аЯрЁБс>ўџ ?Aўџџџ>џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС%` №П‘bjbjNрNр .&,Š,Šk%џџџџџџЄЬЬЬЬЬЬЬр„„„8Ма$рƒЖ"""""""$9hЁ!l(Ь"""""(ЬЬ""="œЬ"Ь""rтTЬЬт"є pЄе[@wЩ„ОŽ6S0ƒDž "Lv "т "Ьт """""""((ТX"""ƒ""""рррЄ „ррр„рррЬЬЬЬЬЬџџџџ Parts of the Brain (Updated 1 May 2003) Cerebrum – 2 hemispheres Humans – 4 lobes Frontal Lobe motor correct grammar of speech association area (personality, judgment, short-term memory, etc.) Parietal Lobe receives sensory information from skin on opposite sides of body (pain, touch, temperature) association area – gives meaning to sensory information, understanding speech, awareness of body parts Temporal Lobe – hearing Wernicke’s Area (in left temporal lobe) – making sensible, understandable sentences when speaking) Right temporal lobe – music appreciation, understanding speech, reading Occipital Lobe – visual area Corpus callosum – nerve pathways connecting 2 hemispheres – allows communication Medulla Oblongata cardiac center is located here – can change heart rate main respiratory center is here c. controls diameter of blood vessels Cerebellum Arbor vitae – “tree of life” – white matter (white matter is made of mylinated nerve fibers) (note: gray matter is made of the cell bodies) Controls skeletal muscles, movements, balance muscle tone Other Parts of Brain: Pineal gland – in humans, it might be involved in onset of puberty Thalamus – 2 sides embedded in cerebral hemispheres (it is dumbbell shaped) channels sensory information (except smell) to proper cerebral hemisphere Hypothalamus (under the thalamus) Many functions Makes hormones to stimulate pituitary gland Influences heart rate, blood pressure Body temperature control Pituitary Gland = Hypophysis – “master endocrine gland” – secretes many hormones Meninges Meninges are 3 protective membranes cover the brain and spinal cord dura mater – outermost, thick, white, completely encases the brain and spinal cord contains spaces at longitudinal fissure and elsewhere, called dural or venous sinuses – these contain blood returning from brain back to heart arachnoid mater – middle layer, weblike contains subarachnoid space – holds cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) bathing entire outer surface of brain and spinal cord arachnoid villi (granulations) – project through dura into dural sinus; allows CSF to flow into bloodstream Pia mater – thin membrane attached directly to brain and spinal cord surface; anchors blood vessels Flow Pattern of CSF - CSF is produced by choroids plexus in each ventricle (4 ventricles) - It is clear fluid produced from plasma- about 400 ml per day - Slowly circulates through ventricles and out onto brain and spinal cord surface- cushions these for protection - Pathway = (2) lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle to central canal of spinal cord to subarachnoid space to arachnoid villi to dural sinus to jugular vein to heart Hydrocephalus – happens when the flow of CSF gets blocked somewhere in the pathway, CSF builds up, pushes brain outward, skull bones separate, head enlarges tremendously (usually seen in infants) Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System (part of Peripheral Nervous System) Peaceful conditions, at rest Forms craniosacral outflow Contains terminal ganglia Ganglia near or within visceral effectors Each preganglionic fiber usually synapses with 4-5 postganglionic neurons that pass to single visceral effector Distribution limited mainly to head and viscera of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System (part of Peripheral Nervous System) Speed-up --- “fight or flight” Forms thoracicolumbar outflow Contains sumpathetic trunk and prevertebral ganglia Ganglia close to CNS and distant from visceral effectors Each preganionic fiber synapses with many postganglionic neurons that pass to many visceral effectors Distributed throughout body, including skin     PAGE  PAGE 1 ,4V]^bХг– Ѓ Џ О Z h y ˆ Ь э  / ` v Š – — Ц Ш ј 3 I J V  • # / П ї $akCRt†с№NWГЧщыњќy†>˜™ЁМШд.klnoqrtuwx~їёїёїёїёїёїёїёїёїёїёїёїёїёїёїёїёїёїёїёїёэёїёїёїёїёїёїёэёцёцёїёэёїёїёїёоэоэоэоэдЮд hЩ(й0JjhЩ(й0JUjhЩ(йU hЩ(йCJ$H*hЩ(й hЩ(йCJ$hЩ(й5CJ$\Q+,EVciƒХг/ – Џ  Z w x y Ъ Ы Ь о  8 _ §§јѓющщщющщющщюп§п§§јѓѓе „h„а^„h`„а &dPЦџ & F & F & F & Fk§§_ ` k Ш ј 2 3 I J  й # E T € І П `a§јѓэѓэччјјтјѓѓѓѓдччвччч & F&dPЦџ & F„h^„h„8^„8 & F & FaДCkсNГЧOСxy=>˜™Жбы…д .њѕњѕѕчхууууууусумммммЮуу & F&dPЦџ & F & F&dPЦџ & F & F./Nl й?kmnpqstvw€‚Ž‘§јјјјјј§§§§§§§§ящ§ящ§§ј„h]„h„јџ„&`#$ & F€‚ƒ‰Š‹Œ‘њіьњьсьњіл hЩ(йCJ$h•b.0JmHnHujhЩ(й0JUhЩ(й hЩ(й0J ,1hАа/ Ар=!А"А# $ %ААаАа а†œ@@ёџ@ NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH >@> Heading 1$@& 5CJ$\F@F Heading 2$„h@&^„h 5CJ$\DA@ђџЁD Default Paragraph FontVi@ѓџГV  Table Normal :V і4ж4ж laі (k@єџС(No List 4@ђ4 Header  ЦрР!.)@Ђ. 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