ࡱ> jli'` U3bjbjLULU rV.?.?U+rrrrrrr$^^^^d$F:,,,,,,,EEEEEEE$Fh-I|Er4,,44Err,,E6664r,r,E64E66r~@Trr~A, "^5R@EE0F@I5I~A~AIrZE4,$06+/,,,EEy6 ,,,F4444 z zrrrrrr The Korean War: 19501953 World War II divided Korea into a Communist, northern half and an American-occupied southern half, divided at the 38th parallel. The Korean War (1950-1953) began when the North Korean Communist army crossed the 38th Parallel and invaded non-Communist South Korea. As Kim Il-sung's North Korean army, armed with Soviet tanks, quickly overran South Korea, the United States came to South Korea's aid. General Douglas MacArthur, who had been overseeing the post-WWII occupation of Japan, commanded the US forces which now began to hold off the North Koreans at Pusan, at the southernmost tip of Korea. Although Korea was not strategically essential to the United States, the political environment at this stage of the HYPERLINK "http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/coldwar/" Cold Warwas such that policymakers did not want to appear "soft on Communism." With the US, UN, and South Korean (ROK) forces pinned against the sea at Pusan, MacArthur orchestrated a daring amphibious assault on Inchon, a port on the western coast of Korea. Having made this landing, MacArthur crushed the North Korean army in a pincer movement and recaptured Seoul, the capital of South Korea. Instead of being satisfied with his rapid re-conquest of South Korea, MacArthur crossed the 38TH Parallel and pursued the North Korean army all the way to the northernmost provinces of North Korea. Afraid that the US was interested in taking North Korea as a base for operations against Manchuria, the People's Republic of China secretly sent an army across the Yalu River. This Chinese army attacked the US/UN/ROK forces. Although President Truman hoped to end the war quickly and pressed MacArthur to be more tactful, the brilliant strategist went against presidential orders and continued spouting incendiary lines about his hopes to reunify Korea. After gaining the support of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), Truman relieved MacArthur of command. The move was extremely unpopular in America; MacArthur was perceived as a popular war hero. Ridgway took MacArthur's command and held off the Communists with strong fortifications and entrenchments just north of the 38TH Parallel, sending occasional offensives against the Iron Triangle, the Communists staging area for attacks into South Korea. Peace negotiations dragged on at Kaesong, then moved and continued to drag at Panmunjom through 1951 and 1952. The US tried using strategic bombing to intimidate the Communists into negotiating a peace treaty, but they wouldn't budge, particularly on the issue of POW (Prisoner of War) repatriation. Neither side wanted to appear weak, and so the talks went on, occasionally breaking down for months. Only after Eisenhower, who was a war hero and was unafraid of Republican criticism (since he himself was a Republican), became President, could the US make substantial concessions to the Communists. In 1953 a peace treaty was signed at Panmunjom that ended the Korean War, returning Korea to a divided status essentially the same as before the war. Neither the war nor its outcome did much to lessen the era's Cold War tension. Who won the Korean War? Why did North Korea cross the 38th Parallel and invade South Korea? What did the UN do in the Korean War? Why was China interested in Korea after WWII? How did the US contribute to the Korean War? How did the Soviet Union contribute? How did China contribute? The Vietnam War Imperialism and Colonialism The Vietnam War has roots inVietnams centuries of domination by imperial and colonial powersfirstChina, which ruled ancient Vietnam, and then France, which took control of Vietnam in the late1800s and established French Indochina. In the early1900s, nationalist movements emerged in Vietnam, demanding more self-governance and less French influence. The most prominent of these was led by Communist leaderHo Chi Minh, who founded a militant nationalist organization called theViet Minh. The First Indochina War DuringWorld War II, when France was occupied by Nazi Germany, it lost its foothold in Vietnam, andJapantook control of the country. The Viet Minh resisted these Japanese oppressors and extended its power base throughout Vietnam. When Japan surrendered at the end of World War II in1945, Ho Chi Minhs forces took the capital ofHanoiand declared Vietnam to be an independent country, theDemocratic Republic of Vietnam. France refused to recognize Hos declaration and returned to Vietnam, driving Hos Communist forces into northern Vietnam. Ho appealed for aid from the United States, but because the United States was embroiled in the escalatingCold Warwith the CommunistUSSR, it distrusted Hos Communist leanings and aided the French instead. Fighting between Hos forces and the French continued in thisFirst Indochina Waruntil1954, when a humiliating defeat atDien Bien Phuprompted France to seek a peace settlement. Divided Vietnam TheGeneva Accordsof1954declared a cease-fire and divided Vietnam officially intoNorth Vietnam(under Ho and his Communist forces) andSouth Vietnam(under a French-backed emperor). The dividing line was set at the17th paralleland was surrounded by a demilitarized zone, orDMZ. The Geneva Accords stipulated that the divide was temporary and that Vietnam was to be reunified under free elections to be held in1956. The Cold War and the Domino Theory At this point, the United States Cold War foreign policy began to play a major part in Vietnam. U.S. policy at the time was dominated by thedomino