ŠĻą”±į>ž’ LNž’’’K’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ģ„Į'` šæÄ)bjbjėČėČ .D‰¢‰¢Ä ’’’’’’¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ø€€€€$¤Dø2)jōōōōōōōō™(›(›(›(›(›(›($œ+h.æ(-¤o ōōo o æ(¤¤ōōģ(}(}(}(o R¤ō¤ō™(}(o ™(}(}(¤¤}(ōč ŠMõ“æŹ€Į –}(™()02)}(”.W(”.}(”.¤}(ōZN@}(Ž4Ā­ōōōæ(æ(g(ōōō2)o o o o øøø$ܤøøøÜøøø¤¤¤¤¤¤’’’’ Chapter 15 and 16 Study Guide Answers Section 15-1 VOCABULARY REVIEW 1. Evolution is the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time. 2. Natural selection is a process in which organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than other organisms. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. c SHORT ANSWER 1. Since acquired traits are not genetically determined, they cannot be passed on to offspring. Therefore, they cannot cause a population to change over generations. 2. Darwin extended Malthus’ ideas to populations of all organisms and reasoned that the environment limits the populations of all organisms by causing deaths or limiting births. 3. Evolution is the change of populations of organisms over time; natural selection is the mechanism by which evolution occurs. 4. Lamarck would have said that the ancestors of modern-day giraffes had short necks but stretched their necks as they tried to reach leaves in trees; so, their descendants were born with longer necks. Darwin would have said that in a population of ancestral giraffes, some had slightly longer necks than others; the long-necked giraffes were better able to feed on tree leaves and as a result produced more offspring. Over time, the proportion of longnecked giraffes in the population increased. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The bird in B appears to have greater fitness, since it has produced more offspring. Section 15-2 VOCABULARY REVIEW 1. A homologous structure is an anatomical structure that occurs in different species and originated by heredity from a structure in a common ancestor; analogous structures have closely related functions but are not derived from the same ancestral structure. 2. A fossil is the evidence or remains of a preexisting organism; the principle of superposition states that if a sequence of sedimentary rock strata have been undisturbed, the oldest strata will be at the bottom of the sequence and younger strata will be on top. The relative age of the strata is usually determined by comparing the fossils contained in the strata. 3. The relative age of a fossil or rock is simply an indication of whether the fossil or rock is younger or older than another fossil or rock; the absolute age of a rock is the rock’s age in years. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. a SHORT ANSWER 1. A biologist would concentrate on homologous features, since they originated in a shared ancestor. 2. The animal evolved from an ancestor in which that structure was functional. 3. In biogeography studies, similar animals that seem to be closely related are adapted to different environments in nearby areas. Also, in areas that are widely separated animals that seem to be unrelated are observed to have similar adaptations to similar environments in the separate areas. 4. Fossils show that a group of organisms, such as marine mammals, have changed over time to adapt to different environments. 5. The environment will not select for or against organisms that have a particular structure unless that structure affects the organisms’ fitness. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS a, youngest fossil; b, mammal fossils; c, first dinosaurs; d, first land plants; e, trilobites; f, oldest fossil Section 15-3 VOCABULARY REVIEW 1. the evolution of Caribbean anole lizards 2. Examples may include different breeds of dogs, cats, cattle, or food crops. Back Print 13 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Modern Biology Study Guide Answer Key 3. some flowers and insects; animals and microbes 4. the evolution of Caribbean anole lizards with similar adaptations on separate islands 5. Two examples are the evolution of the Galįpagos finches and the evolution of domestic dogs. 6. evolution of resistance to pesticides by insect populations, of plants to herbicides, and evolution of resistance to antibiotics by disease-causing bacteria MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. a SHORT ANSWER 1. Adaptive radiation occurs when a new population in a new environment, such as an island, undergoes divergent evolution until the descendant populations fill many parts of the environment. 2. Answer will vary, but could include the lizards moving to an area where the trees are still healthy, or they could adapt to live in another part of the environment, such as living in small shrubs or on the ground. The lizards could also go extinct if they could not move to another area or adapt to the new environment. 3. Answers will vary, but could include domestic dogs, domestic cats, cattle, sheep, and pigs for animals and corn, wheat, fruit trees, such as apples or oranges, and flowers, such as roses or orchids. 4. The long-lived species would be more likely to become extinct after a sudden environmental change. The short-lived species, with large numbers of offspring, would be more likely to adapt to the changing environment. The short-lived species can adapt more easily because of the larger pool of genetic variations available in the larger population. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS divergent evolution; approximately 16 million years ago; the galago Section 16-1 VOCABULARY REVIEW 1. Population genetics is the study of evolution from a genetic point of view. 2. A gene pool is the total genetic information available in a population. 3. Allele frequency is the frequency of a certain allele among all alleles of the same gene in a population. 4. Phenotype frequency is the frequency of individuals with a particular phenotype in a population. 5. Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium is a condition in which the allele frequencies in a population remain the same from generation to generation. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. a SHORT ANSWER 1. Individuals represented by the two ends are those with extreme variations of a specific trait. 2. Variations arise through mutation, recombination during meiosis, and the random pairing of gametes during fertilization. 3. (1) No net mutations occur; (2) individuals neither enter nor leave the population; (3) the population is large; (4) individuals mate randomly; and (5) selection does not occur. 4. no, because those genes are not available for the next generation STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Phenotype frequencies: red = 0.625 ך š0.625 = 0.391; white = 0.375 ך š0.375 = 0.141; pink = 1  0.391  0.141 = 0.468. Allele frequencies: R = 0.391 +š š(0.468 ÷š š2) = 0.625; r = 0.141 +š š(0.468 ÷š š2) = 0.375. Section 16-2 VOCABULARY REVIEW 1. Immigration is the movement of individuals into a population. Emigration is the movement of individuals out of a population. 2. Gene flow is the movement of genes from one population to another. Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies in a population due to random events. 3. Random mating is mating that occurs without regard to genetic makeup. Assortative mating is mating based on similarity of characteristics. 4. In stabilizing selection, individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness. In directional selection, individuals with one extreme form of a trait have the highest fitness. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. c 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b SHORT ANSWER 1. mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and natural selection 2. By producing totally new alleles for a trait, mutations can change allele frequencies. 3. Matings with some degree of kinship may occur, increasing the chance of offspring with disorders caused by recessive genes. 4. The bright coloration may increase a male’s chances of being selected for mating by a female. 5. Genetic homozygosity leaves no variation for natural selection to act on. Therefore, a new disease could wipe out the entire population. 6. directional selection; the cow would not eliminate all white flowers because the allele for white flowers is also carried by plants with pink flowers, which are not eaten. Crosses between plants with pink flowers would continue to produce some plants with white flowers. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS a, disruptive; b, directional; c, stabilizing Section 16-3 VOCABULARY REVIEW 1. Morphology is the internal and external structure and appearance of an organism. 2. Geographic isolation is the physical separation of members of a population. 3. Punctuated equilibrium is a pattern of species formation in which periods of sudden speciation are preceded and followed by long periods with little speciation. 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