ࡱ> jq` bjbjqPqP .::j . . . . . . . D ]]]],^tdj<_4t4t4ttcucxy`GIIIIII$ηh6m. ycucuyym. . 4tt=z=z=zyj. 4t. tG=zyG=z=zN. . 4tT0_ Ή3]y")0˴|40dY0޺ z޺`"޺. yy=zyyyyymm!zyyydyyyyd ,=d ,=B V @ . . . . . .  Social Engineering Fundamentals, Part I: Hacker Tactics  HYPERLINK "mailto:sarah@grangers.com" Sarah Granger 2001-12-18 Social Engineering Fundamentals, Part I: Hacker Tactics by  HYPERLINK "mailto:sarah@grangers.com" Sarah Granger last updated December 18, 2001  A True Story One morning a few years back, a group of strangers walked into a large shipping firm and walked out with access to the firms entire corporate network. How did they do it? By obtaining small amounts of access, bit by bit, from a number of different employees in that firm. First, they did research about the company for two days before even attempting to set foot on the premises. For example, they learned key employees names by calling HR. Next, they pretended to lose their key to the front door, and a man let them in. Then they "lost" their identity badges when entering the third floor secured area, smiled, and a friendly employee opened the door for them. The strangers knew the CFO was out of town, so they were able to enter his office and obtain financial data off his unlocked computer. They dug through the corporate trash, finding all kinds of useful documents. They asked a janitor for a garbage pail in which to place their contents and carried all of this data out of the building in their hands. The strangers had studied the CFO's voice, so they were able to phone, pretending to be the CFO, in a rush, desperately in need of his network password. From there, they used regular technical hacking tools to gain super-user access into the system. In this case, the strangers were network consultants performing a security audit for the CFO without any other employees' knowledge. They were never given any privileged information from the CFO but were able to obtain all the access they wanted through social engineering. (This story was recounted by Kapil Raina, currently a security expert at Verisign and co-author of mCommerce Security: A Beginner's Guide, based on an actual workplace experience with a previous employer.) Definitions Most articles Ive read on the topic of social engineering begin with some sort of definition like the art and science of getting people to comply to your wishes ( HYPERLINK "http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/socialen.txt" \t "nonlocal" Bernz 2), an outside hackers use of psychological tricks on legitimate users of a computer system, in order to obtain information he needs to gain access to the system ( HYPERLINK "http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/social.htm" \t "nonlocal" Palumbo), or getting needed information (for example, a password) from a person rather than breaking into a system ( HYPERLINK "http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/soc_eng2.html" \t "nonlocal" Berg). In reality, social engineering can be any and all of these things, depending upon where you sit. The one thing that everyone seems to agree upon is that social engineering is generally a hackers clever manipulation of the natural human tendency to trust. The hackers goal is to obtain information that will allow him/her to gain unauthorized access to a valued system and the information that resides on that system. Security is all about trust. Trust in protection and authenticity. Generally agreed upon as the weakest link in the security chain, the natural human willingness to accept someone at his or her word leaves many of us vulnerable to attack. Many experienced security experts emphasize this fact. No matter how many articles are published about network holes, patches, and firewalls, we can only reduce the threat so much... and then its up to Maggie in accounting or her friend, Will, dialing in from a remote site, to keep the corporate network secured. Target and Attack The basic goals of social engineering are the same as hacking in general: to gain unauthorized access to systems or information in order to commit fraud, network intrusion, industrial espionage, identity theft, or simply to disrupt the system or network. Typical targets include telephone companies and answering services, big-name corporations and financial institutions, military and government agencies, and hospitals. The Internet boom had its share of industrial engineering attacks in start-ups as well, but attacks generally focus on larger entities. Finding good, real-life examples of social engineering attacks is difficult. Target organizations either do not want to admit that they have been victimized (after all, to admit a fundamental security breach is not only embarrassing, it may damaging to the organizations reputation) and/or the attack was not well documented so that nobody is really sure whether there was a social engineering attack or not. As for why organizations are targeted through social engineering well, its often an easier way to gain illicit access than are many forms of technical hacking. Even for technical people, its often much simpler to just pick up the phone and ask someone for his password. And most often, thats just what a hacker will do. Social engineering attacks take place on two levels: the physical and the psychological. First, we'll focus on the physical setting for these attacks: the workplace, the phone, your trash, and even on-line. In the workplace, the hacker can simply walk in the door, like in the movies, and pretend to be a maintenance worker or consultant who has access to the organization. Then the intruder struts through the office until he or she finds a few passwords lying around and emerges from the building with ample information to exploit the network from home later that night. Another technique to gain authentication information is to just stand there and watch an oblivious employee type in his password. Social Engineering by Phone The most prevalent type of social engineering attack is conducted by phone. A hacker will call up and imitate someone in a position of authority or relevance and gradually pull information out of the user. Help desks are particularly prone to this type of attack. Hackers are able to pretend they are calling from inside the corporation by playing tricks on the PBX or the company operator, so caller-ID is not always the best defense. Heres a classic PBX trick, care of the  HYPERLINK "http://www.gocsi.com/soceng.htm" \t "nonlocal" Computer Security Institute: Hi, Im your AT&T rep, Im stuck on a pole. I need you to punch a bunch of buttons for me. And heres an even better one: Theyll call you in the middle of the night: Have you been calling Egypt for the last six hours? No. And theyll say, well, we have a call thats actually active right now, its on your calling card and its to Egypt and as a matter of fact, youve got about $2,000 worth of charges from somebody using your card. Youre responsible for the $2,000, you have to pay that... Theyll say, Im putting my job on the line by getting rid of this $2,000 charge for you. But you need to read off that AT&T card number and PIN and then Ill get rid of the charge