ࡱ> |~yz{q` ibjbjqPqP 8>::{` 8888(PPP8dt(dҚFX\d^d^d^d^d^d^d$fhhZdd88Xdkkk8VX\dk\dkk.H@ؙ ]{RPf @a|d0dLQiyQiEQiF`Wk \edd ^d(((az(((z(((888888 Noun Clause (Nominal Clause)(2013) compiled by Jeffrey Scott Longstaff Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it. - Mahatma Gandhi .  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi Definition. Noun clauses are dependent clauses which function as nouns. Since they function like nouns, a noun clause can be a subject, object, or compliment (modifying, identifying, re-naming, or specifying) Noun clauses are also sometimes called: - Nominal clause - Objective clause (a noun clause as an object) - Substantive clause - Subjective clause (a noun clause as a subject) JL from dictionary page: move these to NOUN CLAUSES Noun clauses as object about something I am glad that you are here. We are so sorry that you lost your job. We were so surprised that he would do that. The community was shocked that it would come to this.  Three types of noun clauses Three types of noun clause can be identified: That-clause The first word in the non clause is that. The word that does not act as a relative pronoun (as it does in an adjective clause). The word that only acts as a marker signaling the beginning of a noun clause. Wh-clause The first word in the non clause is an interrogative (question word) howwhatwhenwherewhichwhowhomwhosewhyhoweverwhateverwheneverwhereverwhicheverwhoeverwhomever If / whether clause The first word in the noun clause is if or whether Checking if a clause is acting like a noun If the clause can be replaced with the word something or someone then it is probably a noun clause. (However this quick check does not work when the noun clause is acting as an adjective complement see below) Notice that some verbs require certain following words (prepositions?) The word something can be replaced with a noun clause: to tell us about something to think about something to talk about something to say something to know something Examples of Noun Clauses Noun Clause as the SUBJECT Each noun clause is counted as singular and so takes a singular verb. What John and his friends did was very surprising to all of us. What the doctor spoke to us about was very important for everyone to consider carefully. What our leader said is vital for everyone to remember. What I love doing most is to lie around and watch television all day. What he just said totally confused me! What I love about him has always been his creativity and sense of fun. How they managed to build that house so quickly is a mystery to me! How they treated us felt quite insulting and rude. How he won the race impressed us all. However you decide to do it is fine with me. Whatever method is used will be acceptable, as long as it is effective. Whether many jobs are available will largely be determined by the economy. Whether new houses will be built remains to be seen. If we will be successful depends on many things. that-clauses can be used as the subject of a sentence, but this is not very common. That John burned all his books was not expected. That he loves his freedom can tell us about his true personality. That people will live on the moon someday seems to be likely. That the sea levels are rising has been well established by many scientists. That he asked her made her feel very happy. Comparing singular or plural verbs between noun clauses versus adjective clauses What they propose has no possibility of success! [noun clause] The things that they propose have no possibility of success. [adjective clause] What animals are thinking is hard to know for sure. [noun clause] The thoughts which animals are thinking are hard to know. [adjective clause] Where tourists are allowed to go is limited to five tiny regions of the island. [noun clause] The areas where tourists are allowed to go are limited to five tiny regions. [adjective clause] Subjects of the sentence as NOUN PHRASES (versus NOUN CLAUSES) Some sources (or theories of grammar) blur the distinction between phrases and clauses. Usually a clause is defined as having both a subject and a verb (predicate). Accordingly, the subjects of these sentences (below) are considered to be noun phrases because there is not any subject within the phrase. These noun phrases can also be subjects and objects of sentences: Whether to eat rice or potatoes has always puzzled me. [noun phrase as subject of the sentence] Where to go tonight is our biggest dilemma. [noun phrase as subject of the sentence] Noun Clause as a SUBJECT COMPLEMENT Generally, a modifier can be called a subject complement when this equation is true: Subject = modifier Noun clauses can be one type of subject complement. Notice that the noun clause always begins after a verb. The truth is that no one really knows anything for sure. [the truth = no one knows anything] The truth is no one really knows anything for sure. [that is omitted] The great thing about pop stars is that they are all so cool. [great thing = they are so cool] The great thing about pop stars is they are all so cool. [that is omitted] His mistake has always been that he tries to do too much. [mistake = tries to do too much] The insulting thing was that he ignored her completely. [the insult = he ignored her] The first question is whether we have enough money. [a question = whether we have enough money] The winner of the game will be whoever has the most points. [the winner = the one with most points] The insult was how he talked to us. [the insult = how (the way) he talked to us] A deep mystery is why he left. [the mystery = why he left] Noun Clause as an OBJECT of a verb. Notice that the noun clause always begins after a verb. If that is NOT the subject of the clause, then it can be omitted; however it is still implied. I know that the students work very hard. I know the students work very hard. [that is omitted yet still implied] The police officer stated that I should drive my car more carefully. My mother always says that I should think before I speak. [noun clause as object] When John arrived, everyone noticed that he was very excited. Do you know who did that? [who as the subject of the noun clause] Do you think you know what I think? I know how many things I dont know. A dog is what people buy when they want a friend. [noun clause as the object of the sentence] I wonder why she is so happy today. I need to decide which movie to watch. We were told which way she would go. . [which as adjective modifying way the subject of the noun clause] When will I find what I lost? In statement order of noun-verb: We dont know what time is it. [wrong!] We dont know what time it is. [correct!] I wondered where did John go. [wrong!] I wondered where John went. [correct!] The noun clauses comes after the verb often these are verbs that are used to report knowledge (eg. to think, to know, to believe, to feel, to tell, to say, to discover, to conclude, to study and many others.) Notice how the word that follows closely after a verb (it does not follow a noun, as it would in an adjective clause) When the noun clause is the object, then the word that can be omitted. Indirect questions (these might be considered to be polite) Can you tell me when the meeting will begin? [correct! use statement order] Can you tell me when will the meeting begin? [wrong] Might I ask where you were this morning? [correct! use statement order] Might I ask where were you this morning? [wrong] I insist that you come. [I insist on something] He insisted that you come. [something rule does not work for this verb!] I will ask them where the cafe is. [correct! use statement order] I will ask them where is the cafe. [wrong] John never told us that he would go away. John never told us he would go away. [that is omitted] It is high time that that behavior is stopped! [that that is correct!] It is high time that behavior is stopped! [that is omitted] We heard that Tom will be in town tomorrow. I wonder what we should do today. I cant understand how they did that. The waiter asked us who wanted to have a drink. The waitress asked if we would like to order dinner. We know who caused all the problems. [who = subject of the clause] She told me how she did it. [how = relative adverb modifying the verb did] Together we decided which path we will take. [which = relative pronoun acting as an adjective, modifying the noun path] The parents stated that they would take their children to school by car. The parents agreed that they would take their children to school by car. [JL I cannt replace this with something or someone] None of Jimmys friends knew that he could not read. None of Jimmys friends knew he could not read. [that is omitted] I know he is the president of our company. [that is omitted] I know that he is the president of our company. None of Jimmys friends knew why he couldnt read. The study of biology examines how living things grow and reproduce. Doctors perform many tests to find out what kind of disease you might have. To find out what kind of disease you have, doctors perform many tests. WHAT GRAMMAR IS IT? OBJECT COMPLEMENT? My dentist wants to find out how I broke my tooth. object He thought about how the worlds sea levels are rising. She thought that it is a complicated and difficult problem. Do you know why Americans are so fat? Do you know that Americans are quite fat? English students study how to speak, read, and write English. English writing teachers teach students how to write in English. College advisors talk to students about whether they should study English or not. Some of them just love to tell us about how great they are! We believe that