ࡱ> 02/ bjbjqq . ee 99999MMMMaM<}}}}}XXX[9XXXXX99}}X:9}9}X}]MX0v9,XXXXXXX`"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX : Grammar Help Sheet Grammar: A way of thinking about language Four levels of Traditional Grammar: parts of speech, parts of sentence, phrases, & clauses Parts of Speech: the eight kinds of words in English Eight kinds of Words: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, & interjection Noun: The name of a person, place or thing Pronoun: a word that takes the place of a noun Subject Pronouns: pronouns used for subjects of verbs and subject complements List the subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they Object Pronouns: used as direct or indirect objects and objects of prepositions List the object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it us, them Adjective: a word that modifies a noun or pronoun Article: the three adjectives: a, an, the Verb: a word that shows action, being, or links a subject to its subject complement Adverb: modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb Conjunction: a word that joins two words or two groups of words Coordinating Conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet Subordinating Conjunctions: connect two unequal clauses A few subordinating conjunctions: if, as, since, when, because . . . Correlative Conjunctions: either. . . or, neither. . . nor, not only. . . but also Preposition: shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence Interjection: shows emotion but has no grammatical function Sentence: a group of words that has a subject and its predicate and makes a complete thought Fragment: an incomplete thought Subject: The noun or subject pronoun that the sentence is about Predicate: The simple predicate is the verb Direct Object: The noun or object pronoun that receives the action of the action verb Indirect Object: The noun or object pronoun between the action verb and the direct object, that is indirectly affected by the action Subject Complement: The noun, subject pronoun, or adjective that is linked to the subject by a linking verb, and tells more about the subject Predicate Nominative: A subject complement that is a noun or subject pronoun Predicate Adjective: A subject complement that is an adjective Phrase: A group of words that does not have a subject and its predicate Prepositional Phrase: A phrase beginning with a preposition, used as a modifier Appositive: An interrupting definition Verbal: A verb form used as a noun, adjective, or adverb Three kinds of verbals: Gerunds, participles, and infinitives Gerund: An ing verb form used as a noun Participle: A verb form of various endings (-ing, -ed, -en) used as an adjective Infinitive: The to + verb form used as a noun or modifier Clause: A group of words that has a subject and its predicate Independent Clause: A clause that is a complete thought Dependent Clause: A clause that is not a complete thought but needs to be connected to an independent clause The four clause structures: Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex Simple Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause Compound Sentence: A sentence with two or more independent clauses Complex Sentence: A sentence with a dependent clause attached to an independent clause Compound-Complex Sentence: A sentence with a compound structure and a complex structure The four sentence purposes: Declarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamatory Declarative Sentence: A sentence that declares or makes a statement Imperative Sentence: A sentence that is imperious, that makes a command Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that interrogates, that asks a question Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that exclaims, that has an exclamation point  >b4 5 : ` i &  O W  7 8 Z } ( 6 d n !,M\(<BI:Qx,3j} h&gh&gh&g h&g5 h|h|h| h|5 hl25\h hl2R>5 `  f O 8 } ( d !gd| P ^P `gd|$a$!M(B:x,jW)] ^`  (^ `( ^`}*Wg)D)]t hl25\hl2 ^`,1h/ =!"#$% ^ 2 0@P`p2( 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p8XV~_HmH nH sH tH H`H Normal CJOJQJ_HaJmH sH tH :@:  Heading 1$@&5\DA D Default Paragraph FontViV  Table Normal :V 44 la (k (No List 2>@2 Title$a$5\PK![Content_Types].xmlj0Eжr(΢Iw},-j4 wP-t#bΙ{UTU^hd}㨫)*1P' ^W0)T9<l#$yi};~@(Hu* Dנz/0ǰ $ X3aZ,D0j~3߶b~i>3\`?/[G\!-Rk.sԻ..a濭?PK!֧6 _rels/.relsj0 }Q%v/C/}(h"O = C?hv=Ʌ%[xp{۵_Pѣ<1H0ORBdJE4b$q_6LR7`0̞O,En7Lib/SeеPK!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xml M @}w7c(EbˮCAǠҟ7՛K Y, e.|,H,lxɴIsQ}#Ր ֵ+!,^$j=GW)E+& 8PK!Ptheme/theme/theme1.xmlYOo6w toc'vuر-MniP@I}úama[إ4:lЯGRX^6؊>$ !)O^rC$y@/yH*񄴽)޵߻UDb`}"qۋJחX^)I`nEp)liV[]1M<OP6r=zgbIguSebORD۫qu gZo~ٺlAplxpT0+[}`jzAV2Fi@qv֬5\|ʜ̭NleXdsjcs7f W+Ն7`g ȘJj|h(KD- dXiJ؇(x$( :;˹! 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