for you. People fall for it. ( HYPERLINK "http://www.gocsi.com/soceng.htm" \t "nonlocal" Computer Security Institute). Help desks are particularly vulnerable because they are in place specifically to help, a fact that may be exploited by people who are trying to gain illicit information. Help desk employees are trained to be friendly and give out information, so this is a gold mine for social engineering. Most help desk employees are minimally educated in the area of security and get paid peanuts, so they tend to just answer questions and go on to the next phone call. This can create a huge security hole. The facilitator of a live Computer Security Institute demonstration, neatly illustrated the vulnerability of help desks when he dialed up a phone company, got transferred around, and reached the help desk. Whos the supervisor on duty tonight? Oh, its Betty. Let me talk to Betty. [Hes transferred.] Hi Betty, having a bad day? No, why?...Your systems are down. She said, my systems arent down, were running fine. He said, you better sign off. She signed off. He said, now sign on again. She signed on again. He said, we didnt even show a blip, we show no change. He said, sign off again. She did. Betty, Im going to have to sign on as you here to figure out whats happening with your ID. Let me have your user ID and password. So this senior supervisor at the Help Desk tells him her user ID and password. Brilliant. A variation on the phone theme is the pay phone or ATM. Hackers really do shoulder surf and obtain credit card numbers and PINs this way. (It happened to a friend of mine in a large US airport.) People always stand around phone booths at airports, so this is a place to be extra cautious. Dumpster Diving Dumpster diving, also known as trashing, is another popular method of social engineering. A huge amount of information can be collected through company dumpsters.  HYPERLINK "http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/soc_eng2.html" \t "nonlocal" The LAN Times listed the following items as potential security leaks in our trash: company phone books, organizational charts, memos, company policy manuals, calendars of meetings, events and vacations, system manuals, printouts of sensitive data or login names and passwords, printouts of source code, disks and tapes, company letterhead and memo forms, and outdated hardware. These sources can provide a rich vein of information for the hacker. Phone books can give the hackers names and numbers of people to target and impersonate. Organizational charts contain information about people who are in positions of authority within the organization. Memos provide small tidbits of useful information for creating authenticity. Policy manuals show hackers how secure (or insecure) the company really is. Calendars are great they may tell attackers which employees are out of town at a particular time. System manuals, sensitive data, and other sources of technical information may give hackers the exact keys they need to unlock the network. Finally, outdated hardware, particularly hard drives, can be restored to provide all sorts of useful information. (Well discuss how to dispose of all of this in the second installment in this series; suffice it to say, the shredder is a good place to start.) On-Line Social Engineering The Internet is fertile ground for social engineers looking to harvest passwords. The primary weakness is that many users often repeat the use of one simple password on every account: Yahoo, Travelocity, Gap.com, whatever. So once the hacker has one password, he or she can probably get into multiple accounts. One way in which hackers have been known to obtain this kind of password is through an on-line form: they can send out some sort of sweepstakes information and ask the user to put in a name (including e-mail address that way, she might even get that persons corporate account password as well) and password. These forms can be sent by e-mail or through US Mail. US Mail provides a better appearance that the sweepstakes might be a legitimate enterprise. Another way hackers may obtain information on-line is by pretending to be the network administrator, sending e-mail through the network and asking for a users password. This type of social engineering attack doesnt generally work, because users are generally more aware of hackers when online, but it is something of which to take note. Furthermore, pop-up windows can be installed by hackers to look like part of the network and request that the user reenter his username and password to fix some sort of problem. At this point in time, most users should know not to send passwords in clear text (if at all), but it never hurts to have an occasional reminder of this simple security measure from the System Administrator. Even better, sys admins might want to warn their users against disclosing their passwords in any fashion other than a face-to-face conversation with a staff member who is known to be authorized and trusted. E-mail can also be used for more direct means of gaining access to a system. For instance, mail attachments sent from someone of authenticity can carry viruses, worms and Trojan horses. A good example of this was an AOL hack, documented by  HYPERLINK "http://www.vigilante.com/inetsecurity/socialengineering.htm" \t "nonlocal" VIGILANTe: In that case, the hacker called AOLs tech support and spoke with the support person for an hour. During the conversation, the hacker mentioned that his car was for sale cheaply. The tech supporter was interested, so the hacker sent an e-mail attachment with a picture of the car. Instead of a car photo, the mail executed a backdoor exploit that opened a connection out from AOL through the firewall. Persuasion The hackers themselves teach social engineering from a psychological point-of-view, emphasizing how to create the perfect psychological environment for the attack. Basic methods of persuasion include: impersonation, ingratiation, conformity, diffusion of responsibility, and plain old friendliness. Regardless of the method used, the main objective is to convince the person disclosing the information that the social engineer is in fact a person that they can trust with that sensitive information. The other important key is to never ask for too much information at a time, but to ask for a little from each person in order to maintain the appearance of a comfortable relationship. Impersonation generally means creating some sort of character and playing out the role. The simpler the role, the better. Sometimes this could mean just calling up, saying: Hi, Im Joe in MIS and I need your password, but that doesnt always work. Other times, the hacker will study a real individual in an organization and wait until that person is out of town to impersonate him over the phone. According to  HYPERLINK "http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/socialen.txt" \t "nonlocal" Bernz, a hacker who has written extensively on the subject, they use little boxes to disguise their voices and study speech patterns and org charts. Id say its the least likely type of impersonation attack because it takes the most preparation, but