= 0)
data.remove(list.getSelectedIndex());
}
The handleAdd method first checks if there is any text in the name field. If so, it generates a new address and adds it to the data model. Since data is attached to list, the list will automatically update to display the additional entry. After adding the new address we erase the entries from the text fields and put the cursor back into the name field so that the user can quickly add another address.
public void handleAdd()
{ if (!name.equals(""))
{ data.addElement(new Address(name.getText(), email.getText()));
name.setText("");
email.setText("");
name.requestFocus();
}
}
The actionPerformed method simply calls on these two handlers to perform the appropriate action: when the del button is pressed, call handleDelete, when the add button is pressed or when the user presses ENTER in the email field, call handleAdd:
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ if (ae.getSource() == del)
handleDelete();
else if ((ae.getSource() == add) || (ae.getSource() == email))
handleAdd();
}
The method valueChanged must be defined because our class implements ListSelectionListener. After the user has settled on a selection from the list, we get the name and email field of the corresponding address from the data model and display it in the text fields. We can retrieve a complete Address type from data but we must typecast it to ensure that the object really is of type Address.
public void valueChanged(ListSelectionEvent lse)
{ if (!lse.getValueIsAdjusting())
{ Address address = (Address)data.get(list.getSelectedIndex());
name.setText(address.name);
email.setText(address.email);
}
}
The main method, as outlined, simply creates an instance of EmailListing to get the program going. When everything is put together and the necessary classes are imported, the program will look as follows (don't forget to put the Address and JPanelBox classes in the same directory as this program):
EmailListing with several addresses addedEmailListing with existing address highlighted
Figure 6.3.5: The EmailListing class in action n
T o m a k e s u r e w e a l s o u n d e r s t a n d h o w m u l t i p l e s e l e c t i o n s w o r k i n a J L i s t , w e w i l l d o o n e m o r e e x a m p l e f o c u s i n g o n t e x t f i e l d s a n d l i s t s , t h i s t i m e u s i n g t w o l i s t s ( a n d h e n c e t w o d a t a m o d e l s , o n e f o r e a c h l i s t ) .
E x a m p l e 6 . 3 . 1 5 :
C r e a t e a p r o g r a m t o m a n a g e hiring and firing employees. You should be able to add names to a list of current employees. If you click on a name in that list, the name should move to a second list, containing people put "on probation". You should be able to fire people by selecting their names from the probation list, or restore them to regular employee status by moving them back to the employee list via buttons. The probation list should allow for multiple selections at a time. Separate the code responsible for the layout and the code for event handling into two different classes.
This time we are supposed to split our program into two classes. The first class we will call EmployeeLists and it will extend JFrame. It will focus on the layout of the various components. The second class called EmployeeEventHandler will contain all event-handling code.
The first class will get two lists with attached data models, one for a list of employees and the other for a list of people on probation. We also need a text field for the user to add new employee names. Finally there will be three buttons (hire, fire, and restore) to provide the user with the necessary action elements. The layout is simple, using again our JPanelBox class defined in definition 6.2.18. Here is the EmployeeLists class, including a standard main method to see the layout in action:
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import java.awt.Container;
import javax.swing.*;
public class EmployeeLists extends JFrame
{ protected JButton hire = new JButton("Hire");
protected JButton fire = new JButton("Fire");
protected JButton restore = new JButton("Restore");
protected JTextField name = new JTextField();
protected DefaultListModel peopleData = new DefaultListModel();
protected DefaultListModel toFireData = new DefaultListModel();
protected JList peopleList = new JList(peopleData);
protected JList toFireList = new JList(toFireData);
public EmployeeLists()
{ super("JList Test");
JPanel buttons = new JPanel(new FlowLayout());
buttons.add(hire); buttons.add(fire); buttons.add(restore);
JPanel input = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
input.add("Center", new JPanelBox(name , "Employee Name"));
input.add("East", new JPanelBox(buttons, "Action"));
JScrollPane peoplePane = new JScrollPane(peopleList);
JScrollPane toFirePane = new JScrollPane(toFireList);
peoplePane.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(200,200));
toFirePane.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(200,200));
Container content = getContentPane();
content.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
content.add("North", input);
content.add("East", new JPanelBox(toFirePane, "Probation List"));
content.add("West", new JPanelBox(peoplePane, "Employees List"));
peopleList.setSelectionMode(ListSelectionModel.SINGLE_SELECTION);
toFireList.setSelectionMode(
ListSelectionModel.MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION);
validate(); pack(); setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ EmployeeLists jlt = new EmployeeLists(); }
}
Note that we allow single selections only in the employee list, but multiple selections (the default) in the probation list. We have also marked all fields as protected rather than private so that the event handling class we are going to define next can easily access them. The class should compile as is, providing the following look:
Figure 6.3.6: Hiring and Firing: handling multiple selections in a list
Of course the class will not actually do anything because no events are generated by any elements and no listeners are installed. Instead of finishing our class by adding the necessary code to that class, we establish a second class EmployeeEventHandler that will react to the user's request. In order for this event handler to have access to the protected fields of the main class, we use a reference field master that points to the EmployeeLists instance and is initialized through the constructor.
The EmployeeEventHandler class extends WindowAdapter so that it can properly close the program when the user clicks on the close box. It will implement ActionListener as well as ListSelectionListener to react to action events and list selection events. Therefore, we need to define as a minimum the methods actionPerformed and valueChanged.
The actionPerformed method delegates its task to other methods:
public void hire(): checks if a name has been entered into the text field, adds it to the data for the employee list, removes the text from the input field and makes sure the input field receives the focus
public void fire(): checks if any names have been selected in the probation list, then removes those names from the corresponding data model
public void restore(): checks if any names have been selected in the probation list, then moves those names from the probation data model to the employee data model, restoring them as regular employees.
These methods are not hard, but we should explain how the fire method works since it deals with multiple selected values:
the method is called if the user whishes to remove names from the probation list
it defines a reference to the array of selected indices of the probation list
if that array has anything in it, we start a loop to remove the corresponding entries from the data model
For example, if the user wants to remove entries 0, 3, 4, and 5 from the probation list, our event handler needs to remove the 0th, 3rd, 4th, and 5th entry in that corresponding data model. However, if we remove the 0th entry first, all entries above will move down by one, and what used to be the 3rd entry is now the 2nd. Now we have a problem trying to remove the original 3rd entry ! The solution is to use a reverse loop that removes first the 5th entry, then the 4th, and so on:
private void fire()
{ int indices[] = master.toFireList.getSelectedIndices();
if (indices.length > 0)
for (int i = indices.length-1; i >= 0; i--)
master.toFireData.remove(indices[i]);
}
The valueChanged method moves a name from the employee list to the probation list by removing and adding it to the corresponding data models. It also ensures that the name just moved to the probation list is visible and selected. Here is the complete class:
import javax.swing.event.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class EmployeeEventHandler extends WindowAdapter
implements ActionListener, ListSelectionListener
{ private EmployeeLists master;
public EmployeeEventHandler(EmployeeLists _master)
{ master = _master; }
private void hire()
{ if (!master.name.getText().equals(""))
{ master.peopleData.addElement(master.name.getText());
master.name.setText("");
master.name.requestFocus();
}
}
private void fire()
{ /* as defined above */ }
private void restore()
{ int indices[] = master.toFireList.getSelectedIndices();
if (indices.length > 0)
{ for (int i = indices.length-1; i >= 0; i--)
{ master.peopleData.addElement(
master.toFireData.get(indices[i]));
master.toFireData.remove(indices[i]);
}
}
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ if ((ae.getSource() == master.hire) ||
(ae.getSource() == master.name))
hire();
else if (ae.getSource() == master.fire)
fire();
else if (ae.getSource() == master.restore)
restore();
}
public void valueChanged(ListSelectionEvent lse)
{ if (!lse.getValueIsAdjusting())
{ master.toFireData.addElement(
master.peopleList.getSelectedValue());
master.peopleData.remove(master.peopleList.getSelectedIndex());
master.toFireList.ensureIndexIsVisible(
master.toFireData.getSize()-1);
master.toFireList.setSelectedIndex(
master.toFireData.getSize()-1);
}
}
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
{ System.exit(0); }
}
The final step is to attach this event handler to the EmployeeLists class. To do that, we need to activate the buttons and the text field, add a list selection listener to the employee list, and add a window listener to the frame. We therefore add the following lines to the end of the constructor of EmployeeLists:
public EmployeeLists()
{ // all code as before, plus:
EmployeeEventHandler handler = new EmployeeEventHandler(this);
hire.addActionListener(handler);
fire.addActionListener(handler);
restore.addActionListener(handler);
n a m e . a d d A c t i o n L i s t e n e r ( h a n d l e r ) ;
p e o p l e L i s t . a d d L i s t S e l e c t i o n L i s t e n e r ( h a n d l e r ) ;
a d d W i n d o w L i s t e n e r ( h a n d l e r ) ;
}
n
T h e n e x t t e x t c o m p o n e n t i s J T e x t A r e a , w h i c h a l l o w s f o r m u l t i - l i n e t e x t . I t i s s i m i l a r t o i t s A W T c o u n t e r p a r t , b u t d o e s n o t s u p p o r t s c r o l ling on its own. There are also some other differences so that this class is not code-compatible to java.awt.TextField.
Definition 6.3.16: The JTextArea Class
This class represents a multi-line area that displays editable or non-editable plain text. It is different from java.awt.TextField in several respects. Most importantly:
it does not provide automatic scrolling capabilities but can be embedded in a JScrollPane
it does not add a TextListener to monitor changes to the text but uses a DocumentListener instead, which can be added to the Document returned by the inherited getDocument method
it supports different document classes as data models (which we will not discuss), using the PlainText document model by default
it allows automatic line-wrapping, controlled by setLineWrap and setWrapStyleWord (to wrap lines at word boundaries)
The Java API defines this class as follows:
public class JTextArea extends JTextComponent
{ // selected constructors
public JTextArea()
public JTextArea(String text)
public JTextArea(int rows, int columns)
public JTextArea(String text, int rows, int columns)
public JTextArea(Document doc)
// selected methods
public void insert(String str, int pos)
public void append(String str)
public void replaceRange(String str, int start, int end)
public void setLineWrap(boolean wrap)
public void setWrapStyleWord(boolean word)
}
Example 6.3.17:
One of the (few) deficiencies of the JLabel class is that it supports only one line of text (aside from icons). Use a JTextArea with scrollbars to define a multi-line, non-editable text field with automatic word-wrapping at word boundaries.
