic activities was used. Figure 2 graphically illustrates the influence of test anxiety for non-cyclists and the strong positive influence of aerobic cycling on SCET performance. Figure 2 Proportion of Variance Explained in Different Population Subsets Although the results for the runners were heavily influenced by test anxiety (26%), the cyclists actually reported significantly higher mean test anxiety scores than the runners (3.5 for cyclists, 2.5 for runners; p <0 .01). Thus, despite the fact that the cyclists were more anxious about the SCET, test anxiety did not influence results likely due to the overwhelming effect of cycling kcalsKcals. The results suggest that when cycling is the major portion of total aerobic caloric expenditure, SCET results are more reflective of the level of cycling training. Limitations Some limitations to this study are the population studied, the relatively small groups examined, and the reliance on self-reporting. Because AFIT is a unique group composed of mostly young, male officers, results may not necessarily reflect the rest of the Air Force or the general population. The small number of cyclists also weakens the test results to some degree. Self-reported exercise over a four-week period could introduce bias from inaccurate memory recall. However, iIt should be noted however, that care was taken not to unduly influence the realism of the actual SCET. Therefore, placing people in predetermined exercise groups or tracking their workout patterns could have altered anxiety or normal preparation patterns. It would have been helpful to examine other exercise activities but larger groups would need to be examined. Conclusions For the sampled population, the validity of the SCET in predicting true VO2maxVO2max for non-cyclists is questionable due to the large influence of test anxiety. The results of this study suggest that by controlling anxiety about the test, one could significantly improve his or her score. The results also suggest that SCET performance may be improved by expending a majority of aerobic kcals Kcals cycling. These findings give reasons to question the validity of using the SCET to test fitness in the Air Force. If the SCET is intended to measure aerobic fitness, the amount of aerobic exercise should have been the best predictor of VO2maxVO2max because true VO2maxVO2max and aerobic training are closely related. However, this was true only for individuals who cycled a majority of their aerobic kcalsKcals. Past research has shown that the SCET is reliable, and results are correlated well with maximally-determined VO2maxVO2max. However, prior research does not appear to have administered the test to individuals who have a stake in the outcome involving career consequences for failure. AF members concerned for their careers will have increased anxiety during the test. This study demonstrates a link between test anxiety and SCET performance. Also, while it seems intuitive that cyclists do better on a cycling test, this test is given to all members to estimate their aerobic fitness regardless of their desired aerobic activity. A submaximal treadmill test would presumably be a more accurate test to estimate aerobic fitness for runners. A submaximal treadmill test for runners may also reduce the influence of test anxiety by providing a testing method with which runners are comfortable with.  Address for correspondence: Peter LaPuma, AFIT/ENV, 2950 P. St, Bld 640, Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433 ; Phone: (937) 255-6565 ext. 4319; FAX: (937) 656-4699; Email:  HYPERLINK "mailto:peter.lapuma@afit.edu" peter.lapuma@afit.edu  RREFERENCES 1. Destadio FJ. Peacetime Physical fitness and its effect on combat readiness -- an Air Force Perspective. U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks PA, April 1991 (DTIC #AD-A236048). 2. Bassett FA and Boulay MR. Specificity of treadmill and cycle ergometer tests in triathletes, runners, and cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000; 81: 214-221., 2000 3. Fitchett MA. Predictability of VO2 from submaximal cycle ergometer and bench stepping tests. Br J Sports Med 1985; 19: 85-88, 1985. 4. Mitchell JH and Blomquist G. Maximal oxygen uptake. New England J Med 284: 1018-1022, 1971. 5. Glassford RG, Baycroft GH, Sedgwick AW and Macnab R. Comparison of maximal oxygen uptake values determined by predicted and actual methods. J Appl Physiol 1965; 20: 509-519, 1965. 6. Fitzgerald MD, Tanaka H, Tran JV and Seals DR. Age-related declines in maximal aerobic capacity in regularly exercising vs. sedentary women: a meta-analysis. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 160-165,1997. 7. Tanaka H, Desouza CA, Jones PP, Stevenson ET, Davy KP and Seals DR. Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 1947-1953, 1997. 8. Wilson TM. and Tanaka H. Meta-analysis of the age-associated decline in maximal aerobic capacity in men: relation to training status. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 278: 829-834, 2000. 9. Glenn FA. The test-retest reliability of the United States Air Forces submaximal bicycle ergometry aerobic fitness test. MS thesis. Air Force Institution of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base OH, May 1998 (DTIC #AD-A344913). 10. Taylor HL, Buskirk E and Henschel A. Maximal oxygen intake as an objective measure of cardio-respiratory performance. J Appl Physiol 8: 73-80, 1955. 911. Hermansen L and Saltin B. Oxygen uptake during maximal treadmill and bicycle exercise. J Appl Physiol 1969; 26: 31-37, 1969. 102. Jackson AS and Ross RM. Methods and limitations of assessing functional work capacity objectively. J Back & Musculoskeletal Rehab 6: 265-276, 1996. 113. Pollock ML, et al. The cross-validation of the United States Air Force submaximal cycle ergometer test to estimate aerobic capacity. Crew Systems Directorate, Crew Technology Division, Brooks Air Force Base TX , June 1994 (DTIC #AD-A284055). 12. Glenn FA. The test-retest reliability of the United States Air Forces submaximal bicycle ergometry aerobic fitness test. MS thesis. Air Force Institution of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base OH, May 1998 (DTIC #AD-A344913). 143. USAF Fitness Program Office. USAF Fitness Program - Frequently Asked Questions. http://poseidon.brooks.af.mil/fitness.htm. Accessed: 30 March 2000. 145. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Leon AS, Jacobs DR, Montoye HJ. Compendium of Physical Activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25(1): 71-80, 1993. 15. Costa PT and McCrae RR. NEO PI-R Professional Manual. Odessa FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., 1992. 16. Department of the Air Force (DAF). The Air Force Fitness Program. Air Force Instruction 40-501. Washington: HQ USAF, 1 October 1998. 16. Costa PT and McCrae RR. NEO PI-R Professional Manual. Odessa FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., 1992. 177. Thoden JS. Testing Aerobic Power. Physiological Testing of the High-Performance Athlete (2nd Edition). MacDougall JD, Wenger HA and Green HJ. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics Books, 1991. PAGE  PAGE 13 Pre-rest anxiety, Personality and Estimation of VO2max PAGE 10 Situational Factors Personality Facets  Figure 2. Means(SD of VO2max for several population subsets Exercise Data  Figure 3. Proportion of variance explained in different population subsets. Table 2. Minimum VO2max score needed to meet AF Fitness Standards (ml/kg/min) (16) Air Force Minimum VO2max score (ml/kg/min)Age in YearsFemalesMales<24273525-29273430-34273235-39263140-44263045-49252950-54242855-592227 Figure 1: Examples of sets of independent variables entered into the multiple regression analyses. Table 1. Mean(SD data. VariablesMean(SD 1. VO2max (mL/kg/min)7.5(7.8Exercise Data 2. Aerobic (Kcals)2065(1665 3. Anaerobic (Kcals)582(976Situational Factors 4. Test Anxiety2.7(1.39 5. Perceived Validity 5.5(3.5Personality Factors 6. 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