it does happen. Some common roles that may be played in impersonation attacks include: a repairman, IT support, a manager, a trusted third party (for example, the Presidents executive assistant who is calling to say that the President okayed her requesting certain information), or a fellow employee. In a huge company, this is not that hard to do. There is no way to know everyone - IDs can be faked. Most of these roles fall under the category of someone with authority, which leads us to ingratiation. Most employees want to impress the boss, so they will bend over backwards to provide required information to anyone in power. Conformity is a group-based behavior, but can be used occasionally in the individual setting by convincing the user that everyone else has been giving the hacker the same information now requested, such as if the hacker is impersonating an IT manager. When hackers attack in such a way as to diffuse the responsibility of the employee giving the password away, that alleviates the stress on the employee. When in doubt, the best way to obtain information in a social engineering attack is just to be friendly. The idea here is that the average user wants to believe the colleague on the phone and wants to help, so the hacker really only needs to be basically believable. Beyond that, most employees respond in kind, especially to women. Slight flattery or flirtation might even help soften up the target employee to co-operate further, but the smart hacker knows when to stop pulling out information, just before the employee suspects anything odd. A smile, if in person, or a simple thank you clenches the deal. And if thats not enough, the new user routine often works too: Im confused, (batting eyelashes) can you help me? Reverse Social Engineering A final, more advanced method of gaining illicit information is known as reverse social engineering. This is when the hacker creates a persona that appears to be in a position of authority so that employees will ask him for information, rather than the other way around. If researched, planned and executed well, reverse social engineering attacks may offer the hacker an even better chance of obtaining valuable data from the employees; however, this requires a great deal of preparation, research, and pre-hacking to pull off. According to  HYPERLINK "http://www.isr.umd.edu/gemstone/infosec/ver2/papers/socialeng.html" \t "nonlocal" Methods of Hacking: Social Engineering, a paper by Rick Nelson, the three parts of reverse social engineering attacks are sabotage, advertising, and assisting. The hacker sabotages a network, causing a problem arise. That hacker then advertises that he is the appropriate contact to fix the problem, and then, when he comes to fix the network problem, he requests certain bits of information from the employees and gets what he really came for. They never know it was a hacker, because their network problem goes away and everyone is happy. Conclusion Of course, no social engineering article is complete without mention of Kevin Mitnick, so Ill conclude with a quote from him from an  HYPERLINK "http://www.securityfocus.com/news/199" \t "nonlocal" article in Security Focus: You could spend a fortune purchasing technology and services...and your network infrastructure could still remain vulnerable to old-fashioned manipulation. Stay tuned for Part II: Combat Strategies, which will look at ways of combatting attacks by identifying attacks, and by using preventative technology, training, and policies. To read Social Engineering, Part Two: Combat Strategies, click  HYPERLINK "http://online.securityfocus.com/infocus/1533" \t "nonlocal" here. References Ameritech Consumer Information Social Engineering Fraud,  HYPERLINK "http://www.ameritech.com/content/0,3086,92,00.html" \t "nonlocal" http://www.ameritech.com/content/0,3086,92,00.html Anonymous Social engineering: examples and countermeasures from the real-world, Computer Security Institute  HYPERLINK "http://www.gocsi.com/soceng.htm" \t "nonlocal" http://www.gocsi.com/soceng.htm Arthurs, Wendy: A Proactive Defence to Social Engineering, SANS Institute, August 2, 2001.  HYPERLINK "http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/defence.htm" \t "nonlocal" http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/defence.htm Berg, Al: Al Berg Cracking a Social Engineer, by, LAN Times Nov. 6, 1995.  HYPERLINK "http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/soc_eng2.html" \t "nolocal" http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/soc_eng2.html Bernz 1: Bernzs Social Engineering Intro Page  HYPERLINK "http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/socintro.html" \t "nonlocal" http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/socintro.html Bernz 2: The complete Social Engineering FAQ!  HYPERLINK "http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/socialen.txt" \t "nonlocal" http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/socialen.txt Harl People Hacking: The Psychology of Social Engineering Text of Harls Talk at Access All Areas III, March 7, 1997.  HYPERLINK "http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/aaatalk.html" \t "nonlocal" http://packetstorm.decepticons.org/docs/social-engineering/aaatalk.html Mitnick, Kevin: My first RSA Conference, SecurityFocus, April 30, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://www.securityfocus.com/news/199" \t "nonlocal" http://www.securityfocus.com/news/199 Orr, Chris Social Engineering: A Backdoor to the Vault,, SANS Institute, September 5, 2000  HYPERLINK "http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/backdoor.htm" \t "nonlocal" http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/backdoor.htm Palumbo, John Social Engineering: What is it, why is so little said about it and what can be done?, SANS Institute, July 26, 2000  HYPERLINK "http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/social.htm" \t "nonlocal" http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/social.htm Stevens, George: Enhancing Defenses Against Social Engineering SANS Institute, March 26, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/social.htm" \t "nonlocal" http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/defense_social.htm Tims, Rick Social Engineering: Policies and Education a Must SANS Institute, February 16, 2001  HYPERLINK "http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/policies.htm" \t "nonlocal" http://www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/social/policies.htm Verizon PBX Social Engineering Scam 2000  HYPERLINK "http://www.bellatlantic.com/security/fraud/pbx_scam.htm" \t "nonlocal" http://www.bellatlantic.com/security/fraud/pbx_scam.htm VIGILANTe Social Engineering 2001  HYPERLINK "http://www.vigilante.com/inetsecurity/socialengineering.htm" \t "nonlocal" http://www.vigilante.com/inetsecurity/socialengineering.htm   HYPERLINK "http://www.securityfocus.com/privacy" Privacy Statement Copyright 2006, SecurityFocus  HYPERLINK "http://www.securityfocus.com/print/infocus/1527" http://www.securityfocus.com/print/infocus/1527 Help us provide free content to the world by  HYPERLINK "http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Donate/Now/en?utm_source=enwiki_05&utm_medium=anon_donation_banner&utm_campaign=spontaneous_donation" \o "foundation:Fundraising" donating today! Social engineering (security) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "column-one#column-one" navigation,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "searchInput#searchInput" search This article is about manipulation of individuals. For social engineering in terms of influencing popular behavior, see  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" \o "Social engineering (political science)" Social engineering (political science). Social engineering is the act of manipulating people into performing actions or divulging confidential information. While similar to a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_trick" \o "Confidence trick" confidence trick or simple  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud" \o "Fraud" fraud, the term typically applies to trickery or deception for the purpose of information gathering, fraud, or computer system access; in most cases the attacker never comes face-to-face with the victim. Contents [ HYPERLINK "javascript:toggleToc()" hide]  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Social_engineering_techniques_and_terms#Social_engineering_techniques_and_terms" 1 Social engineering techniques and terms  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Pretexting#Pretexting" 1.1 Pretexting  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Phishing#Phishing" 1.2 Phishing  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "IVR_or_phone_phishing#IVR_or_phone_phishing" 1.2.1 IVR or phone phishing  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Baiting#Baiting" 1.2.2 Baiting  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Quid_pro_quo#Quid_pro_quo" 1.3 Quid pro quo  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Other_types#Other_types" 1.4 Other types  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Notable_social_engineers#Notable_social_engineers" 2 Notable social engineers  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Kevin_Mitnick#Kevin_Mitnick" 2.1 Kevin Mitnick  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "The_Badir_Brothers#The_Badir_Brothers" 2.2 The Badir Brothers  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Others#Others" 2.3 Others  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "United_States_law#United_States_law" 3 United States law  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Pretexting_of_telephone_records#Pretexting_of_telephone_records" 3.1 Pretexting of telephone records  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Federal_legislation#Federal_legislation" 3.2 Federal legislation  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "1st_Source_Information_Specialists#1st_Source_Information_Specialists" 3.3 1st Source Information Specialists  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Hewlett_Packard#Hewlett_Packard" 3.4 Hewlett Packard  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "In_popular_culture#In_popular_culture" 4 In popular culture  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "See_also#See_also" 5 See also  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "References#References" 6 References  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Notes#Notes" 6.1 Notes  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "Further_reading#Further_reading" 6.2 Further reading  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "External_links#External_links" 7 External links[ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=1" \o "Edit section: Social engineering techniques and terms" edit] Social engineering techniques and terms All social engineering techniques are based on specific attributes of human decision-making known as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" \o "List of cognitive biases" cognitive biases. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_note-0#cite_note-0" [1] These biases, sometimes called "bugs in the human hardware," are exploited in various combinations to create attack techniques, some of which are listed here: [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=2" \o "Edit section: Pretexting" edit] Pretexting Pretexting' is the act of creating and using an invented scenario (the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretext" \o "Pretext" pretext) to persuade a targeted victim to release information or perform an action and is typically done over the telephone. It is more than a simple  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie" \o "Lie" lie as it most often involves some prior research or set up and the use of pieces of known information (e.g. for impersonation: date of birth,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Number" \o "Social Security Number" Social Security Number, last bill amount) to  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" \o "List of cognitive biases" establish legitimacy in the mind of the target.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_note-1#cite_note-1" [2] This technique is often used to trick a business into disclosing customer information, and is used by private investigators to obtain telephone records, utility records, banking records and other information directly from junior company service representatives. The information can then be used to establish even greater legitimacy under tougher questioning with a manager (e.g., to make account changes, get specific balances, etc). As most U.S. companies still authenticate a client by asking only for a Social Security Number, date of birth, or mother's maiden name, the method is effective in many situations and will likely continue to be a security problem in the future. Pretexting can also be used to impersonate co-workers, police, bank, tax authorities, or insurance investigators or any other individual who could have perceived authority or right-to-know in the mind of the targeted victim. The pretexter must simply prepare answers to questions that might be asked by the victim. In some cases all that is needed is a voice that sounds authoritative, an earnest tone, and an ability to think on one's feet. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=3" \o "Edit section: Phishing" edit] Phishing Main article:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing" \o "Phishing" Phishing Phishing is a technique of fraudulently obtaining private information. Typically, the phisher sends an e-mail that appears to come from a legitimate businessa bank, or credit card companyrequesting "verification" of information and warning of some  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_aversion" \o "Loss aversion" dire consequence if it is not provided. The e-mail usually contains a link to a fraudulent web page that seems legitimatewith company logos and contentand has a form requesting everything from a home address to an  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_card" \o "ATM card" ATM card's  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identification_number" \o "Personal identification number" PIN. For example, 2003 saw the proliferation of a phishing scam in which users received e-mails supposedly from  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay" \o "EBay" eBay claiming that the users account was about to be suspended unless a link provided was clicked to update a credit card (information that the genuine eBay already had). Because it is relatively simple to make a Web site resemble a legitimate organization's site by mimicking the HTML code, the scam counted on people being tricked into thinking they were being contacted by eBay and subsequently, were going to eBays site to update their account information. By  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamming" \o "Spamming" spamming large groups of people, the phisher counted on the e-mail being read by a percentage of people who already had listed credit card numbers with eBay legitimately, who might respond. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=4" \o "Edit section: IVR or phone phishing" edit] IVR or phone phishing This technique uses a rogue  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_voice_response" \o "Interactive voice response" Interactive voice response (IVR) system to recreate a legitimate sounding copy of a bank or other institution's IVR system. The victim is prompted (typically via a phishing e-mail) to call in to the "bank" via a (ideally toll free) number provided in order to "verify" information. A typical system will reject log-ins continually, ensuring the victim enters PINs or passwords multiple times, often disclosing several different passwords. More advanced systems transfer the victim to the attacker posing as a customer service agent for further questioning. One could even record the typical commands ("Press one to change your password, press two to speak to customer service" ...) and play back the direction manually in real time, giving the appearance of being an IVR without the expense. The technical name for phone phishing, is  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishing" \o "Vishing" vishing. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=5" \o "Edit section: Baiting" edit] Baiting Baiting is like the real-world Trojan Horse that uses physical media and relies on the curiosity or greed of the victim. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_note-2#cite_note-2" [3] In this attack, the attacker leaves a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware" \o "Malware" malware infected  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk" \o "Floppy disk" floppy disk,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_ROM" \o "CD ROM" CD ROM, or  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive" \o "USB flash drive" USB flash drive in a location sure to be found (bathroom, elevator, sidewalk, parking lot), gives it a legitimate looking and curiosity-piquing label, and simply waits for the victim to use the device. For example, an attacker might create a disk featuring a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_logo" \o "Corporate logo" corporate logo, readily available off the target's web site, and write "Executive Salary Summary Q2 2009" on the front. The attacker would then leave the disk on the floor of an elevator or somewhere in the lobby of the targeted company. An unknowing employee might find it and subsequently insert the disk into a computer to satisfy their curiosity, or a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_samaritan" \o "Good samaritan" good samaritan might find it and turn it in to the company. In either case as a consequence of merely inserting the disk into a computer to see the contents, the user would unknowingly install  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware" \o "Malware" malware on it, likely giving an attacker unfettered access to the victim's PC and perhaps, the targeted company's internal  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" \o "Computer network" computer network. Unless computer controls block the infection, PCs set to "auto-run" inserted media may be compromised as soon as a rogue disk is inserted. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=6" \o "Edit section: Quid pro quo" edit] Quid pro quo Quid pro quo means something for something: An attacker calls random numbers at a company claiming to be calling back from technical support. Eventually they will hit someone with a legitimate problem, grateful that someone is calling back to help them. The attacker will "help" solve the problem and in the process have the user type commands that give the attacker access or launch  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware" \o "Malware" malware. In a 2003  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security" \o "Information security" information security survey, 90% of office workers gave researchers what they claimed was their  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password" \o "Password" password in answer to a survey question in exchange for a cheap  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen" \o "Pen" pen. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_note-3#cite_note-3" [4] Similar surveys in later years obtained similar results using chocolates and other cheap lures, although they made no attempt to validate the passwords. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_note-4#cite_note-4" [5] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=7" \o "Edit section: Other types" edit] Other types Common  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_trick" \o "Confidence trick" confidence tricksters or  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud" \o "Fraud" fraudsters also could be considered "social engineers" in the wider sense, in that they deliberately deceive and manipulate people, exploiting human weaknesses to obtain personal benefit. They may, for example, use social engineering techniques as part of an IT fraud. The latest type of social engineering techniques include spoofing or hacking IDs of people having popular e-mail IDs such as  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo" \o "Yahoo" Yahoo,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail" \o "Gmail" Gmail,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotmail" \o "Hotmail" Hotmail, etc. Among the many motivations for deception are:  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing" \o "Phishing" Phishing credit-card account numbers and their passwords. Hacking private e-mails and chat histories, and manipulating them by using common editing techniques before using them to extort money and creating distrust among individuals. Hacking websites of companies or organizations and destroying their reputation. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=8" \o "Edit section: Notable social engineers" edit] Notable social engineers [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=9" \o "Edit section: Kevin Mitnick" edit] Kevin Mitnick Reformed computer criminal and later, security consultant  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Mitnick" \o "Kevin Mitnick" Kevin Mitnick popularized the term 'social engineering', pointing out that it is much easier to trick someone into giving a password for a system than to spend the effort to hack into the system. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_note-CSEPS-4-5#cite_note-CSEPS-4-5" [6] He claims it was the single most effective method in his arsenal. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=10" \o "Edit section: The Badir Brothers" edit] The Badir Brothers Ramy, Muzher, and Shadde Badir - brothers, all of whom were blind from birth, managed to set up an extensive phone and computer fraud scheme in  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" \o "Israel" Israel in the 1990s using social engineering, voice impersonation, and Braille-display computers. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_note-6#cite_note-6" [7] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=11" \o "Edit section: Others" edit] Others Other noted social engineers include  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Abagnale" \o "Frank Abagnale" Frank Abagnale,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Buchwald" \o "Dave Buchwald" Dave Buchwald,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_%22Race%22_Bannon" \o "David \"Race\" Bannon" David Bannon,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Foster" \o "Peter Foster" Peter Foster,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Mark_Rifkin" \o "Stanley Mark Rifkin" Stanley Mark Rifkin and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Jay_Russell" \o "Steven Jay Russell" Steven Jay Russell. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=12" \o "Edit section: United States law" edit] United States law  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambox_globe_content.svg" \o "Ambox globe content.svg"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" \* MERGEFORMATINET The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" \o "United States" United States and do not represent a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" \o "Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias" worldwide view of the subject. Please  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit" \o "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit" improve this article and discuss the issue on the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Social_engineering_(security)" \o "Talk:Social engineering (security)" talk page.In  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" \o "Common law" common law, pretexting is an invasion of privacy tort of appropriation. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_note-7#cite_note-7" [8] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=13" \o "Edit section: Pretexting of telephone records" edit] Pretexting of telephone records In December 2006,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress" \o "United States Congress" United States Congress approved a Senate sponsored bill making the pretexting of telephone records a federal  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony" \o "Felony" felony with fines of up to $250,000 and ten years in prison for individuals (or fines of up to $500,000 for companies). It was signed by president George W. Bush on  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_12" \o "January 12" January 12,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" \o "2007" 2007. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_note-8#cite_note-8" [9] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=14" \o "Edit section: Federal legislation" edit] Federal legislation The 1999  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramm-Leach-Bliley_Act" \o "Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act" "GLBA" is a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" \o "Federal government of the United States" U.S. Federal  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" \o "Law" law that specifically addresses pretexting of banking records as an illegal act punishable under federal statutes. When a business entity such as a private investigator, SIU insurance investigator, or an adjuster conducts any type of deception, it falls under the authority of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" \o "Federal Trade Commission" Federal Trade Commission (FTC). This federal agency has the obligation and authority to ensure that consumers are not subjected to any unfair or deceptive business practices. US Federal Trade Commission Act, Section 5 of the FTCA states, in part: "Whenever the Commission shall have reason to believe that any such person, partnership, or corporation has been or is using any unfair method of competition or unfair or deceptive act or practice in or affecting commerce, and if it shall appear to the Commission that a proceeding by it in respect thereof would be to the interest of the public, it shall issue and serve upon such person, partnership, or corporation a complaint stating its charges in that respect." The statute states that when someone obtains any personal, non-public information from a financial institution or the consumer, their action is subject to the statute. It relates to the consumer's relationship with the financial institution. For example, a pretexter using false pretenses either to get a consumer's address from the consumer's bank, or to get a consumer to disclose the name of his or her bank, would be covered. The determining principle is that pretexting only occurs when information is obtained through false pretenses. While the sale of cell telephone records has gained significant media attention, and telecommunications records are the focus of the two bills currently before the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" \o "United States Senate" United States Senate, many other types of private records are being bought and sold in the public market. Alongside many advertisements for  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone" \o "Cell phone" cell phone records, wireline records and the records associated with calling cards are advertised. As individuals shift to VoIP telephones, it is safe to assume that those records will be offered for sale as well. Currently, it is legal to sell telephone records, but illegal to obtain them. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_note-9#cite_note-9" [10] [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=15" \o "Edit section: 1st Source Information Specialists" edit] 1st Source Information Specialists U.S. Rep.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Upton" \o "Fred Upton" Fred Upton (R- HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" \o "Kalamazoo, Michigan" Kalamazoo,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan" \o "Michigan" Michigan), chairman of the Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, expressed concern over the easy access to personal cell phone records on the Internet during Wednesday's E&C Committee hearing on "Phone Records For Sale: Why Aren't Phone Records Safe From Pretexting?"  