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"╚╚╚╚┘Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Body Growth in Middle Childhood Slow, regular pattern Girls shorter and lighter until about age 9 Lower portion of body growing fastest Bones lengthen Muscles very flexible All permanent teeth arrive Common Health Problems in Middle Childhood Vision - Myopia Hearing - Otitis media (middle ear infection) Malnutrition Obesity Illnesses Injuries Causes of Obesity in Middle Childhood Overweight parents Low SES ParentsТ feeding practices Low physical activity Television Cultural food environment Deaths from Injuries, North American Children, Ages 5Ц19 Motor Development in Early Childhood Gross Motor Skills Improvements: Flexibility Balance Agility Force Fine Motor Skills Gains: Writing Drawing Physical Play Development in Middle Childhood Games with Rules Sports Invented Games Video Games Adult-organized sports Physical Education PiagetТs Theory: Achievements of the Concrete Operational Stage Conservation Decentration Reversibility Classification Seriation Transitive inference Spatial Reasoning Directions Maps Key Information Processing Improvements Increase in information-processing capacity Gains in cognitive inhibition Both may be related to brain development Attention in Middle Childhood Attention becomes more: Selective Adaptable Planful Development of Memory Strategies Rehearsal Ц early grade school Organization Ц early grade school Knowledge base helps organization Elaboration Ц end of middle childhood Meaningful chunks of information Information Processing and Academic Learning Reading Whole-language approach Basic-skills approach Mathematics Drill УNumber senseФ SternbergТs Triarchic Theory of Intelligence GardnerТs Multiple Intelligences Linguistic Logico-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Naturalist Interpersonal Intrapersonal Explaining Differences in IQ Genetics Accounts for about half of differences Environment SES Culture Communication styles Cultural bias in test content Language Development in Middle Childhood Vocabulary Increases fourfold during school years 20 new words a day Grammar Passive voice Infinitive phrases Pragmatics Adjust to people and situations Phrase requests to get what they want Learning Two Languages Bilingual Development Learn both languages at the same time Learn first language, then second Sensitive period - childhood Bilingual Education Language immersion Bilingual education Academic Achievement and Class Size Educational Philosophies and Practices Traditional v. 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