things will get better and better! We believe things will get better and better! [that is omitted] Do you know why Americans are so fat? Do you know that Americans are quite fat? I just dont know when to begin, what to do, or how to do it. We were never told why we should do this or who to do it with. It is up to him to decide what he wants to do. You can do whatever you like! The doctor is interested in how you got that disease. I am concerned about why you didnt mention this before. Please tell us when you first felt this way. My mother always told me that I should think before I speak, but I didnt learn this lesson! My mother always told me I should think before I speak. [that is omitted] His latest discovery is that cats are really quite friendly in America! However, his report concludes that dogs can be trained, but cats cannot. Overall, we must remember how wonderful it can be to have a pet. I believe that people will live on the moon someday. I believe people will live on the moon someday. [that is omitted] We also need to remember that behaviors which hurt animals tend to create animals which dont like people. [notice that the noun clause contains two adjective clauses within it!] DIRECT OBJECT He found what he had lost. [what he had lost = direct object of the verb to find] We dont know where to go. [some sources say this is a noun clause] [JSL this looks like a noun phrase, because there is not any conjugated verb] We dont know where we should go. [noun clause as object] The audience didnt know whether they should applaud or laugh. A noun clause inside another clause:----------------------------------------- Noun clause inside an adverb clause: Although I love what he stands for, I cant agree with his day to day actions. Adverb clause: Although I love what he stands for Noun clause (object of the adverb clause): what he stands for Noun clause inside an adjective clause: People who say that Santa Clause doesnt exist simply have not met him yet. Adjective clause: who say that Santa Clause doesnt exist Noun clause (object of the adjective clause): that Santa Clause doesnt exist Noun clause inside an another noun clause!! /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Noun clauses as direct object: With other verbs! ------- bogglesworldESL-com ................................BELOW....... 4 complications: (= a 5th ) NO indirect object needed: Verb in the main clause does not need an indirect object to notice to agree to conclude to answer to assert to know to realize to state to think Everyone knows that Titanic is a great movie. etc. REQUIRED indirect object: Verb in the main clause does not need an indirect object to assure to convince to inform to notify to remind to tell to warn You can assure them that it is not so difficult. Please convince our customers that we know what we are doing. She reminded the students that there will be a test tomorrow. The police warned us that we should not drive our car so fast. We were notified (by the government) that a new house will be built next door. [passive voice, so the source of the transitive verb action can be omitted] JL of something about something OPTIONAL indirect object: Verb in the main clause does not need an indirect object to promise to show to teach to warn to write I will show (them) how much I want this job. I promised her that I would be on time. She promises that she will work hard. She promises she will work hard. She promises to work hard. [prepositional phrase as a noun] They warned us that JL something JL when passive voice is used, the rules totally change! JL I am not convinced that these 4 categories are useful, perhaps they dont exist! Because when the grammar changes, the need for an indirect-object or the preposition can often change also! OPTIONAL indirect object: Verb in the main clause does not need an indirect object If an indirect object is used, it will often (always?) use the preposition to to admit to demonstrate to explain to mention to point out to prove to say Please explain (to me) how you will pay for a new car. [to me is optional] I proved (to the world) that they can do this. (I proved they can do this.) She mentioned (to me) that my favorite show is on TV tonight. JL something FINAL COMPLICATION this one DOES seem important: JL subjunctive commands, orders, directives, advice? Modals seem to be always implied a command: you must, you should, you ought to Thus: subjunctive mood Thus: base form of the verb The verb in the that-clause expressed in simple form Also, adjectives to advise to be advisable to ask to be essential to command to be necessary to demand to be important to direct to be to insist to be vital to move [to propose] to be to propose to be to recommend to be to suggest to be to require to be to urge to be urgent The teacher urged that