ࡱ> U K*bjbjnn 4aaK"D\D5t{{{]5_5_5_5_5_5_5$R7:5p({{p(p(55P+P+P+p( ]5P+p(]5P+P+V3@4=z( )4 I550554x:(:4:4{?P+]!L${{{55F+ {{{5p(p(p(p(:{{{{{{{{{B : Unit 1: Culture, Hegsap, Neolithic, Paleolithic, River Civilizations Culture: A common way of life shared by a group of people: Culture includes language, religion, traditions, etc. Remember many things fall under the cultural umbrella Social Sciences: HEGSAP History- primarily concerned with the study of written records. Economist- the study of how people satisfy seemingly endless needs and wants Geography- the study of settlement patterns, and the impact climate has on people and the development of culture Sociology- the study of how people interact in groups: A sociologist would be concerned with racism, sexism, etc. Archeology- the study of the past, before written records. Archeologist (like Indian Jones), try to recreate the past through the examination of physical remains, such as bone fragments, tools, pottery, (artifacts). Paleolithic EraNeolithic EraOld Stone Age/ Hunter Gatherers 2 million BC 10,000 BC Small, Nomadic Tribes 20-30 people, no permanent civilizations. Simple tools and technologiesDomestication of Plants and Animals Permanent civilization begin to emerge Culture became more advanced  Early River CivilizationsGeographyContributionsEgypt c. 4,000BCNorth East Africa: Nile RiverHieroglyphics, pyramids, medicine, irrigation systemsMesopotamia c. 4,000 BCFertile Crescent, between the Tigris and Euphrates, Middle EastHammurabi code of law: One of the first written law codes: An eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth. Wheel CuneiformIndus c. 4,000BCIndia, Indus River ValleyTwo major cities, Harrapa, Mohenjo- Daro. Organized cities following a gird system - may have been an early democracyHuang He: c. 4000 BCChina- Yellow River ValleyBronze, silk, porcelain, great wall china  Unit 2 Classic Civilizations: Greece and Rome GreeceDue to the mountainous topography, city states developed in isolation. These city states were isolated, drastically different, and were known as Polis: Athens / SpartaGeographyBalkan Peninsula extends into the Aegean Sea,- eastern part of the Mediterranean. Isolated city states formed each with fierce ties to their independent city states ContributionsSparta- militaristic Athens- philosophy, direct democracy- all males could vote, comedies tragedies. Key figures- Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, Pythagoras, HippocratesGolden AgeDevelopment of direct democracy, columns, arches, poetry, drama, comedies, sculpturesLegacyThe Greeks left us with some of the fundamental principals of democracy, architectural idea, philosophy, education, poetry drama, etcRise / Fall338B.C. Macedonian king Phillip pitted rival isolated city states against one another and invaded / conquered Greece. Alexander the Great took over and extended the Macedonian Empire and created the Hellenistic culture Rome GeographyPeninsula that looks like a boot, jutting into the Mediterranean Sea. City of Rome is the center Italy. Romans created an empire that encompassed all of Italy, North Africa, and the lands that bordered the Mediterranean Sea. The empire expanded into Western Europe as far north as England. Italy was far more unified then GreeceContributionsRoman Republic thing of the people. 300 member senate, with 2 consuls. 12 tablets- written law code,Golden AgePax Romana- peace and prosperity, empire at its height, Coliseum, Art, Domes, Columns, aqueducts, poetry and lawLegacySenate, Veto powers, separation of powers / checks and balances, Rise / FallEmpire was split in 312 AD by Emperor Constantine established Constantinople as the Capital of the Eastern half of the Roman Empire- this would last until the 1450s: Western half of the empire was conquered by Germanic tribes in 475 leading to a time period of chaos, instability, disease and decentralized government.  