We will add a text area with 3 rows and 10 columns to a JFrame, set it to automatically wrap lines at word boundaries, and add some long text to it to see how it works. To support scrolling, we embed the field in a JScrollPane. Here is the code:
import javax.swing.*;
public class MultiLineLabelTest extends JFrame
{ private JTextArea label = new JTextArea(3, 10);
public MultiLineLabelTest()
{ super("MultiLineLabel Test");
label.setLineWrap(true);
label.setWrapStyleWord(true);
label.setEditable(false);
String s = " This text should be displayed using ";
s += "multiple scrolling lines"
label.setText(s);
getContentPane().add("Center", new JScrollPane(label));
validate(); pack(); setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ MultiLineLabelTest mllt = new MultiLineLabel T e s t ( ) ; }
}
W h e n t h e p r o g r a m e x e c u t e s , y o u w i l l s e e t h e s c r o l l a b l e t e x t a r e a :
F i g u r e 6 . 3 . 7 : J T e x t A r e a w i t h a u t o m a t i c s c r o l l i n g e n a b l e d
n
T h i s e x a m p l e , w h i l e s i m p l e , s h o u l d b e s u f f i c i e n t t o c o n v e r t m o s t T e x t A r e a f i e l d s t o J T e x t A r e a o n e s . A n a d d ed level of complexity is the use of a DocumentListener instead of a TextListener. As the definition mentioned, if you need to monitor changes that the user makes to the text represented by a JTextArea, you must attach a DocumentListener to the data model connected to the text area.
Definition 6.3.18: The DocumentListener and DocumentEvent Classes
The DocumentListener is can be used for document change notifications and replaces java.awt.TextListener. It uses a DocumentEvent to represent changes to the text. The Java API defines these classes as follows:
public abstract interface DocumentListener extends EventListener
{ // methods to be implemented
public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e)
public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e)
public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e)
}
public abstract interface DocumentEvent
{ // selected methods
public int getOffset()
public int getLength()
}
Example 6.3.19:
Modify example 6.3.17 to allow editing in the JTextArea. Add a DocumentListener to the text area and display all changes to the text to standard output. Add and remove some text and explain the output.
The code is similar to above, except that our class should now implement DocumentListener. Then we can attach this to the text field as document listener, provided that we implement the necessary methods. We add a private method to display the properties of the DocumentEvent to standard output:
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.*;
public class JTextAreaTest extends JFrame implements DocumentListener
{ private JTextArea label = new JTextArea(3, 10);
public JTextAreaTest()
{ super("MultiLineLabel Test");
label.setLineWrap(true);
label.setWrapStyleWord(true);
label.setText("This text area contains some editable text.");
getContentPane().add("Center", new JScrollPane(label));
label.getDocument().addDocumentListener(this);
validate(); pack(); setVisible(true);
}
public void changedUpdate(DocumentEvent e)
{ System.out.println("Change Event: \n" + eventInfo(e)); }
public void insertUpdate(DocumentEvent e)
{ System.out.println("Insert Event: \n" + eventInfo(e)); }
public void removeUpdate(DocumentEvent e)
{ System.out.println("Remove Event: \n" + eventInfo(e)); }
private String eventInfo(DocumentEvent e)
{ return "Length: " +e.getLength()+ ", Offset: " +e.getOffset(); }
public static void main(String args[])
{ JTextAreaTest tat = new JTextAreaTest(); }
}
When we run the program, we will mark the work some, remove it by hitting delete, and add the word an in its place. The following document events will be generated:
Marking text does not generate any document event.
Cutting text generates a REMOVE document event where Length is the number of characters removed and Offset is where the change started:
Remove Event: Length: 4, Offset: 24
Inserting the letters 'a' and 'n' generates two INSERT events of length 1, with offset indicating where the character is inserted:
I n s e r t E v e n t : L e n g t h : 1 , O f f s e t : 2 4
I n s e r t E v e n t : L e n g t h : 1 , O f f s e t : 2 5
F i g u r e 6 . 3 . 8 : I l l u s t r a t i n g D o c u m e n t E v e n t n
O u r f i n a l t e x t c o m p o n e n t c l a s s i s s o m e w h a t s i m i l a r t o a J T e x t A r e a b u t w i t h t h e e x t r a a b i l i t y t o d i s p l a y f o r m a t t e d t e x t , i m a g e s , a nd tables.
Definition 6.3.20: The JEditorPane Class
This class represents a text component that can handle the following default types of text:
text/plain: plain text such as the one used for a JTextArea
text/html: full support for the HTML 3.2 formatting language
text/rtf: limited support for Rich Text Format
The class provides methods to read text directly from a file or URL via the setPage methods or constructors. It does not support automatic scrolling, but can be embedded in a JScrollPane. Perhaps the most useful and surprisingly easy way of using this class is to display non-editable HTML text. The Java API defines this class as follows:
public class JEditorPane extends JTextComponent
{ // selected constructors
public JEditorPane()
public JEditorPane(String pathToFile) throws IOException
public JEditorPane(URL urlToFile) throws IOException
public JEditorPane(String type, String text)
// selected methods
public void addHyperlinkListener(HyperlinkListener listener)
public void setPage(String pathToFile) throws IOException
public void setPage(URL urlToFile) throws IOException
public final void setContentType(String type)
}
where pathToFile is either a full URL (web address) of a document located on the web or, if the document is located in the same directory as the source code, the String:
"file:" + System.getProperty("user.dir")
+ System.getProperty("file.separator")
+ "actualFileName.html";
We can not explore the full capabilities of this class, but it is very convenient to show formatted, non-editable text inside a Java program. Probably the most useful content type is HTML, so we will only use this content type. Of course this means that you will need some familiarity with HTML formatting tags. Again we will not be able to explore all of the capabilities that HTML offers but restrict ourselves to a very small subset of HTML formatting commands:
Definition 6.3.21: The HTML Formatting Language
The HyperText Markup Language provides a flexible, platform-independent, and non-proprietary way to represent formatted documents including images, tables, and hyperlinks. A document formatted according to the HTML standard consists of plain text and HTML formatting tags. All formatting tags are enclosed in angular brackets and turn some formatting feature on or off. Tags that turn formatting off are prefaced by a slash. All HTML documents must start with the tag and end with the tag. Examples of other HTML formatting tags are:
: text inside the tags is bold
: text inside the tags is italics
: a bulleted item, usually inside an unsorted list
: A paragraph break
Example 6.3.22:
Create a plain text file using the above formatting tags. Save the file as sample.html and load it into your web browser.
We can create HTML documents using the same editor we use to create Java source code. Here is a sample file, as it is displayed in the editor:
A Sample Document
Using HTML formatting tags, text can be displayed in bold or italics or even in bold and italics
Item 1 in our list
Item 1.2 in a sublist within the first oneItem 1.2 in the same sublist
Item 2 in the original list
And finally, here is a small " + mark.title + " ";
s += "Address: ";
s += mark.address + " Category: " + mark.category + " Description: "+mark.description+" ";
info.setContentType("text/html");
info.setText(s);
}
In particular, the last two lines set the content type of the editor pane to HTML and put the formatted string in the editor. The valueChanged method waits until the user has made a selection, retrieves the index of the selected list item, and uses the showBookmark method to display the formatted bookmark:
public void valueChanged(ListSelectionEvent lse)
{ if (!lse.getValueIsAdjusting())
showBookmark(list.getSelectedIndex());
}
Finally, hyperLinkUpdate is called when a user clicks on a hyperlink in the editor. There is at least one hyperlink available, coming from the formatted version of our bookmark. When a user clicks that link, the appropriate web page should be loaded into the editor. While that is in principle tricky to accomplish (a connection to a web server must be made, an HTML page must be loaded and formated, etc see chapter 10 for details), the JEditorPane method showPage handles all details. Since that method throws an IOException, we must embed it in a standard try-catch block as follows:
public void hyperlinkUpdate(HyperlinkEvent hle)
{ if (hle.getEventType() == HyperlinkEvent.EventType.ACTIVATED)
{ try
{ info.setPage(hle.getURL()); }
catch(IOException ioe)
{ info.setText("" +hle.getURL() +"unloadable " + ioe); }
}
}
Note that we display the error message, if any, right in our editor. All that remains to do is put the pieces together, import the right classes including the java.io.IOException class and test the program. Before testing starts, though, make sure your computer is connected to the Internet. You should first dialup an Internet Service Provider, then start this class to see its full functionality (and limitations). The program should initially display bookmarks as follows:
Figure 6.3.10: BookmarkManager displaying a particular bookmark
If you click on the hyperlink http://www.yahoo.com, and you are properly connected to the Internet, the program will locate Yahoo's web page right into the editor:
XYZZY
Figure 6.3. LISTNUM "chapter6figs"1: BookmarkManager after clicking on the link for Yahoo's web page
As a matter of fact, all Yahoo's hyperlinks also work, so you can click on any link and even perform searches right from our little Java program. Of course our program is not a complete web browser. For one thing, the standard "back" button is missing and pages comprised of "frames" may not work correctly. Also, many pages on the web will not display properly due to formatting limitations of the JEditorPane and incorrect HTML code in web pages. Still, for the effort invested this is a pretty neat little program.
If you clicked on the Yahoo link while not properly connected to the Internet, our program will display the following error message (it may take a f e w s e c o n d s ) :
F i g u r e 6 . 3 . 1 2 : B o o k m a r k M a n a g e r t r i e d t o c o n n e c t u n s u c c e s s f u l l y t o Y a h o o ' s w e b s i t e
n
H o l d i n g S w i n g i n g D i a l o g s
D i a l o g s a r e a n o t h e r a r e a w h e r e S w i n g e x c e l s o v e r t h e A W T . I t p r o v i d e s a J D i a l o g c l a s s t h a t i s , f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , c o d e - c o m p atible to java.awt.Dialog, but it also provides an easy-to-use JOptionPane class that allows you to quickly generate several standard types of dialogs, complete with standard icons and buttons. Therefore, we will cover this class first before mentioning the more traditional JDialog class.