the students be more talkative. (his sentence) (The teacher urged the students to be more talkative. infinitive clause? She asked that her friend might be released. We insist that he come home immediately. He commanded that she bow down to him. We propose that everyone get a holiday next week. This job requires that you be on time. JL noun clause test: something on something It is necessary that employees be on time. I believe it is necessary that he stop drinking so much. I believe that employees being on time is necessary. what is this?? I believe something is true I believe that something is true that is NOT part of the something it is a marker I believe that something is necessary. (Gerund) what is function of that I believe that that is true. ------- bogglesworldESL-com ................................ABOVE INDIRECT OBJECT ---------------------------NOT POSSIBLE?---------------------- DIRECT OBJECT THE THING YOU ACT UPON IN-DIRECT OBJECT - THE RECEIVER OF THE DIRECT OBJECT She gave the professor her paper She gave her paper to the professor the professor = indirect object (who she gave her paper to) her paper = Direct object (what she gave) The officer told him that he should drive more carefully. him = indirect object The officer told that stupid person that he should drive more carefully. Determiner The officer told that person who was so stupid that he should drive more carefully. Determiner adjective clause noun clause She made a beautiful present for whoever could appreciate it. She gave her speech to whoever would listen. Indirect object Object of a preposition JL this is their example below (Uni Calgery) I think perhaps there cannot be a noun clause as indirect object (only noun phrase) (though, there could be a noun with an adjective clause: She gave every little error, which were so difficult, her full attention. She gave every little error her full attention. The noun clause "every little error" is the indirect object, JL !!! every little error is not a clause!! and "her full attention" is the direct object. Remember that the direct object should answer the question, "What did she give?" while the indirect object answers, "To whom (or what) did she give it?" Direct Object: what object did someone give, or act on, Indirect Object: what object, person, was the direct object given to / adressed to Noun Clause as OBJECT COMPLEMENTS You can call him whatever you like. [him = whatever you like]] The shopkeeper gave us an example of how to operate this computer. [example = how to operate this computer] Object complement Object of a preposition of Noun Clause as an OBJECT of a PREPOSITION. A prepositional phrase contains the noun clause as its object. We are not responsible for what Mary was doing on Saturday night. John didnt listen to what he was told. We want to learn about whatever might be interesting. The music will play for whoever will listen. He found fault in what they were doing. [noun clause is the object of the preposition in] We listened to what the waitress said and asked her for seven cups of tea. [preposition to] I often think about how my father would always encourage me. [preposition about] Noun Clause as an ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT.Note: the something rule for identifying noun clauses doesnt work for adjective complements] try instead about something or because of something of something (the reason, or the source or cause for the adjective. We are all very sad that Mary did those things last night. We are very sad Mary did those things. [that is omitted] He was very happy that everyone came to his party. He was very happy everyone came to his party. [that is omitted] I am afraid that I might never fully understand all the noun clause variations! I am afraid I might never fully understand all the noun clause variations! [that is omitted] It is delightful that she was chosen. We were delighted that she was chosen. I am curious what color that is. I am curious about what color that is. [object of preposition] We are afraid that the storm might be terrible. We are afraid the storm might be terrible. It is clear that no one knows what they are talking about. JL why arent adjective complements considered to be adverbs well, that is grammar theory for you! Noun Clause as a COMMAND (indirect commands) --------------- THIS BELOW--FROM KENT STATE ---- MAYBE NOT USEFUL----- Indirect Commands Second-hand report of a direct command. Bring me the book. [direct command] The teacher ordered that a student bring her a book JL TERRIBLE!! BUT THIS IS FROM A WEB PAGE FOR STUDYING LATIN The teacher told a student to bring her a book. JLs version! [indirect command] JL this is not a noun clause is it infinitive phrase as an OBJECT ? Three features; Subordinating conjunction: that or that not Verb within the clause