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois" \o "Illinois" Illinois became the first state to sue an online records broker when Attorney General Lisa Madigan sued 1st Source Information Specialists, Inc., on  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_20" \o "January 20" 20 January, a spokeswoman for Madigan's office said. The  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" \o "Florida" Florida-based company operates several Web sites that sell cell telephone records, according to a copy of the suit. The attorneys general of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" \o "Florida" Florida and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri" \o "Missouri" Missouri quickly followed Madigan's lead, filing suit on  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_24" \o "January 24" 24 January and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_30" \o "January 30" 30 January, respectively, against 1st Source Information Specialists and, in Missouri's case, one other records broker - First Data Solutions, Inc. Several wireless providers, including T-Mobile, Verizon, and Cingular filed earlier lawsuits against records brokers, with Cingular winning an injunction against First Data Solutions and 1st Source Information Specialists on  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13" \o "January 13" January 13. U.S. Senator  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Schumer" \o "Charles Schumer" Charles Schumer (D- HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" \o "New York" New York) introduced legislation in February 2006 aimed at curbing the practice. The Consumer Telephone Records Protection Act of 2006 would create  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony" \o "Felony" felony  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law" \o "Criminal law" criminal penalties for stealing and selling the records of  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" \o "Mobile phone" mobile phone,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline" \o "Landline" landline, and  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol" \o "Voice over Internet Protocol" Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) subscribers. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=16" \o "Edit section: Hewlett Packard" edit] Hewlett Packard  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_C._Dunn" \o "Patricia C. Dunn" Patricia Dunn, former chairman of Hewlett Packard, reported that the HP board hired a private investigation company to delve into who was responsible for leaks within the board. Dunn acknowledged that this company used the practice of pretexting to solicit the telephone records of board members and journalists. Chairman Dunn later apologized for this act and offered to step down from the board if it was desired by board members. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_note-com-10#cite_note-com-10" [11] Unlike Federal law, California law specifically forbids such pretexting. The four felony charges brought on Dunn were dismissed HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_note-11#cite_note-11" [12]. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=17" \o "Edit section: In popular culture" edit] In popular culture In the film  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackers_(film)" \o "Hackers (film)" Hackers, the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist" \o "Protagonist" protagonist used a form of social engineering, where the main character accessed a TV network's control system by telephoning the security guard for the telephone number to the station's modem, posing as an important executive. Although the film is not highly accurate, the particular method demonstrates the power of social engineering when applied to criminal behavior. In Jeffrey Deaver's book The Blue Nowhere, social engineering to obtain confidential information is one of the methods used by the killer, Phate, to get close to his victims. In the movie  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Free_or_Die_Hard" \o "Live Free or Die Hard" Live Free or Die Hard,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Long" \o "Justin Long" Justin Long is seen pretexting that his father is dying from a heart attack to have a  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Assist" \o "BMW Assist" BMW Assist representative start what will become a stolen car. In the movie  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneakers_(film)" \o "Sneakers (film)" Sneakers, one of the characters poses as a low level security guard's superior in order to convince him that a security breach is just a false alarm. In the movie  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thomas_Crown_Affair_(1999_film)" \o "The Thomas Crown Affair (1999 film)" The Thomas Crown Affair, one of the characters poses over the telephone as a museum guard's superior in order to move the guard away from his post. In the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond" \o "James Bond" James Bond movie  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamonds_Are_Forever_(film)" \o "Diamonds Are Forever (film)" Diamonds Are Forever, Bond is seen gaining entry to the Whyte laboratory with a then-state-of-the-art card-access lock system by " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggybacking_(security)" \o "Piggybacking (security)" tailgating". He merely waits for an employee to come to open the door, then posing himself as a rookie at the lab, fakes inserting a non-existent card while the door is unlocked for him by the employee. [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=18" \o "Edit section: See also" edit] See also  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing" \o "Phishing" Phishing  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_trick" \o "Confidence trick" Confidence trick  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSEPS" \o "CSEPS" Certified Social Engineering Prevention Specialist (CSEPS)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_prank" \o "Media prank" Media pranks, which often use similar tactics (though usually not for criminal purposes)  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_information_security" \o "Physical information security" Physical information security  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishing" \o "Vishing" Vishing  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMiShing" \o "SMiShing" SMiShing [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=19" \o "Edit section: References" edit] References [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=20" \o "Edit section: Notes" edit] Notes  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_ref-0#cite_ref-0" ^ Mitnick, K: "CSEPS Course Workbook" (2004), unit 3, Mitnick Security Publishing.