Definition 6.3.26: The JOptionPane Class
This class provides several convenient static methods to pop up a "message", "input", "confirmation", or "options" dialog box, including appropriate icons and buttons. All dialog boxes are modal, i.e. they block input to their parent class. If the parent component is null, the dialog appears in the middle of the screen, otherwise it appears centered inside its parent. The methods are (for the constants used, see table 6.3.13):
public class JOptionPane extends JComponent implements Accessible
{ // selected methods ALL METHODS ARE PUBLIC
static void showMessageDialog(Component parent, Object message)
static void showMessageDialog(Component parent, Object message,
String title, int messageType)
static String showInputDialog(Component parent, Object message)
static String showInputDialog(Component parent, Object message,
String title, int messageType)
static int showConfirmDialog(Component parent, Object message)
static int showConfirmDialog(Component parent, Object message,
String title, int optionType,
int messageType)
static int showOptionDialog(Component parent, Object message,
String title, int optionType,
int messageType, Icon icon,
Object[] options, Object initialValue)
}
ConstantNamemessageTypeERROR_MESSAGE, INFORMATION_MESSAGE,
WARNING_MESSAGE, QUESTION_MESSAGE,
PLAIN_MESSAGEoptionTypeDEFAULT_OPTION, YES_NO_OPTION,
YES_NO_CANCEL_OPTION, OK_CANCEL_OPTIONreturn values for "Confirm"
and "Option" dialogsYES_OPTION, NO_OPTION,
CANCEL_OPTION, OK_OPTION,
CLOSED_OPTIONTable 6.3.13: Constants used in JOptionPane
Example 6.3.27:
Create a program with three buttons, one for each of the dialog types except "Option" dialog. Use drop-down combo boxes to let the user select the messageType and optionType and display a message corresponding to the button pressed and the option(s) selected. Test each of the dialog boxes.
We use three buttons, as requested, and two combo boxes. To initialize the combo boxes, we define arrays of strings corresponding to the text of the various options. We also define additional arrays of integers corresponding to the actual options. In the actionPerformed method, we check which string is currently selected in the combo boxes, then pick that entry from the integer array for that option and construct the appropriate dialog box. Here is the code, using once again the JPanelBox class from example 6.2.18:
import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class JOptionPaneTest extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{ private int MESSAGE_TYPE[] =
{JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE, JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE,
JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE, JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE,
JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE};
private int OPTION_TYPE[] =
{JOptionPane.DEFAULT_OPTION, JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION,
JOptionPane.YES_NO_CANCEL_OPTION, JOptionPane.OK_CANCEL_OPTION };
private String MESSAGE_STRING[] =
{"ERROR_MESSAGE", "INFORMATION_MESSAGE", "WARNING_MESSAGE",
"QUESTION_MESSAGE", "PLAIN_MESSAGE"};
private String OPTION_STRING[] =
{"DEFAULT_OPTION", "YES_NO_OPTION",
"YES_NO_CANCEL_OPTION", "OK_CANCEL_OPTION"};
private JButton message = new JButton("Message");
private JButton input = new JButton("Simple Input");
private JButton confirm = new JButton("Confirm");
private JComboBox messageType = new JComboBox(MESSAGE_STRING);
private JComboBox optionType = new JComboBox(OPTION_STRING);
public JOptionPaneTest()
{ super("Standard Dialog Test");
JPanelBox buttons = new JPanelBox(new FlowLayout(), "Types");
buttons.add(message); message.addActionListener(this);
buttons.add(input); input.addActionListener(this);
buttons.add(confirm); confirm.addActionListener(this);
JPanelBox options = new JPanelBox(new FlowLayout(), "Options");
options.add(new JLabel("Message Types:"));
options.add(messageType);
options.add(new JLabel("Option Types:"));
options.add(optionType);
getContentPane().add("North", buttons);
getContentPane().add("South", options);
validate(); pack(); setVisible(true);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ if (ae.getSource() == message)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "Test Message", "Message",
MESSAGE_TYPE[messageType.getSelectedIndex()]);
else if (ae.getSource() == input)
JOptionPane.showInputDialog(this, "Test Input", "Input",
MESSAGE_TYPE[messageType.getSelectedIndex()]);
else if (ae.getSource() == confirm)
JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(this, "Test Confirm", "Confirm",
OPTION_TYPE[optionType.getSelectedIndex()],
MESSAGE_TYPE[messageType.getSelectedIndex()]);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ JOptionPaneTest jopt = new JOptionPaneTest(); }
}
The program should execute fine and present the user with several buttons and combo box combinations of constants:
Figure 6.3.14: The JOptionPaneTest program in action
Here are some of the dialog boxes from the above program with various types and options chosen, in the Java look as well as in the Windows look:
ERROR_MESSAGEINFORMATION_MESSAGEWARNING_MESSAGEQUESTION_MESSAGE
Figure 6.3.15: Java Look of various types of message boxes
ERROR_MESSAGEINFORMATION_MESSAGEWARNING_MESSAGEQUESTION_MESSAGE
Figure 6.3.16: Windows Look of various types of message boxes
Input dialog with QUESTION_M E S S A G E C o n f i r m a t i o n d i a l o g w i t h Q U E S T I O N _ M E S S A G E a n d Y E S _ N O _ C A N C E L _ O P T I O N F i g u r e 6 . 3 . 1 7 : J a v a L o o k o f i n p u t a n d c o n f i r m a t i o n d i a l o g s w i t h v a r i o u s o p t i o n s n
T h e g e n e r a l o p t i o n s d i a l o g b o x i s s o m e w h a t m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d t o u s e , b u t a l s o m o r e f l e x i b l e . I t c an probably replace many modal instances of using JDialog by using an appropriate instance of a JPanel as message. You do get ease of use as well as automatic icons and positioning so there are many reasons to use JOptionPane over JDialog. Here is a simple example using the general options dialog.
Example 6.3.28:
Create a program that brings up a general dialog box containing two text fields for user input. If the user clicks OK and has entered text in both fields, show the input in a label. If the user clicks OK but one or both text fields contain no text, display a suitable error message. If the user closes the dialog any other way, do nothing.
We will extend JFrame and add an active button and a status label. We also define a JPanel containing the text fields for our options dialog, and use that panel as input to the dialog. When the user clicks OK we can query that panel for the values the user entered and act accordingly. For convenience, we define that panel as a separate class:
import java.awt.GridLayout;
import javax.swing.*;
public class OptionsPanel extends JPanel
{ protected static String BUTTONS[] = {"Sure, why not",
"I don't think so"};
private JTextField name = new JTextField();
private JTextField email = new JTextField();
public OptionsPanel()
{ setLayout(new GridLayout(2,2));
add(new JLabel("Name:")); add(name);
add(new JLabel("Email:")); add(email);
}
public String getName()
{ return name.getText(); }
public String getEmail()
{ return email.getText(); }
}
In addition to the text fields, we added some labels to the layout. More importantly, we defined a protected static array of strings representing the text we want to see on the buttons of the dialog when it appears. With this class defined we can create our main program. Its main action is in the actionPerformed method. If the show button is clicked, we first create an instance of an OptionsPanel as defined above. Then we use that panel as well as the static array of strings BUTTONS as input to the showOptionDialog method. When that modal dialog is dismissed, we check which button was pressed and act accordingly. Here is the code:
import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class GeneralDialogTest extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{ private JButton show = new JButton("Show Dialog");
private JLabel status = new JLabel("Status line for dialog input");
public GeneralDialogTest()
{ super("General Dialog Test");
JPanel buttons = new JPanel(new FlowLayout());
buttons.add(new JLabel("Click to show dialog:"));
buttons.add(show); show.addActionListener(this);
getContentPane().add("North", new JPanelBox(buttons, "Action"));
getContentPane().add("South", new JPanelBox(status, "Status"));
validate(); pack(); setVisible(true);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ if (ae.getSource() == show)
{ OptionsPanel options = new OptionsPanel();
int resp = JOptionPane.showOptionDialog(this, options,
"New Address Dialog", JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION,
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE, null,
OptionsPanel.BUTTONS, OptionsPanel.BUTTONS[0]);
if (resp == JOptionPane.YES_OPTION)
{ if (!(options.getName().equals("")) &&
!(options.getEmail().equals("")))
status.setText("Name: " + options.getName() +
", Email: " + options.getEmail());
else
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"You must enter a value in both text fields",
"Input Error", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ GeneralDialogTest gdt = new GeneralDialogTest(); }
}
This class will compile and execute fine, resulting in the following behavior.
Initial look of the programOptions Dialog appears and is customized E r r o r m e s s a g e i f o n e t e x t f i e l d i s e m p t y S t a t u s c h a n g e d i f n a m e a n d e m a i l f i e l d s w e r e e n t e r e d
F i g u r e 6 . 3 . 1 8 : V a r i o u s s t a g e s o f t h e G e n e r a l D i a l o g T e s t p r o g r a m n
F i n a l l y t h e r e i s t h e J D i a l o g c l a s s , a g e n e r a l - p u r p o s e d i a l o g c l a s s s i m i l a r t o j a v a . a w t . D i a log. In fact, since JDialog is so similar to its AWT counterpart, we do not need to spend much time on this class.
Definition 6.3.29: The JDialog Class
This class allows modal (blocking) or non-modal (not blocking) dialog windows that are usually attached to other frames or dialogs and whose behavior is coupled to that of its parent. The class is code-compatible to java.awt.Dialog, which it extends. The only difference is that components and layout managers must be added to the content pane obtained via getContentPane instead of directly to the dialog. Dialogs are non-modal unless specified otherwise. The Java API defines this class as follows:
public class JDialog extends Dialog
implements WindowConstants, Accessible, RootPaneContainer
{ // constructors
public JDialog()
public JDialog(Frame parent)
public JDialog(Frame parent, boolean modal)
public JDialog(Frame parent, String title)
public JDialog(Frame parent, String title, boolean modal)
public JDialog(Dialog parent)
public JDialog(Dialog parent, boolean modal)
public JDialog(Dialog parent, String title)
public JDialog(Dialog parent, String title, boolean modal)
// selected methods
public void setJMenuBar(JMenuBar menu)
public Container getContentPane()
}
Since the JDialog class has a constructor requiring no input, it can be instantiated from an applet, different from java.awt.Dialog.
