ࡱ> ?A>%` 2bjbj"x"x -&@@ZZZZZZZn    & ntF @ ] ] ] 7999999$\hd]EZ] ^] ] ] ]ZZ y] Z Z 7] 7ZZ  : QQ + 0(( (Z  ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] nnn nnn nnnZZZZZZ  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1PA551 Professor Stipak List of Symbols, Descriptive and Inferential Statistics Symbols and What They Represent: X a variable  sample mean (symbol is supposed to be X with a bar over it, referred to as  x bar )  population mean s sample standard deviation s2 sample variance  population standard deviation 2 population variance EQ \O(^,p) sample proportion (symbol is supposed to be P with a carat symbol, ^, over it, referred to as  p hat ) p population proportion n sample size  significance level z standardized score (subtract mean, divide by standard deviation) -to standardize X: z = (X-)/s, or z = (X- )/  -to find X given z: X =  + zs, or X =  + z  t t-statistic, use instead of z for statistical inference problems for a mean when  is unknown and n is small   ,, SE , or SE() All three are ways of representing the standard deviation, or standard error, of the sample mean.  EQ \O(^,p), SEEQ \O(^,p), or SE(EQ \O(^,p*,X` 6 8 : < T N P v x   * , . " $ B F J N ˩˞˳˩ˍqj hICJOJQJUjhICJOJQJU h0CJhICJH*OJQJhICJH*OJQJhICJOJQJjhICJOJQJUhICJOJQJhICJOJQJhI>*CJOJQJhI5>*CJ hICJOJQJhIjhIU,8Z\^  6 H r  ( V P $`1$^``a$ 1$ 01$^`0 H1$1$2 df462쭢hIUjhICJOJQJUhICJH*OJQJjhICJH*OJQJUhICJH*OJQJj[hICJOJQJUjhICJUmHnHu hICJhICJOJQJhICJOJQJ*,~2$1$a$ $1$^a$1$ )) All three are ways of representing the standard deviation, or standard error, of the sample proportion. Remember: We always need to keep clear in our minds 1) the distribution in the population, 2) the distribution in the sample, and 3) the sampling distribution. For example, when we are working inference problems for a mean, we need to keep clear the three different relevant standard deviations: 1) , the population standard deviation 2) s, the sample standard deviation  3) , , the standard deviation of the sample mean 0@PBP/ =!"#`$%` Fׇ7dKT9yJFIF,,C  !"$"$C22" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?.+7|(jExJ+[s 3'y":+ofx"?#:YY?@H%|Z(+#J[چnl-K`vӂXP{P΃pY`#Pu9- iG5~Eeq4"T'G#}?u.O?𵩞SnSȱ;̬ $*}P~VE>[G$J40@s (hkƆii%(mn8pO#:YY?@H%|Z(+#J[چnl-K`vӂXP{P΃pY`#Pu9- iG5~Eeq4"T'G#}?u.O?𵩞SnSȱ;̬ $*}P~VE>[G$J40@s (hkƆii%(mn8pO#:YY?@H%|Z(+#J[چnl-K`vӂXP{P΃pY`#Pu9- iG5~Eeq4"T'G#}?u.O?𵩞SnSȱ;̬ $*}P~VE>[G$J40@s (hkƆii%(mn8pO#:YY?@H%|Z(+#J[چnl-K`vӂXP{P΃pY`#Pu9- iG5~Eeq4"T'G#}?u.O?𵩞SnSȱ;̬ $*}P~VE>[G$J40@s (hkƆii%(mn8pO#:YY?@H%|Z(+#J[چnl-K`vӂXP{P΃pY`#Pu9- iG5~Eeq4"T'G#}?u.O?𵩞SnSȱ;̬ $*}P~VE>[G$J40@s (hkƆii%(mn8pOhR@߻Q@߻Q1՜.+,0 hp  Portland State University ' PA551 Title  !#$%&'()*+,-/012345789:;<=@Root Entry F@7QBData $1Table"8WordDocument-&SummaryInformation(.DocumentSummaryInformation86CompObjq  FMicrosoft Office Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q