in subjunctive mood Verb in the main clause (independent clause or called the governing clause) includes ideas of urging, wishing, resolving, allowing or other similar verbs. I advise that you run the race quickly. I advise you to run the race quickly. [infinitive phrase as object?] I urge that we go immediately. I urge us to go immediately. You have urged that I gather my belongings soon. You have urged me to gather my belongings soon. --------------- THIS above--FROM KENT STATE ---- MAYBE NOT USEFUL----- Sources consulted. DeAnza College, California USA <  HYPERLINK "http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23" http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$23 > (Accessed Oct. 2013) Georgia State University, USA. Department of applied Linguistics and ESL <  HYPERLINK "http://www2.gsu.edu/~eslhpb/grammar/lecture_11/nounclauses.html" http://www2.gsu.edu/~eslhpb/grammar/lecture_11/nounclauses.html > (Accessed October, 2013) Kent University  HYPERLINK "http://www.personal.kent.edu/~bkharvey/latin/clauses/depnouic.htm" http://www.personal.kent.edu/~bkharvey/latin/clauses/depnouic.htm Nordquist, R. About.com Guide <  HYPERLINK "http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nounclauseterm.htm" http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nounclauseterm.htm > (Accessed Oct. 2013) University of Calgary <  HYPERLINK "http://www.ucalgary.ca/uofc/eduweb/grammar/course/sentence/2_3c.htm" http://www.ucalgary.ca/uofc/eduweb/grammar/course/sentence/2_3c.htm > <  HYPERLINK "http://www.ucalgary.ca/uofc/eduweb/grammar/course/sentence/2_1c.htm" http://www.ucalgary.ca/uofc/eduweb/grammar/course/sentence/2_1c.htm > (Accessed Oct. 2013) University of Pittsburgh, USA <  HYPERLINK "http://www.pitt.edu/~atteberr/comp/0150/grammar/nounclauses.html" http://www.pitt.edu/~atteberr/comp/0150/grammar/nounclauses.html > (Accessed Oct. 2013) University of Victoria - Canada <  HYPERLINK "http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/courses/elc/Sample/Advanced/gs/gs_34_1.htm" http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/courses/elc/Sample/Advanced/gs/gs_34_1.htm > (Accessed Oct. 2013) Your dictionarly.com <  HYPERLINK "http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/adjectives/what-is-an-adjective-complement.html" http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/adjectives/what-is-an-adjective-complement.html > (Accessed Oct. 2013) Canadian Government Translation Bureau, Language portal of Canada, Gateway to English <  HYPERLINK "http://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/bien-well/fra-eng/grammaire-grammar/nounclause-eng.html" http://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/bien-well/fra-eng/grammaire-grammar/nounclause-eng.html > University of Victoria - Canada <  HYPERLINK "http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/courses/elc/Sample/Advanced/gs/gs_34_1.htm" http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/courses/elc/Sample/Advanced/gs/gs_34_1.htm > (Accessed Oct. 2013) Georgia State University, USA. Department of applied Linguistics and ESL <  HYPERLINK "http://www2.gsu.edu/~eslhpb/grammar/lecture_11/nounclauses.html" http://www2.gsu.edu/~eslhpb/grammar/lecture_11/nounclauses.html > (Accessed October, 2013) INTERESTING QUESTIONS FOR JEFFREY! Appositive = adjective phrase! (Renaming noun = adjective, or just compound noun? Mr Obama the president is different from Mr Obama the father. (noun and adjective? On compound noun? Mr Obama, the president, came to dinner. NO rename is NOT the same as modify (adjective) Comparing Subject Complements, Appositives, and Adjective Clauses When the subject complement is a noun, it can be described as a noun, which renames the subject (University of Calgary). A noun as subject complement is considered to be noun, which renames the subject (University of Calgary). Thus, this is almost identical to an appositive (a noun phrase, renaming another noun) Further, examples below show the similarity to adjective clauses. His mistake has always been that he tries too hard. [noun clause] His mistake, that he tries too hard, has always been his biggest problem [adjective clause] Raises the question: Noun clauses as subject complements function as adjectives since they modify the noun! So, why not call them adjective clauses? John is that person I will never forget. [noun clause] John, who I will never forget, is very important to me. [adjective clause] John, the one I will never forget, is very important to me. [appositive noun phrase adjective phrase?]     PAGE  -This document online <  HYPERLINK "http://www.laban-analyses.org/jeffrey/english/CLAUSE--noun-clause-JSL.doc" http://www.laban-analyses.org/jeffrey/english/CLAUSE--noun-clause-JSL.doc >p.  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