Since JDialog extends Dialog its behavior is so similar to its AWT counterpart that we can refer to the Dialog class, section 4.6, for examples. There are two more dialog classes in Swing that we will not explain in details:
The JFileChooser class replaces java.awt.FileDialog and allows selection of files for reading and writing. Since we will not discuss file handling until chapter 9, we will not discuss this class here.
The JColorChooser class allows convenient selection of colors. We have no need for this class in any of the examples in this text, so we will not discuss it here.
Both classes are pretty straightforward and if you need of these classes for a particular program you should have little trouble consulting the Java API for details and using them accordingly.
6.4. Trees, Tables, and Graphics
In the previous section we have seen the model/view approach applied to lists and text components. While certainly different from the AWT, these elements do have an equivalent, albeit less functional, AWT counterpart. Next we will introduce components that do not have any equivalent AWT structure, the JTree and JTable components. We will also discuss custom graphics in detail, so that we lean how to replace the java.awt.Canvas class.
At this point we have introduced enough Swing components so that you should be able to convert most AWT-based programs to Swing unless they use custom graphics. Therefore, the remaining sections are purely optional. However, to effectively use Swing, we do recommend that you read on, especially since some of the examples in this and the next section will include more substantial programs.
The JTree and JTable classes are quite complex and we will only discuss them briefly. We will leave out the part that allows direct editing of these components within their graphical representation and use them only as display and selection elements for simplicity. For additional details, you can always refer to the Java API.
Trees
We will discuss the JTree class first. It is a class that can represent data that is hierarchically organized, different from lists, which represent sequentially organized data. Hierarchical data, or trees, come in many different flavors. Generally, all trees consist of nodes, and one node is singled out as the root node. Each node can have children, and in general one child could have several parents. The root node is characterized as the node without a parent. Hierarchical structures come in different flavors:
One-to-Two relationship: Each node in a tree can have at most two children and all children have exactly one parent. Such a tree is also called binary tree
. EMBED OrgPlusWOPX.4
One-to-Many relationship: Each node in a tree can have none to several children and all children have exactly one parent.
EMBED OrgPlusWOPX.4
Many-to-Many relationship: Each node can have multiple children and children can have multiple parents. This structure could also have more than one root node.
EMBED PBrush
The JTree class represents one-to-many trees and allows the user to select nodes as well as expand and collapse branches of the tree.
Definition 6.4.1: The JTree Class
This class can display data that is hierarchically organized in a tree-like structure. A JTree has one root node and each node can have any number of children, but each child (except the root) has exactly one parent. Nodes without children are called leafs, the only node without parents is the root. All nodes to follow starting from the root to reach a particular node in the tree are called the "path to that node". The class works in conjunction with several other classes, in particular TreePath and TreeNode. Selections of nodes in a tree are detected by a TreeSelectionListener. The class does not support scrolling but can be embedded in a JScrollPane. The Java API defines JTree as follows:
public class JTree extends JComponent
implements Scrollable, Accessible
{ // selected constructor
public JTree(TreeNode root)
// selected methods
public void addTreeSelectionListener(TreeSelectionListener tsl)
public void expandPath(TreePath path)
public void collapsePath(TreePath path)
public boolean isExpanded(TreePath path)
public boolean isCollapsed(TreePath path)
public void scrollPathToVisible(TreePath path)
public void setSelectionPath(TreePath path)
public TreePath getSelectionPath()
public boolean isPathSelected(TreePath path)
public void clearSelection()
}
Before we can use JTree we need to know how to create a tree node. Java provides a TreeNode interface as well as a DefaultMutableTreeNode class that is ready-to-use and sufficient for most applications.
Definition 6.4.2: The DefaultMutableTreeNode Class
Swing provides the DefaultMutableTreeNode class to represent a changeable node in a tree that could be a root node, a parent node, or a leaf node. The class is part of the javax.swing.tree package, and the Java API defines it as follows:
public class DefaultMutableTreeNode extends Object
implements Cloneable, MutableTreeNode, Serializable
{ // selected constructor
public DefaultMutableTreeNode(Object userObject)
// selected method
public void add(MutableTreeNode newChild)
public void remove(int childIndex)
public TreeNode getParent()
public TreeNode getChildAt(int index)
public int getChildCount()
public TreeNode[] getPath()
public TreeNode getRoot()
public boolean isRoot()
public boolean isLeaf()
public Enumeration breadthFirstEnumeration()
public Enumeration depthFirstEnumeration()
}
Finally, we need to know something about how the various nodes of a tree are connected. Java again has a ready-made class for that called TreePath.
Definition 6.4.3: The TreePath Class
The TreePath class represents a path to a node. The class is part of the javax.swing.tree package, and the Java API defines it as follows:
public class TreePath extends Object implements Serializable
{ // selected constructor
public TreePath(Object[] path)
// selected methods
public Object[] getPath()
public int getPathCount()
public Object getPathComponent(int element)
public TreePath getParentPath()
}
Definition 6.4.2 mentions an Enumeration, which we will discuss in detail in chapter 8. For now, the next example will illustrate how to use an enumeration to traverse all nodes in a tree without providing an exact definition of Enumeration at this time. The Enumeration class is part of the java.util package and must be imported if used.
Example 6.4.4:
Create a tree representing a hierarchical structure of strings representing web sites. The web sites should be organized by category, and all sites within one category should be leafs of the tree with parent being their category. Specifically, use two categories "Universities" and "Search Engines", and the web addresses "www.shu.edu", "www.dartmouth.edu", "www.yahoo.com", and "www.excite.com". The tree root should be a node labeled "Web Sites". Provide buttons to expand and collapse the entire tree.
First, let's review the structure we want to create. There is one parent node, two categories that are children of that parent, and each category in turn has two children that are leafs. A rough representation of this structure would look as follows:
Web Sites
Universities
www.shu.edu
www.dartmouth.edu
Search Engines
www.yahoo.com
www.excite.com EMBED PBrush
Figure 6.4.1: Tree structure of web sites
Therefore, we need to create a JTree with seven nodes and make sure they represent this particular structure. We also put a scroll pane around the tree to enable scrolling and add two buttons to expand and collapse the entire tree. To represent our tree, we define its root node as a field to have a convenient starting point to reach all nodes. The children are added within a method createTreeStructure, as follows:
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.tree.*;
public class SimpleTree extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{ private DefaultMutableTreeNode root =
new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Web Sites");
private JTree tree = new JTree(root);
private JButton expand = new JButton("Expand");
private JButton collapse = new JButton("Collapse");
private JButton quit = new JButton("Quit");
private SimpleTree()
{ super("A Simple Tree");
createTreeStructure();
JPanel buttons = new JPanel(new FlowLayout());
buttons.add(collapse); collapse.addActionListener(this);
buttons.add(expand); expand.addActionListener(this);
buttons.add(quit); quit.addActionListener(this);
getContentPane().add("Center", new JScrollPane(tree));
getContentPane().add("South", buttons);
validate(); pack(); setVisible(true);
}
private void createTreeStructure()
{ DefaultMutableTreeNode edu =
new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Universities");
DefaultMutableTreeNode com =
new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Search Engines");
root.add(edu);
root.add(com);
edu.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("www.shu.edu"));
edu.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("www.dartmouth.edu"));
com.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("www.yahoo.com"));
com.add(new DefaultMutableTreeNode("www.excite.com"));
}
private void collapseTree()
{ /* collapses all branches of the tree */ }
private void expandTree()
{ /* expands all branches of the tree */ }
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ if (ae.getSource() == expand)
expandTree();
else if (ae.getSource() == collapse)
collapseTree();
else if (ae.getSource() == quit)
System.exit(0);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ SimpleTree st = new SimpleTree(); }
}
This class will create a representation of our web site structure as shown in figure 6.4.2. Initially, only the root node will be visible but you can double-click on it to expand it, and again double-click on its children to expand those until you reach the leaf nodes. You can also double-click on an expanded node with children to collapse it. All details are handled entirely by the JTree class and the various nodes it contains.
Figure 6.4.2: The Tree representation of SimpleTree in Java (left) and Window (right) look and feel
Of course we still have to provide the code to expand and collapse the entire tree by clicking the appropriate buttons. We will use the breadthFirstEnumeration and depthFirstEnumeration methods for that. Both methods return an Enumeration, which returns a sequential structure with methods hasMoreElements and nextElement that can be used in a for loop. The details of an Enumeration will be explained in chapter 8. For now, here is the code that will expand all tree nodes:
public void expandTree()
{ for(Enumeration nodes = root.breadthFirstEnumeration();
nodes.hasMoreElements(); )
{ DefaultMutableTreeNode node =
(DefaultMutableTreeNode)nodes.nextElement();
tree.expandPath(new TreePath(node.getPath()));
}
}
It works as follows:
the initializer in the for loop defines a sequential structure nodes of type Enumeration of all nodes starting from the root, in a breadth-first order. That means that first all children of the root are listed, then all children of those children, and so on.
the loop uses the sequential structure nodes and its method hasMoreElements to define the condition that terminates the loop
the modification part of the for loop is left empty (!) and is instead provided inside the loop by the method nextElement
the nextElement method returns the next element of the sequential structure, typecasts it into an appropriate tree node, and then expands the path leading to that node
to find the TreePath leading to a particular node, we ask the node to return its path, then use the array of objects returned to construct a new TreePath as input to the expandPath method
The collapseTree method can be created accordingly, but it will use a depth-first enumeration to collapse the inner-most branches of the tree first:
public void collapseTree()
{ for(Enumeration nodes = root.depthFirstEnumeration();
nodes.hasMoreElements(); )
{ DefaultMutableTreeNode node =
(DefaultMutableTreeNode)nodes.nextElement();
tree.collapsePath(new TreePath(node.getPath()));
}
}
When these methods are added to our class, the example is complete. Now selective branches can be expanded and collapsed by double clicking on the corresponding nodes in the tree a n d t h e e n t i r e t r e e c a n b e c o m p l e t e l y c o l l a p s e d o r e x p a n d e d u s i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e b u t t o n s .
n
I f w e w a n t t o m o n i t o r w h i c h n o d e s i n a t r e e a r e c u r r e n t l y s e l e c t e d , w e c a n a d d a T r e e S e l e c t i o n L i s t e n e r t o t h e t r e e .
