ࡱ> :<9_ _bjbjkk 7.;\;\_:::::NNNNj4NEyyy$' x:yyyyy::333yj::3y33\0Q (0E0,U!U!\U!:\Tyy3yyyyy#yyyEyyyyU!yyyyyyyyy> : DNA SCAVENGER HUNT What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid Which of the 4 types of macromolecule is it? Nucleic Acid What do Cells use it for? Storing and Passing along hereditary information. Describe the shape of the molecule: Double helix (twisted rope ladder) What are the monomer subunits? Nucleotides: there are 4 different kinds What are the 3 parts of each subunit? Deoxyribose sugar, Phosphate group and a Nitrogenous Base What is along the sides of the molecule? The sugar and phosphates alternate What is in the center? The nitrogenous bases in pairs. Who got credit for discovering the shape? Watson and Crick What year was it? 1953 Nobel Prize! Earlier research was done by who? (List at least 5) Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, Avery, Griffith, Hershey, Chase Names of the 4 Nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine Classified as? (2 categories) Purines (Double carbon Ring) A and G Pyrmidines (Single Carbon Ring) - T and C How do they pair? Adenine always with Thymine Guanine always with Cytosine Pairs held by: Hydrogen Bonds How is DNA repaired? (Flying Geese book) DNA polymerase enzyme checks the new strand. If errors are found, other enzymes cut out the error, and the correct nucleotides are inserted. How does the Nitrogen Base pairing make each species unique, if all species use the same 4 bases? The sequence and amounts of the nucleotides varies from species to species and individual to individual! (My DNA base sequence is different than yours!) What is DNA Replication? DNA making copies of itself (in S phase of the Cell cycle!) How is it done? (5 steps) 1. 2 Strands of DNA helix separate (unzip by breaking H bonds) 2. Each single strand serves as a template for producing a new, complementary strand 3. Nucleotides line up one at a time across from the existing strand, using base pairing rule (A-T, G-C) 4. Enzymes linke the nucleotides together, forming 2 new DNA strands, called daughter strands. 5. Result: 2 identical DNA molecules consisting of 1 old and 1 new strand What is the final result of DNA Replication? Two identical DNA molecules that each consist of 1 original DNA strand and 1 new strand. What enzymes are involved? Dozens of different enzymes -DNA Helicase Cuts the H bonds between the strands prior to replication -DNA Polymerase link up the new nucleotides in the new strand RNA & Protein Synthesis Scavenger Hunt DNA COMPARED TO RNA NUCLEIC ACID_ DNA RNA______ Number of Strands____ 2 __________ 1_______ Name of Sugar________Deoxyribose____Ribose___ Names of Adenine Adenine Nitrogenous Bases Thymine Uracil Guanine Guanine Cytosine Cytosine _____________________________________________ Pattern of Base Pairing A-T, G-C A-U, G-C Two Main Steps of Protein Synthesis (List/Explain) Step 1: Transcription = Making RNA from DNA (in Nucleus if Eukaryote) 1. DNA unzips down H bonds 2. Only 1 DNA strand serves as template to make RNA 3. RNA nucleotides pair with their complement on the DNA strand, but Uracil now pairs with Adenine 4. RNA polymerase links the nucleotides 5. RNA released, DNA zips back up Two Main Steps of Protein Synthesis (List/Explain) Step 2 : Translation = Making a Protein at the Ribosome from the RNA Code 1. mRNA feeds through the ribosome 2. Every 3 N bases on it = Codon 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings in amino acids to pair with the codons by matching up its anticodon 4. Amino acids get attached to each other with peptide bonds. 5. Finished protein then released from the ribosome Enzymes Involved RNA Polymerase Three Kinds of RNA (List/Define/) a. mRNA = Messenger RNA = transcribes the DNA code b. rRNA = Ribosomal RNA = part of the ribosome, helps read the genetic code on the mRNA c. tRNA = Transfer RNA = brings specific amino acids to the ribosome to help make the protein What is the Genetic Code? The sequence of the nitrogen bases in the center of each DNA molecule. Each sequence of 3 codes for an amino acid to be put into a protein. There are 64 possible codon comibinations, but only 20 different amino acids. (More than 1 way to code for each.) *This code is Universal all life forms use the same code sheet! Codon = series of 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA Anticodon = series of 3 nitrogen bases on tRNA that complement a specific codon Mutations = Any change in the N base sequence Effect on Protein Synthesis: Can cause change in amino acid sequence Can cause protein to not function properly May be beneficial, harmful or neither Gene Mutation = chance in a single gene (as compared to a chromosomal mutation that affects many genes) Example(s) = Point mutations Insertion or Deletion = Frameshift mutations Base-Pair Substitution = 1 N base substituted for another 5Jz # D m  2 R T ~     ! 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