ࡱ> :<9 |bjbjcTcT 70>>|/////CCCC O<Cfff`x/fffff//(((f://(f((fsp̛yCc0k~s/s0ff(fffffffffffffffffffff : Chapter 1: Psychologys Roots Prescientific Psychology Is the mind connected to the body or distinct? Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank slate filled by experience? Psychologys Roots Prescientific Psychology Empiricism Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig (c. 1879) Structuralism used introspection (looking in) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind Functionalism focused on how behavioral processes function - how they enable organism to adapt, survive, and flourish Definition of Psychology The science of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings) Contemporary Psychology Nature-Nurture Controversy Contemporary Psychology Psychologys Subfields Basic Research pure science that aims to increase the knowledge base Applied Research scientific study that aims to solve practical problems Clinical Psychology branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Psychiatry a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders Other Subfields: Why Study Psychology? Psychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific method to construct theories that organize observations and imply testable hypotheses Hindsight Bias we tend to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it Overconfidence we tend to think we know more than we do The Scientific Attitude Critical Thinking thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions examines assumptions discerns hidden values evaluates evidence assesses conclusions The Scientific Method Theory an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations Hypothesis a testable prediction Operational Definition a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables example- intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures The Scientific Method Replication repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances usually with different participants in different situations Systematic Observations: involves watching people and recording what they say or do. two types of systematic observations Naturalistic observation: observing how people behave spontaneously in real-life situations Structured observations: done by creating a setting that is likely to elicit the behavior of interest Self-Reports: peoples answers to questions about a topic of interest Representative Sampling: a subset of a population that is representative of the population of interest Description Psychologists describe behavior using case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation Case Study observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principals Survey self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people Population all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study Random Sample a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion Correlation Correlation Coefficient a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other Correlational Design: examine the relations among two or more variables as they exist naturally Cause-and-effect relationships cannot be determined Illusory Correlation Illusory Correlation the perception of a relationship where none exists Experimental Design: systematic manipulation of a key factor (independent variable) that the research believes is responsible for a behavior and observing its effects on one or more other behaviors (dependent variables) Provide insight into cause-and-effect relationships and involve random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups Experiment an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable) by random assignment of participants the experiment controls other relevant factors Double-Blind Procedure both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo Placebo an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent Experimental Condition the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable Control Condition the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental treatment serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment Random Assignment assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance minimizes pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups Independent Variable the experimental factor that is manipulated the variable whose effect is being studied Dependent Variable the experimental factor that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable in psychology it is usually a behavior or mental process Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology Can laboratory experiments illuminate everyday life? Why do psychologists study animals? Is it ethical to experiment on animals? Is it ethical to experiment on people? Is psychology free of value judgments? Is psychology potentially dangerous? 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