D e f i n i t i o n 6 . 4 . 5 : T h e T r e e S e l e c t i o n L i s t e n e r and TreeSelectionEvent Classes
The TreeSelectionListener is notified when a selection in a JTree changes. The TreeSelectionEvent represents the current selection in a tree.
public abstract interface TreeSelectionListener extends EventListener
{ // method
public void valueChanged(TreeSelectionEvent e)
}
public class TreeSelectionEvent extends EventObject
{ // selected method
public TreePath getPath()
}
Example 6.4.6:
Add a status line to the above SimpleTree example that will contain the full path of the node that is currently selected by the user.
Now we need to track the selections made by the user so we attach a TreeSelectionListener to our tree, which works similar to adding a ListSelectionListener to a list:
we make sure our class implements TreeSelectionListener
we use this as input to the addTreeSelectionListener method of the tree
we implement the required method valueChanged
we use the getPath method of the TreeSelectionEvent to inquire which element is currently selected
getPath returns a TreePath, and a further getPath method invoked on that tree path returns an array of objects leading to our node, so we display the values of this array in a for loop to get the full path to the selected node
Thus, we need to change the SimpleExample class as follows, with the changes displayed in bold and italics.
// import all classes as before and add:
import javax.swing.event.*;
public class SimpleTreeWithListener extends JFrame
implements ActionListener, TreeSelectionListener
{ // as before, with one added field for the status line
private JLabel status = new JLabel("Tree selection status");
private SimpleTreeWithListener()
{ // as before, with the following lines added
getContentPane().add("North", status);
tree.addTreeSelectionListener(this);
validate(); pack(); setVisible(true);
}
private void createTreeStructure()
{ /* no changes */ }
private void collapseTree()
{ /* no changes */ }
private void expandTree()
{ /* no changes */ }
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ /* no changes */ }
public void valueChanged(TreeSelectionEvent tse)
{ Object path[] = tse.getPath().getPath();
String s = path[0].toString();
for (int i = 1; i < path.length; i++)
s += " " + path[i].toString();
status.setText(s);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ SimpleTreeWithListener st = new SimpleTreeWithListener(); }
}
Here is the result of this new class, where the full pat h t o t h e c u r r e n t l y s e l e c t e d n o d e ( r o o t , p a r e n t , o r l e a f ) i s d i s p l a y e d i n t h e l a b e l a t t h e t o p .
F i g u r e 6 . 4 . 3 : T r e e W i t h L i s t e n e r c l a s s , s h o w i n g t h e p a t h t o s e l e c t e d n o d e
n
T a b l e s
O u r l a s t S w i n g c l a s s t o c o v e r i n a t l e a s t s o m e d e t a i l i s J T a b l e . A s t h e n a me implies, it provides a table-like representation of data, similar to the look of a spreadsheet program like Microsoft Excel. Just as JTree, this class is quite complex so we will only discuss how to use it for relatively simple examples. JTable is another example of a model/view design and we need to define the class as well as the appropriate model before we can do any examples.
Definition 6.4.7: The JTable Class
This class represents a two-dimensional view on data in table form. The column width can be determined interactively or through appropriate methods. The JTable class implements a model/view split design and represents the view on an appropriate data model. Individual cells in the table are identified by integers, indicating the row and column of a cell. The class does not support scrolling but can be embedded in a JScrollPane. The Java API defines this class as follows:
public class JTable extends JComponent
implements TableModelListener, Scrollable,
TableColumnModelListener, ListSelectionListener,
CellEditorListener, Accessible
{ // selected constants
public static int AUTO_RESIZE_OFF, AUTO_RESIZE_ALL_COLUMNS,
AUTO_RESIZE_NEXT_COLUMN, AUTO_RESIZE_LAST_COLUMN,
AUTO_RESIZE_SUBSEQUENT_COLUMNS;
// selected constructor
public JTable(TableModel tm)
// selected methods
public int getSelectedRow()
public int getSelectedColumn()
public void setAutoResizeMode(int mode)
public void setRowSelectionAllowed(boolean flag)
public void setColumnSelectionAllowed(boolean flag)
public void setCellSelectionEnabled(boolean flag)
public void selectAll()
public void clearSelection()
}
As usual for model/view splits, we need to define a data model that can be used with this class. Swing provides a DefaultTableModel class, but it is recommended to extend that class, or AbstractTableModel, instead of using it directly (see definition 6.4.10). For our purposes it is best to extend DefaultTableModel to make sure we can control whether cells can be edited or not.
Definition 6.4.8: The DefaultTableModel Class
This class can store data suitable for representation in a JTable. It stores data dynamically, using only as much memory as necessary at any given time. The Java API defines this class as follows:
public class DefaultTableModel extends AbstractTableModel
implements Serializable
{ // selected constructor
public DefaultTableModel()
public void addColumn(Object columnName)
public void addColumn(Object columnName, Object[] columnData)
public void addRow(Object[] rowData)
public void insertRow(int row, Object[] rowData)
public void removeRow(int row)
public int getRowCount()
public int getColumnCount()
public String getColumnName(int column)
public boolean isCellEditable(int row, int column)
public Object getValueAt(int row, int column)
public void setValueAt(Object aValue, int row, int column)
}
The DefaultTableModel allows for data editing by default, which can be disabled by overriding isCellEditable to return false.
Example 6.4.9:
Use a JTable class to create an invoice-like program. Each row on the invoice should consist of an ID (int), a Description (String), the unit price (double), the quantity (int), and the total price (double). The program should enter all data for now, but there should be a separate field where the program will display the computed total amount. You do not have to worry about formatting the doubles to correctly represent currency values (i.e. two digits after the period, see "Formatting Decimals", section 1.5).
We need to create a JTable, tie it to a particular data model, and add some sample data in the specified format to the model. Looking through our methods for adding data to a DefaultTableModel we see that we can only add arrays of Object. Therefore, we need to use wrapper classes to convert int and double types to their corresponding wrapper objects Integer and Double. To see how our program works in principle, here is its layout:
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.table.*;
public class Invoicer extends JFrame
{ private DefaultTableModel data = new DefaultTableModel();
private JTable table = new JTable(data);
private JLabel price = new JLabel("$0.0", SwingConstants.RIGHT);
private class WindowCloser extends WindowAdapter
{ public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
{ System.exit(0); }
}
public Invoicer()
{ super("Simple Table");
createDataColumns();
createSampleData();
JScrollPane scrollTable = new JScrollPane(table);
price.setText("$" + total());
scrollTable.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(400,100));
getContentPane().add("Center", new JPanelBox(scrollTable, "Data"));
getContentPane().add("South", new JPanelBox(price, "Total Cost"));
addWindowListener(new WindowCloser());
validate(); pack(); setVisible(true);
}
private void createDataColumns()
{ /* create columns with appropriate headers */ }
private void createSampleData()
{ /* create some sample data */
private Object[] dataRow(int id, String desc, double price, int num)
{ /* utility method to convert basic types into array of Objects */ }
private double total()
{ /* computes the total in the last column of the table */ }
public static void main(String args[])
{ Invoicer st = new Invoicer(); }
}
The method createDataColumns is the easiest to understand. It simply adds five columns to our data model with appropriate headers:
private void createDataColumns()
{ data.addColumn("ID");
data.addColumn("Description");
data.addColumn("Unit Price");
data.addColumn("Quantity");
data.addColumn("Price");
}
The createSampleData uses the addRow method to add some sample data. Since that method requires an array of objects, it uses in turn the dataRow method to create an array of objects from some sample data. Here are both of these methods:
private void createSampleData()
{ data.addRow(dataRow(19, "IBM 770 Laptop", 4329.99, 1));
data.addRow(dataRow(207, "External ZIP drive", 99.95, 1));
data.addRow(dataRow(1008, "SDRAM Memory Chips, 64MB", 104.99, 4));
data.addRow(dataRow(44, "IBM 21' Triniton Monitor", 699.95, 1));
data.addRow(dataRow(105, "External Keyboard, black", 59.99, 1));
data.addRow(dataRow(207, "External Mouse, black", 29.99, 1));
data.addRow(dataRow(45, "IBM Port Replicator", 145.99, 1));
}
private Object[] dataRow(int id, String desc, double price, int num)
{ Object row[] = new Object[5];
row[0] = new Integer(id);
row[1] = desc;
row[2] = new Double(price);
row[3] = new Integer(num);
row[4] = new Double(price * num);
return row;
}
The last method to implement is the total method. It loops through all rows, retrieving the value in the last column (containing the price). Since the getValueAt method returns an object, we first typecast it into a Double, then retrieve its double value and add it to a running sum:
private double total()
{ double sum = 0.0;
for (int row = 0; row < data.getRowCount(); row++)
sum += ((Double)data.getValueAt(row, 4)).doubleValue();
return sum;
}
Now all methods are implemented, and the program should run. It will create an "invoice" similar to the following figure:
Figure 6.4.4: The Invoicer program in action
To be sure, when you first start the program all columns will have equal width. The width of a column c a n b e a d j u s t e d i n t e r a c t i v e l y b y d r a g g i n g t h e c o l u m n b o u n d a r i e s . I n f a c t , e n t i r e c o l u m n s c a n b e s w i t c h e d w i t h o t h e r c o l u m n s b y d r a g g i n g t h e m a r o u n d . T r y i t y o u r s e l f .
n
A c t u a l l y , t h e r e i s a s l i g h t p r o b l e m w i t h o u r c l a s s : t h e D e f a u l t T a b l e M o d e l l e t s y o u e d it the cells by double-clicking on them (again, try it) ! At first glance that might sound very convenient and we could try to add some listener to tell us when a cell has been edited so that we can adjust the total if necessary. However, the default editor will convert edited objects into strings, and then our invoice will not work any more because the object containing the price will automatically convert from its original Double type to String. We will fix that error in example 6.4.11 according to our next rule of thumb.
Definition 6.4.10: Rule of Thumb for Editing Table Cells
A JTable together with a DefaultTableModel allows editing of all cells by default. Edited cells are converted to String, so that editing will only work correctly if the original data was already of type String.
To disable editing, create a new class that extends DefaultTableModel and overwrite the public boolean isCellEditable(int row, int col) method to always return false.
Example 6.4.11:
In example 6.4.9 we used a DefaultTableModel, hence the table cells in that Invoicer program were editable. Substitute your own model for the default model so that all cells become non-editable.