theory, which believed that the fall of North Vietnam to Communism might trigger all of Southeast Asia to fall, setting off a sort of Communist chain reaction. Within a year of the Geneva Accords, the United States therefore began to offer support to the anti-Communist politicianNgo Dinh Diem. With U.S. assistance, Diem took control of the South Vietnamese government in1955, declared theRepublic of Vietnam,and promptly canceled the elections that had been scheduled for1956. The Diem Regime Diems regime proved corrupt, oppressive, and extremely unpopular. Nonetheless, the United States continued to prop it up, fearful of the increasing Communist resistance activity it noted in South Vietnam. This resistance against Diems regime was organized by the Ho Chi Minhbacked National Liberation Front, which became more commonly known as theViet Cong. In1962, U.S. presidentJohn F. Kennedysent American military advisors to Vietnam to help train the South Vietnamese army, but quickly realized that the Diem regime was unsalvageable. Therefore, in1963, the United States backed a coup that overthrew Diem and installed a new leader. The new U.S.-backed leaders proved just as corrupt and ineffective. Kennedys successor,Lyndon B. Johnson, pledged to honor Kennedys commitments but hoped to keep U.S. involvement in Vietnam to a minimum. After North Vietnamese forces allegedly attacked U.S. Navy ships in theGulf of Tonkinin1964, however, Johnson was given carte blanche in the form of theGulf of Tonkin Resolutionand began to send U.S. troops to Vietnam. There were nearly400,000U.S. troops in Vietnam by the end of1966. The Viet Congsguerrilla tactics frustrated and demoralized U.S. troops, while its dispersed, largely rural presence left American bomber planes with few targets. The United States therefore used unconventional weapons such asnapalmand the herbicide defoliantAgent Orangeto poision the people on the ground, however they still managed to make little headway. The Tet Offensive In1968, the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong launched a massive campaign called theTet Offensive, attacking nearly thirty U.S. targets and dozens of other cities in South Vietnam at once. Although the United States pushed back the offensive and won a tactical victory, American media coverage characterized the conflict as a defeat, and U.S. public support for the war plummeted. Morale among U.S. troops also hit an all-time low, manifesting itself tragically in the1968My Lai Massacre, in which U.S. soldiers killed hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians in a small village. Meanwhile, theantiwar movementwithin the United States gained momentum asstudent protesters, counterculturalhippies, and even many mainstream Americans denounced the war. Protests against the war and the militarydraftgrew increasingly violent, resulting in police brutality outside the Democratic National Conventionin1968and the deaths of four students at Kent State Universityin1970when Ohio National Guardsmen fired on a crowd. Despite the protests, Johnsons successor, PresidentRichard M. Nixon, declared that asilent majorityof Americans still supported the war. Nonetheless, Nixon promoted a policy ofVietnamizationof the war, promising to withdraw U.S. troops gradually and hand over management of the war effort to the South Vietnamese. Although Nixon made good on his promise, he also illegally expanded the geographic scope of the war by authorizing the bombing of Viet Cong sites in the neutral nations ofCambodia andLaos, all without the knowledge or consent of the U.S. Congress. The revelation of these illegal actions, along with the publication of the secret Pentagon Papersin U.S. newspapers in1971, caused an enormous scandal in the United States and forced Nixon to push for a peace settlement. The Cease-fire and the Fall of Saigon After secret negotiations between U.S. emissaryHenry A. Kissingerand North Vietnamese representativeLe Duc Thoin1972, Nixon engaged in diplomatic maneuvering with China and the USSRand stepped up bombing of North Vietnamto pressure the North Vietnamese into a settlement. Thiscease-firewas finally signed in January1973, and the last U.S. military personnel left Vietnam in March1973. The U.S. government continued to fund the South Vietnamese army, but this funding quickly dwindled. Meanwhile, as President Nixon became embroiled in theWatergate scandalthat led to his resignation in August1974, North Vietnamese forces stepped up their attacks on the South and finally launched an all-out offensive in the spring of1975. On April30,1975, the South Vietnamese capital ofSaigonfell to the North Vietnamese, who reunited the country under Communist rule as theSocialist Republic of Vietnam, ending the Vietnam War. How were the Vietnamese Communist forces so effective in the face of the far wealthier, technologically superior powers of France and the United States? Discuss the role the American media played in the Vietnam War. Did the United States win or lose the Vietnam War? Explain: What were the goals and objectives of Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnamese Communists during the war?  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L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PLP^P`LhH.Ys|h5H&N                                    5"< @ R R}Eh vpttC`wL? @8jL? -d)p2ak@v8? =2%B5p8" R a"*PueL*c[X*+a"GE.B?W)p2L? Y)4C8w!O:mf:8? oL?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXZ[\]^_`bcdefghkRoot Entry F0"mData ,1Table4IWordDocumentrVSummaryInformation(YDocumentSummaryInformation8aCompObjq  FMicrosoft Office Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q