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_ref-1#cite_ref-1" ^ " HYPERLINK "http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/credit/cre10.shtm" \o "http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/credit/cre10.shtm" Pretexting: Your Personal Information Revealed,"  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" \o "Federal Trade Commission" Federal Trade Commission  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_ref-2#cite_ref-2" ^  HYPERLINK "http://www.darkreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=95556&WT.svl=column1_1" \o "http://www.darkreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=95556&WT.svl=column1_1" http://www.darkreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=95556&WT.svl=column1_1  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_ref-3#cite_ref-3" ^  HYPERLINK "http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/55/30324.html" \o "http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/55/30324.html" Office workers give away passwords  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_ref-4#cite_ref-4" ^  HYPERLINK "http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3639679.stm" \o "http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3639679.stm" Passwords revealed by sweet deal  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_ref-CSEPS-4_5-0#cite_ref-CSEPS-4_5-0" ^ Mitnick, K: "CSEPS Course Workbook" (2004), p. 4, Mitnick Security Publishing.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_ref-6#cite_ref-6" ^  HYPERLINK "http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.02/phreaks.html" \o "http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.02/phreaks.html" http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.02/phreaks.html  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_ref-7#cite_ref-7" ^  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restatement" \o "Restatement" Restatement 2d of Torts 652C.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_ref-8#cite_ref-8" ^  HYPERLINK "http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20061211-8395.html" \o "http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20061211-8395.html" Congress outlaws pretexting, Eric Bangeman, 12/11/2006 11:01:01,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica" \o "Ars Technica" Ars Technica  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_ref-9#cite_ref-9" ^ Mitnick, K (2002): "The Art of Deception", p. 103 Wiley Publishing Ltd: Indianapolis, Indiana; United States of America.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471237124" ISBN 0-471-23712-4  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_ref-com_10-0#cite_ref-com_10-0" ^  HYPERLINK "http://news.com.com/HP+chairman+Use+of+pretexting+embarrassing/2100-1014_3-6113715.html?tag=nefd.lede" \o "http://news.com.com/HP+chairman+Use+of+pretexting+embarrassing/2100-1014_3-6113715.html?tag=nefd.lede" HP chairman: Use of pretexting 'embarrassing' Stephen Shankland, 2006-09-08 1:08 PM PDT  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET" \o "CNET" CNET News.com  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" \l "cite_ref-11#cite_ref-11" ^  HYPERLINK "http://news.cnet.com/Calif.-court-drops-charges-against-Dunn/2100-1014_3-6167187.html" \o "http://news.cnet.com/Calif.-court-drops-charges-against-Dunn/2100-1014_3-6167187.html" Calif. court drops charges against Dunn [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=21" \o "Edit section: Further reading" edit] Further reading Boyington, Gregory. (1990). Baa Baa Black Sheep Published by Bantam Books  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0553263501" ISBN 0-553-26350-1 Leyden, John. April 18, 2003.  HYPERLINK "http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/04/18/office_workers_give_away_passwords/" \o "http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/04/18/office_workers_give_away_passwords/" Office workers give away passwords for a cheap pen.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register" \o "The Register" The Register. Retrieved  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" \o "2004" 2004- HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_9" \o "September 9" 09-09.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Long" \o "Johnny Long" Long, Johnny. (2008). No Tech Hacking - A Guide to Social Engeering, Dumpster Diving, and Shoulder Surfing Published by Syngress Publishing Inc.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597492157" ISBN 978-1-59749-215-7 Mann, Ian. (2008). Hacking the Human: Social Engineering Techniques and Security Countermeasures Published by Gower Publishing Ltd.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0566087731" ISBN 0566087731 or  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780566087738" ISBN 978-0-566-08773-8  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Mitnick" \o "Kevin Mitnick" Mitnick, Kevin,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Kasperavi%C4%8Dius" \o "Alexis Kasperavi ius" Kasperavi ius, Alexis. (2004).  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSEPS" \o "CSEPS" CSEPS Course Workbook. Mitnick Security Publishing.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Mitnick" \o "Kevin Mitnick" Mitnick, Kevin, Simon, William L.,  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wozniack" \o "Steve Wozniack" Wozniak, Steve,. (2002). The Art of Deception: Controlling the Human Element of Security Published by Wiley.  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471237124" ISBN 0-471-23712-4 or  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/076454280X" ISBN 0-764-54280-X [ HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_engineering_(security)&action=edit§ion=22" \o "Edit section: External links" edit] External links  HYPERLINK "http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1527" \o "http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1527" Social Engineering Fundamentals - Securityfocus.com. Retrieved on August 3rd, 2009.  HYPERLINK "http://www.darkreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=95556&WT.svl=column1_1" \o "http://www.darkreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=95556&WT.svl=column1_1" Social Engineering, the USB Way - DarkReading.com. Retrieved on July 7th, 2006.  HYPERLINK "http://www.darknet.org.uk/2006/03/should-social-engineering-a-part-of-penetration-testing/" \o "http://www.darknet.org.uk/2006/03/should-social-engineering-a-part-of-penetration-testing/" Should Social Engineering be a part of Penetration Testing? - Darknet.org.uk. Retrieved on August 3rd, 2009.  HYPERLINK "http://www.epic.org/privacy/iei/sencomtest2806.html" \o "http://www.epic.org/privacy/iei/sencomtest2806.html" "Protecting Consumers' Phone Records" - US Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Retrieved on February 8th, 2006. Plotkin, Hal.  HYPERLINK "http://www.plotkin.com/blog-archives/2006/09/memo_to_the_pre.html" \o "http://www.plotkin.com/blog-archives/2006/09/memo_to_the_pre.html" Memo to the Press: Pretexting is Already Illegal. Retrived on September 9th, 2006.  HYPERLINK "http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21566341/" \o "http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21566341/" Striptease for passwords - MSNBC.MSN.com. Retrieved on November 1st, 2007. 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