First we need to create our own model extending DefaultTableModel. The only method we will overwrite is isCellEditable, so the new model is easy:
import javax.swing.table.*;
public class NoEditTableModel extends DefaultTableModel
{ public boolean isCellEditable(int row, int col)
{ return false; }
}
That's the entire class. All we have to do in the Invoicer program is replace the line defining the data model. Instead of:
private DefaultTableModel data = new DefaultTableModel();
we substitute our own model:
private NoEditTableModel data = new NoEditTableModel();
After recompiling the Invoicer class, everything will work as before and all cells are now non-editable (make sure to try it).
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W e w i l l c o n c l u d e t h i s s e c t i o n w i t h a m o r e e l a b o r a t e v e r s i o n o f t h e I n v o i c e r p r o g r a m :
E x a m p l e 6 . 4 . 1 2 :
C r e a t e a s e c o n d v e r s i o n o f o u r I n v o i c e r p r o g r a m t h a t c o n t a i n s o p t i o n s t o r e m o v e a s e l e c t e d r o w , t o a d d a r o w , a n d t o e d i t a r o w . A l l e d i t i n g s h o u l d t a k e place in appropriate dialogs. Make sure the total price is recomputed if necessary.
We want to accomplish this modification with as little change to our original class as possible. Therefore, we will try to move most of our new code into other classes. An easy way to achieve that is to attach a popup menu to our table containing the options to add, modify, and delete rows, and to use a separate class to define and react to the popup menu selections. As described in definition 6.2.21, to bring up a popup menu we need to detect a right-click via a mouse listener. Therefore the change to our existing Invoicer class will consist of adding a mouse listener implemented in a separate class. In order for the new class to have access to the fields of Invoicer we also mark its fields as protected. The new class will be defined as:
public class InvoicePopup extends MouseAdapter implements ActionListener
{ /* brings up a popup menu and reacts to selections from that menu */ }
The change in the Invoicer class will be:
we change the accessibility of the fields data, price, and table from private to protected
we change the method total from private to protected
we install a mouse listener to the table via the line
table.addMouseListener(new InvoicePopup(this));
we also add a tooltip to the table reminding the user to click the right mouse button to choose an option, via the line
table.setToolTipText("Right-Click for menu");
Both lines of code should be at the end of the Invoicer constructor.
Now we need to think about the InvoicerPopup class. Since we add that class as a mouse listener to a table, the class must extend MouseAdapter (or implement MouseListener). It also needs to react to menu selections so that it must implement ActionListener. One of the jobs of this class is to bring up a dialog to enter new data or modify existing invoice items. We will use the showOptionDialog method for that and hence we need a panel of input fields that we can pass to that method. Therefore we will first create a class InvoicePanel that determines a mask for data entry and modification.
InvoicePanel should contain input fields for the items of an invoice, but some of those items are numbers instead of strings. A JTextField would not work for those types, so we first create a JNumberField class that can return an int or double, as requested (compare example 5.1.16). To do that we start with a JTextField and create methods that convert strings to int or double, respectively. Since that may or may not work depending on the user input, those methods will throw a potential NumberFormatException. Here is that class:
import javax.swing.*;
public class JNumberField extends JTextField
{ public int getInteger() throws NumberFormatException
{ return Integer.valueOf(getText()).intValue(); }
public double getDouble() throws NumberFormatException
{ return Double.valueOf(getText()).doubleValue(); }
}
With that class in place, we can define our InvoicePanel to consist of text and number fields, appropriately arranged, as well as methods to conveniently set and get the values of those fields:
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.GridLayout;
import javax.swing.*;
public class InvoicePanel extends JPanel
{ protected JNumberField id = new JNumberField();
protected JTextField desc = new JTextField();
protected JNumberField price = new JNumberField();
protected JNumberField num = new JNumberField();
public InvoicePanel()
{ JPanel labels = new JPanel(new GridLayout(4,1));
labels.add(new JLabel(" ID "));
labels.add(new JLabel(" Description "));
labels.add(new JLabel(" Price "));
labels.add(new JLabel(" Num Units"));
JPanel inputs = new JPanel(new GridLayout(4,1));
inputs.add(id); inputs.add(desc);
inputs.add(price); inputs.add(num);
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add("West", labels); add("Center", inputs);
}
public Object[] getData() throws NumberFormatException
{ Object data[] = new Object[5];
data[0] = new Integer(id.getInteger());
data[1] = desc.getText();
data[2] = new Double(price.getDouble());
data[3] = new Integer(num.getInteger());
data[4] = new Double(price.getDouble() * num.getInteger());
return data;
}
public void setData(String[] data)
{ id.setText(data[0]);
desc.setText(data[1]);
price.setText(data[2]);
num.setText(data[3]);
}
}
Now we are ready to create our InvoicePop method, extending WindowAdapter and implementing ActionListener as mentioned before. The class will receive as input a reference to Invoice so that it can use the non-private fields and methods of that class. It also gets a reference to the table so that the popup menu can be placed correctly over that component. Aside from constructing and showing the menu, the class will react to the menu choices using three methods add, delete, and modify, as follows:
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class InvoicePopup extends MouseAdapter implements ActionListener
{ private JPopupMenu menu = new JPopupMenu("Table Options");
private JMenuItem add = new JMenuItem("Add Item");
private JMenuItem del = new JMenuItem("Delete Item");
private JMenuItem mod = new JMenuItem("Modify Item");
private Invoicer parent = null;
public InvoicePopup(Invoicer _parent)
{ parent = _parent;
menu.add(add); add.addActionListener(this);
menu.add(mod); mod.addActionListener(this);
menu.add(new JPopupMenu.Separator());
menu.add(del); del.addActionListener(this);
}
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent me)
{ if (SwingUtilities.isRightMouseButton(me))
menu.show(parent.table, me.getX(), me.getY());
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ if (ae.getSource() == add)
add();
else if (ae.getSource() == del)
delete();
else if (ae.getSource() == mod)
modify();
}
private void delete()
{ /* deletes the currently selected row from the invoice table */ }
private void add()
{ /* brings up dialog box to add a new Incoice item to the table */ }
private void modify()
{ /* brings up dialog box with selected Invoice item for editing */ }
}
The delete method is the easiest of the three. It finds out which, if any, row is currently selected in the table, retrieves the description of that invoice item, and brings up a dialog box to confirm deletion. If the user clicks OK, the selected row is removed from the data model (which in turn will update the table automatically).
public void delete()
{ int row = parent.table.getSelectedRow();
if (row >= 0)
{ String msg = "Delete '" + parent.data.getValueAt(row, 1) + "'?";
if (JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(parent, msg, "Confirm Deletion",
JOptionPane.OK_CANCEL_OPTION, JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE)
== JOptionPane.YES_OPTION)
{ parent.data.removeRow(row);
parent.price.setText("$" + parent.total());
}
}
}
The add method is more complicated in theory: it should bring up a dialog box where the user can enter new data, check the types of the data entered, and insert that data into a new row of the invoice. But fortunately InvoicePanel handles all details, so the actual add method turns out to be not hard at all.
public void add()
{ InvoicePanel invoice = new InvoicePanel();
if (JOptionPane.showOptionDialog(parent, invoice, "New Invoice Item",
JOptionPane.OK_CANCEL_OPTION, JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE,
null, null, null) == JOptionPane.YES_OPTION)
{ try
{ parent.data.addRow(invoice.getData());
parent.price.setText("$" + parent.total());
}
catch(NumberFormatException nfe)
{ JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(parent, "Invalid numeric format",
"Error Message", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}
}
The getData method from the InvoicePanel will throw an exception if the user has entered incorrect numerical values, so we catch that exception and notify the user via a message dialog that data could not be added.
The final method modify is the most complicated, but again with the help that InvoicePanel provides it will not be so bad. First we check which row, if any, is selected in the table. Then we retrieve the data from that row and use the setData method to insert it into an InvoicePanel. After that we bring up an options dialog with that panel, which will present the data to the user for editing. When the user clicks OK the modified data will replace the one in the current row if possible. If there is an input error, we again use a message box to inform the user that data could not be modified.
public void modify()
{ InvoicePanel invoice = new InvoicePanel();
int row = parent.table.getSelectedRow();
if (row >= 0)
{ String data[] = new String[4];
for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++)
data[i] = parent.data.getValueAt(row, i).toString();
invoice.setData(data);
if (JOptionPane.showOptionDialog(parent, invoice, "Change Item",
JOptionPane.OK_CANCEL_OPTION, JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE,
null, null, null) == JOptionPane.YES_OPTION)
{ try
{ for (int i = 0; i < invoice.getData().length; i++)
parent.data.setValueAt(invoice.getData()[i], row, i);
parent.price.setText("$" + parent.total());
}
catch(NumberFormatException nfe)
{ JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(parent, "Invalid number",
"Error Message", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}
}
}
Note that we use three null parameters in showOptionDialog. That has the effect of using the default icon specified for a WARNING_MESSAGE and the buttons specified by OK_CANCEL_OPTION. Here is the improved version of the Invoicer in action.
New Invoicer program with ToolTip and Popup Menu activated
Modification Dialog
Delete Confirmation Dialog Box
Error Message Dialog Box
Figure 6.4.5: Various dialogs for the new Invoicer program
One minor but annoying problem with our program is that if the user makes an error entering a number, the data entry dialog disappears before the error message appears. That does not give the user a convenient way to simply fix the mistake, all data must be re-entered instead. It is possible to remove the 'auto-closing' feature from the dialog boxes that appear via a showOptionDialog, but it involves concepts we have not defined. Please see the Java API for details. Alternatively, we could use an instance of a JDialog whose behavior can be controlled completely and easily (but we would not get au t o m a t i c i c o n s ) .
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G r a p h i n g a n d P a i n t i n g i n S w i n g
I n c h a p t e r 4 w e i n t r o d u c e d t h e j a v a . a w t . C a n v a s c l a s s w h o s e s o l e p u r p o s e w a s t o c o n t a i n g r a p h i c s o r i m a g e s . T o u s e i t , w e h a d t o e x t e n d t h e c l a s s , o v e r w r i t e t h e p a i n t m e t h o d , a n d p u t a l l d r a w i n g r o u t i n e s i n that method. Swing does not provide a comparable class, so graphics should be contained in another class. Actually, we have already seen that the JLabel class can easily accommodate images. It can in fact also contain graphics just as easily, but another class is usually better for that purpose: the JPanel class.