Unit 3 Belief Systems Monotheistic ReligionsSacred TextPlace of WorshipReligious LeaderGeographic. Origin / FounderBasic PracticesJudaism Key Words Old Testament DiasporaTorah / Talmud: Old TestamentSynagogueRabbiMiddle East / IsraelFollow ten commandments Belief in one god Christianity Key Words: Jesus Christ 10Commandments Old / New TestamentBible; Old and New TestamentChurchPriest: Pope: Bishop: Deacons, etcMiddle East / IsraelTen Commandments, Trinity- God the father, son, holy spirit. -7 SacramentsIslam Key Words: Mecca Mohammed MuslimKoranMosqueImam/ CaliphMiddle East- Arabian Peninsula-Mohammed received word of God/ Allah -Follow five pillars Asian / Indian Belief Systems Sacred TextPlace of WorshipReligious LeaderGeographic Origin / FounderBasic Practices Buddhism Key words: Nirvana, four noble truths, eight fold pathTripitakaSometimes in temples, not always: mostly indep. meditationnone-no God: Siddhartha Gautama- enlightened one 553BC -IndiaDesire is the cause of one suffering. End suffering by ending desire: Four Noble truths: eight fold path; Achieve nirvanaHinduism Key Words: Caste system Moksha, dharma, karma Vedas UpanishadsTemplesBrahmanIndia: 1500BC: Polytheistic Good Dharma ensure good karma- leads moksha- end of cycle of death and re-birth. Strict Caste SystemConfucianism Key Words- Filial piety 5 Relationships Civil service exm.The AnalectsNo specific place of worship: MeditationsNoneChina: Scholar Confucius 551BCMaintain social order through respect of the five relationships: People should no their place and honor that social orderDaoism : Very similar to Animism & Shintoism (Japan) key words: harmony w/ nature: yin yangTao te ChingNoneNoneChina Lao Tze 500 BCPeople should live in harmony with nature -yin & yang (balance) -live in harmony = no need for law- respect for all that is around you Unit 4 India & Byzantine India: Geography- Indian subcontinent juts out from the Asian continent. Northern plain is fertile and well watered by the Indus and Ganges rivers. Deccan Plateau (south central) is dry and sparsely populated. Farming and fishing occur along the coastlines EmpireFoundations Key Figures AchievementsMaurya321 BC- 185 BC -Lead by Chandragupta Maurya, the Maurya empire ruled over the first unified Indian Subcontinent. -Asoka- Rock Edicts- laws and sermons he posted throughout his empire: promoted religious toleration-Bureaucracy- system of managing government through depts. - Rock Edicts -united India for the first time -peace prosperity and trade -spread Buddhism throughout India attractive b/c their was no CASTE system -golden ageGupta320 BC- 550 AD-roads for trade -advanced math (zero as a base) -heavily reliant on the Caste system to maintain social order -Golden age Byzantine Empire- 330 1453- Eastern half of the Roman Empire Roman law code was preserved by Emperor Justinian The Byzantine Empire with its capital at Constantinople protected western Europe from invasion and the spread of Islam Trade routes linked Europe with the middle east, and Asia- silk road The Eastern Orthodox sect of Christianity grew and thrived during the Byzantine Empire Justinian built the Hagia Sophia a catholic church used by the Eastern Orthodox Christians living in Constantinople Middle Ages As the Roman Empire disintegrated, landholders needed protection from invaders. Barbarians repeatedly sacked cities, and inhabitants retreated to private strongholds. The European countryside was littered with independent / isolated castles that were protected from invasion and self sufficient. Feudalism developed- the exchange of service and loyalty for protections. Feudal society required the serfs to produce the food for the manor. The serfs were rewarded for their efforts with protection from the barbarian armies that larked beyond the castle walls. Feudal European society was strictly organized with Kings and nobles (vassals) at the top of the hierarchy, followed by knights, and finally the serfs. Crusades Religion played an extremely important role in the lives of the Medieval Europeans. The Catholic Church maintained its authority over the peoples lives throughout the fall of Rome, the medieval period, and throughout the Crusades. As the Muslim influence grew throughout the Middle East, and compromised the strength of the Byzantine Empire, the Byzantine Emperor appealed to the Pope for help. Pope Urban II organized an expedition of Europeans knights to rescue Jerusalem from the Muslims. For the next 200 years, seven more expeditions invaded the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. The Crusades- the efforts of Catholic Knights to free Jerusalem from the Muslim conquers were largely unsuccessful. Ultimately, the crusades helped to end feudalism in Europe, encouraged cultural diffusion, increased trade, and created the tension that still exist between many Catholics and Muslims today. 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