Definition 6.4.13: Painting in the JPanel Class
Since there is no class in Swing comparable to java.awt.Canvas, a class that needs to create custom graphics should extend JPanel. The extended class should overwrite public void paintComponent(Graphics g) and place any custom graphics code in that method. The first line in that method should call the paintComponent of the super class. The method paint that is also inherited by a JPane should not be overwritten or changed. Using JPanel instead of Canvas provides several immediate benefits:
JPanel is a "lightweight" Swing component and can overlap with other components
JPanel automatically paints its components using an efficient technique called "double buffering" (compare definition 6.5.12)
JPanel supports scrolling by using JScrollPanel
JPanel can contain standard borders (as usual for Swing components)
The class also contains a repaint method without arguments that eventually calls paintComponent with the appropriate Graphics object as input (compare to section 4.7) to redo all graphics.
Example 6.4.14:
Create a JPanel class that draws some graphics shapes in some colors as well as a String in some font. Add a border around the panel, define a tool tip, and attach a popup menu with a single choice that calls System.exit. Then add the panel to a frame using JScrollPane and test the program.
Of course we need two classes, one extending JPanel and one extending JFrame. The JPanel class will contain all drawing code in its paintComponent method, as defined above. The code to define the tooltip and the menu goes in the constructor. The class must implement ActionListener to react to the choice of the popup menu and it needs a mouse listener that we implement as an inner class to bring up the popup menu on a right mouse click. The trick to enable proper scrolling is to overwrite the method getPreferredSize to specify how large our drawing wants to be. Only with that method defined correctly can the JScrollPanel defined in the frame know how to handle scrolling. Here is the drawing class (try to guess the image that will be drawn):
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Font;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.border.*;
public class GraphicsPanel extends JPanel implements ActionListener
{ private JPopupMenu menu = new JPopupMenu("Menu");
private JMenuItem exit = new JMenuItem("Exit");
private class Trigger extends MouseAdapter
{ public void mousePressed(MouseEvent me)
{ if (SwingUtilities.isRightMouseButton(me))
menu.show(GraphicsPanel.this, me.getX(), me.getY());
}
}
public GraphicsPanel()
{ menu.add(exit);
exit.addActionListener(this);
setBackground(Color.white);
setToolTipText("Right-click to exit");
addMouseListener(new Trigger());
}
public Dimension getPreferredSize()
{ return new Dimension(270,270); }
public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{ super.paintComponent(g);
Font font = new Font("Helvetica", Font.BOLD + Font.ITALIC, 14);
g.setColor(Color.yellow); g.fillOval(10, 10, 210, 210);
g.setColor(Color.black); g.fillArc(40, 40, 150, 150, 180, 180);
g.setColor(Color.yellow); g.fillArc(40, 20, 150, 130, 180, 180);
g.setColor(Color.black);
g.fillOval(50, 70, 30, 30); g.fillOval(150, 70, 30, 30);
g.setFont(font); g.drawString("Welcome to Swing", 60, 250);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ System.exit(0); }
}
The frame class is quite simple, since all the action happens in the drawing class. The only thing that our class really does is to add an instance of our GraphicsPanel, endowed with a border via our JPanelBox class (see example 6.2.18) as its center component. We will set the size of the panel manually to something slightly smaller than its preferred size to illustrate the scrollbars in action:
import javax.swing.*;
public class GraphicsTest extends JFrame
{ public GraphicsTest()
{ super("Graphics Test");
GraphicsPanel canvas = new GraphicsPanel();
JScrollPane scrollCanvas = new JScrollPane(canvas);
JPanelBox borderedCanvas = new JPanelBox(scrollCanvas, "Graphics");
getContentPane().add("Center", borderedCanvas);
setSize(200, 200); validate(); setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ GraphicsTest gt = new GraphicsTest(); }
}
Here is the image resulting from executing this class:
Figure 6.4.6: Image resulting from GraphicsTest class
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S i n c e S w i n g c l a s s h a v e m o r e f u n c t i o n a l i t y t h a t A W T c l a s s e s , i t w i l l q u i t e o f t e n n o t b e n e c e s s a r y t o u s e t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s . I m a g e s , f o r e x a m p l e , c a n e a s i l y b e r e p r e s e n t e d i n a J L a b e l a n d p o s i t i o n e d w i t h a l a y o u t m a n a g e r . T h e J T a b l e a n d J T r e e c l a s s e s p r o v i de capabilities that would have to be simulated using a Canvas in the AWT. Graphic buttons are easily created by adding an image to the JButton class. However, occasionally graphics are necessary, and the simple example above should suffice for most situations. To be sure, we will, in the next chapter, explore some more options about handling graphic efficiently, and in chapter 6.6 we will present the Mandelbrot example, making extensive use of drawing for which Swing does not provide any build-in alternatives. Still, the above example will form the foundation for all these situations.
6.5. Images and Sounds
In this chapter we will explore in some more detail the intricacies of loading images. We will show how to load several images and control the loading process, explain a simple animation program, and introduce Swing's sound handling capabilities. We will also explain how to load images and sounds into applets, for which we need to overcome a security restriction build into Java. This section, as well as section 6.6, is entirely optional.
Loading and Filtering Images
We will start our discussion with managing the loading process of more than one image. Of course we have already seen examples of how images can easily be loaded and displayed in a JLabel, but there are some techniques that will be useful when trying to work with multiple images, such as during animation.
As mentioned, Java provides extensive support for images in GIF or JPEG format. The simplest way to display an image is to enter it into a JLabel, using the file name of the image as input parameter. There will be several situations, however, where it is useful to load and store an image without necessarily displaying it. We may need it for processing before displaying it, or we may want to collect several images to create an animation, starting the animation process only when all images are loaded. Or, as a simple example, we may want to display the status of loading the image, particularly when loading it over a network connection. The very first thing we need, therefore, is a class that can store a representation of an image.
Definition 6.5.1: The Image Class
The Image class is an abstract class in the java.awt package that can be used to represent images. Since the class is abstract, it can not be used to instantiate any objects; instead, the image must be obtained using appropriate methods. The Image class is typically used to either store a representation of a GIF or JPEG graphics file or to provide access to an off-screen Graphics object into which Java can draw using its basic drawing methods. Images can be associated with an ImageObserver that provides access to the loading status of an image. The Java API defines Image as follows:
public abstract class Image extends Object
{ // selected Methods
public abstract int getWidth(ImageObserver observer)
public abstract int getHeight(ImageObserver observer)
public abstract ImageProducer getSource()
public abstract Graphics getGraphics()
}
Since this class is an abstract class, we need to explore ways to load an image first before we can provide any examples. The loading of the image is actually system-dependent. However, Java provides a special class that forms a bridge between platform-independent Java classes and methods and their system-dependent implementations.
Definition 6.5.2: The Toolkit Class
The Toolkit class is an abstract class that provides system-dependent implementations of the platform-independent classes in the java.awt package. Most methods in the Toolkit class should not be called directly but a few methods provide convenient access to system-dependent mechanisms and parameters:
public String[] getFontList(): The names of the available fonts
public Image getImage(String filename): Loads image from the specified file
public Image getImage(URL url): Loads image from the specified URL
public Dimension getScreenSize(): Gets the size of the screen in pixels
To access to the Toolkit methods, every Component provides the method public Toolkit getToolkit(), which returns a Toolkit instance.
The getImage methods return immediately and will start the loading process only when the image is actually rendered.
In particular, the Toolkit class provides access to the overloaded methods getImage, which in turn return a reference to an Image in a valid format. That image can than be used as input to a JLabel for display.
Example 6.5.3:
Create a program that loads the image file cat.jpg. After issuing a Toolkit call to getImage, display the width and height of the image. Again display these parameters after displaying the image in a JLabel. Compare the output.
Of course our program will only work if there is a file cat.jpg. We will assume that this file exists in the same directory as the rest of our class. The simple way to load this image would be to use
ImageIcon image = new ImageIcon("cat.jpg");
JLabel displayImage = new JLabel(image);
A somewhat more elaborate version of these two lines would first load the image into an Image class instead of an ImageIcon, then use that as input for a JLabel as follows:
import java.awt.Image;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.io.*;
public class SimpleImageTest extends JFrame
{ private Image image = null;
private JLabel display = new JLabel();
public SimpleImageTest()
{ super("Image Test");
image = getToolkit().getImage("cat.jpg");
System.out.println("Size: " + image.getWidth(this) +
" by " + image.getHeight(this));
display.setIcon(new ImageIcon(image));
getContentPane().add("Center", display);
validate(); pack(); setVisible(true);
System.out.println("Size: " + image.getWidth(this) +
" by " + image.getHeight(this));
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ SimpleImageTest sit = new SimpleImageTest(); }
}
This program works fine and since we have already seen the image before there is no reason to show another screen shot of this program. What is interesting, on the other hand, is the width and height of the image that our program displays. It will produce two lines on standard output similar to the following:
Size: -1 by -1
Size: 384 by 269
This illustrates that a call to getImage does not actually start the loading process, hence information about the dimensions of the image is not available. After the image displays, however, its dimensions are available and correct.
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A t f i r s t i t m a y n o t b e c l e a r w h y w e s h o u l d u s e t h e g e t I m a g e m e t h o d f r o m t h e T o o l K i t w h e n a J L a b e l c a n j u s t a s e a s i l y l o a d a n d d i s p l a y t h e i m a g e . B u t h a v i n g t h e i m a g e a v a i l a b l e s e p a r a t e l y i s u s e f u l i f t h e i m a g e n e e d s t o b e p r o c e s s e d b e f o r e d i s p l a y i n g .
W e will very briefly touch upon filtering images as an example of image processing. Java does provide many (!) different classes and methods to manipulate images and we can not hope to cover all of them. Therefore, we will provide only a very brief example of image filtering.
Definition 6.5.4: Image Filtering using the RGBImageFilter and GrayFilter Classes
Images can be filtered to change the way they present their pixels. A simple-to-use image filter is provided by the java.awt.image.RGBImageFilter class. To create a filter, you define a class extending RGBImageFilter and implement one abstract method:
public int filterRGB(int x, int y, int rgb)
You should also set the value of canFilterIndexColorModel to true if the filter's operation does not depend on the pixel's (x,y) location, or to false otherwise. In a class extending Component you can then obtain the new filtered image via:
Image newImg = createImage(new FilteredImageSource(
img.getSource(), new MyOwnFilter()));
One ready-made image filter is provided by the Swing class GrayFilter, which extends RGBImageFilter. Its constructor takes a boolean value as input, indicating whether pixels should be brightened, and an integer between 0 and 100 indicating the percentage of graying to be used.
Example 6.5.5:
Use the GrayFilter class to create a gray version of the cat.jpg image. Your program should provide buttons to either show the original color version or the grayed version of the image.
We have already seen how to load an image using the ToolKit. This time, we use two Image fields, load the original image into the first and store a grayed version of it in the second, using the GrayFilter class as described in the definition. We define buttons as usual to display either one of these images.
import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import java.awt.Image;
import java.awt.image.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class FilteredImageTest extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{ private ImageIcon colorVersion = null;
private ImageIcon grayVersion = null;
private JButton color = new JButton("Color");
private JButton gray = new JButton("Gray");
private JLabel display = new JLabel();
public FilteredImageTest()
{ super("Image Test");
Image colorImage = getToolkit().getImage("cat.jpg");
Image grayImage = createImage(new FilteredImageSource(
colorImage.getSource(), new GrayFilter(true, 50)));
colorVersion = new ImageIcon(colorImage);
grayVersion = new ImageIcon(grayImage);
JPanel buttons = new JPanel(new FlowLayout());
buttons.add(color); color.addActionListener(this);
buttons.add(gray); gray.addActionListener(this);
display.setIcon(colorVersion);
getContentPane().add("Center", display);
getContentPane().add("South", buttons);
validate(); pack(); setVisible(true);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ if (ae.getSource() == color)
display.setIcon(colorVersion);
else if (ae.getSource() == gray)
display.setIcon(grayVersion);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ FilteredImageTest sit = new FilteredImageTest(); }
}
Here are the two versions of the image:
Figure 6.5.1: Original and GrayFiltered cat.jpg image n
I t i s r e l a t i v e l y e a s y t o p r o v i d e y o u r o w n i m a g e f i l t e r s , b u t t h e d e t a i l s w i l l b e b e y o n d t h e s c o p e o f t h i s b o o k . P l e a s e c o n s u l t t h e J a v a A P I f o r d e t a i l s o n t h e R G B I m a g e F i l t e r a n d F i l t e r e d I m a g e S o u r c e c l a s s e s .
A n i m a t i o n a n d E n h a n c e d I m a g e L o a d i n g
S o f a r we have let the JLabel class or getImage method determine when exactly the image is loaded and when and how the image is displayed. As it happens, that class will start the loading process, wait until the entire image is downloaded, then display the complete image. The getImage method on the other hand returns immediately, not loading the image at all. If we wanted to create an animation using several images, we could load all images into an array via getImage, then use that array of images sequentially in a JLabel to create an animation. However, the first time that animation is running it would not run effectively, because the JLabel class will wait until the entire image is loaded before displaying it. There would therefore be a delay between images at least as large as it takes to download the next image. To avoid that delay, we want to make sure that all images are loaded completely before beginning the animation process. Java provides the MediaTracker class for that purpose.
Definition 6.5.6: The MediaTracker Class
The MediaTracker is a utility class that can automatically track the loading progress of one or more images. In its simplest form an instance of a MediaTracker is created and attached to a Component, the images are added to it, and then the MediaTracker is told to either block any further execution until one or more images are completely loaded or to start the loading process for one or more images without necessarily displaying them.
public class MediaTracker extends Object
{ // Constructor
public MediaTracker(Component comp)
// selected Methods
public void addImage(Image image, int id)
public boolean checkAll(boolean beginLoading)
public boolean checkID(int id, boolean beginLoading)
public void waitForAll() throws InterruptedException
public void waitForID(int id) throws InterruptedException
public synchronized boolean isErrorAny()
}
The waitForAll and waitForID methods are blocking methods, i.e. they suspend execution until the image or images are completely loaded. The checkAll and checkID methods will start the loading process for the image or images without blocking. Currently, the MediaTracker can only track image files but in future versions it might also track sound file and other media formats.
Example 6.5.7:
Create, somehow, several images that form an animation (use stick figures if you must). Then load them using a MediaTracker, making sure all images are loaded. Finally, display the animated sequence in an infinite loop. If any errors occur, inform the user via an appropriate message box.
This example really consists of several steps to take:
we need to create images suitable for animation
we need to load those images into a class using a media tracker
we need to determine a class to extend for our animation
we need to animate the images
Creating the animation images has nothing to do with Java programming and we will leave it to your creativity. As an example, we'll create a "winking smiley face", using the following images:
image1image2image3image4image5Figure 6.5.2: Various images used for animation
For our animation, we arrange the image in the following files, using some duplicates:
smile0.gif = image1 smile1.gif = image2 smile2.gif = image3
smile3.gif = image2 smile4.gif = image1 smile5.gif = image4
smile6.gif = image5 smile7.gif = image4 smile8.gif = image1
That solves our first problem. Next, we will introduce the code snippet to load images controlled by a MediaTracker:
Image images[] = new Image[9];
MediaTracker tracker = new MediaTracker(this);
for (int i = 0; i < images.length; i++)
{ images[i] = getToolkit().getImage("smile" + i + ".gif");
tracker.addImage(images[i], i);
}
try
{ tracker.waitForAll(); }
catch(InterruptedException ie)
{ showError("Image loading interrupted: " + ie); }
if (tracker.isErrorAny())
showError("Error loading one or more images");
In other words, we create an array of nine images and an instance of a MediaTracker attached to this component (which must therefore implement ImageObserver). Then we use getImage to load the images into the array. This will not actually start the loading process as getImage returns immediately. We also add each image to the media tracker. Then we start the loading process for all images and wait until all of them are completely loaded. Since waitForAll throws an exception, we embed it in a standard try-catch clause, using a method showError we still need to implement. Finally, we check on the status of the media tracker to see if there were any errors loading the image. The most likely error would be that a file name is incorrect. If an error occurs, we again call on showError to inform the user. That solves our second problem.
As for the third part, we could extend JPanel since we are doing some custom drawing or JLabel since we are trying to display images. If we did use JLabel, though, we would need to wrap our images into ImageIcon objects and that would be a waste or memory. So we will use the JPanel class and draw the images "by hand" without the help of a JLabel.
To finish the class, we need to decide how to do the actual animation. Of course we will use a thread for this, so our class needs to implement the Runnable interface. That means we need a field of type Thread and a run method. We will also use an additional field called currentImage of type int. The run method will, in an infinite loop, advance currentImage and call repaint, as well as putting our thread to sleep for some time. The repaint method will in turn call paintComponent, where we draw the current image as specified by currentImage. Here is the complete class:
import java.awt.MediaTracker;
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Image;
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Graphics;
import javax.swing.*;
public class AnimationPanel extends JPanel implements Runnable
{ private Image images[] = new Image[9];
private int currentImage = 0;
private Thread thread = null;
public AnimationPanel()
{ MediaTracker tracker = new MediaTracker(this);
for (int i = 0; i < images.length; i++)
{ images[i] = getToolkit().getImage("smile" + i + ".gif");
tracker.addImage(images[i], i);
}
try
{ tracker.waitForAll(); }
catch(InterruptedException ie)
{ showError("Image loading interrupted: " + ie); }
if (tracker.isErrorAny())
showError("Error loading one or more images");
thread = new Thread(this);
thread.start();
}
public void run()
{ while (true)
{ try
{ repaint();
thread.sleep(100);
if (currentImage >= images.length-1)
currentImage = 0;
else
currentImage++;
}
catch(InterruptedException ie)
{ showError("Thread interrupted: " + ie); }
}
}
public Dimension getPreferredSize()
{ return new Dimension(images[0].getWidth(this),
images[0].getHeight(this));
}
public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{ super.paintComponent(g);
g.drawImage(images[currentImage], 0, 0, this);
}
private void showError(String msg)
{ JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, msg, "Error",
JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
}
}
Of course this class needs to be embedded in another class before it can run. Here is a sample class that will finish this example:
import javax.swing.*;
public class AnimationTest extends JFrame
{ public AnimationTest()
{ super("Animation Test");
getContentPane().add("Center", new AnimationPanel());
validate(); pack(); setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ AnimationTest gt = new AnimationTest(); }
}
It is difficult to show an animation on a static page, but given the images shown above it should be easy to imaging the animation showing a winking smiley face.
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T h e r e a r e m a n y p o s s i b l e i m p r o v e m e n t s f o r a n A n i m a t i o n P a n e l c l a s s . S o m e p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r e :
a d d a c o n s t r u c t o r t h a t p a s s e s f i l e s n a m e s i n t o t h e A n i m a t o r P a n e l c l a s s s o t h a t t h o s e f i l e s w i l l b e u s e d f o r a n i m a t i o n
a l l o w f o r s e t t i n g o f t h e s l e e p t i m e a n d a d d the possibility of adding a longer pause at the end of the animation
change the MediaTracker so that the first image will be displayed as soon as possible, while loading the remaining images. The actual animation would only start when all images are loaded
allow for starting, pausing, and restarting the animation at any time
We will not pursue this here, but none of these modifications would be difficult and you are welcome to try them as exercises.
Loading and Displaying Images in Applets
We have so far avoided creating any applets that deal with images, even as icons for buttons. That was no accident, but due to a security restriction on applets: applets are not allowed to read any files from the local disk so we could not have loaded an image file from the local disk into an applet. We will discuss applet security in detail in chapters 9 and 10, but we need to make a quick excursion into the land of URL's in order bypass that restriction and support loading images and sounds in applets nonetheless.
Recall that the getImage method has an overloaded constructor, requiring either a String or a URL as input for the image file to load. The same is true for the constructor of an ImageIcon. So far we have only used the filename as input string, but now it is time to explore the second version using a URL.
Definition 6.5.8: Uniform Resource Locator and the URL Class
A Uniform Resource Locator, or URL, is a pointer to a resource on the World Wide Web. In most, but not all, situations, the resource represents a file such as an HTML document an image file, or a sound clip. A URL consists of several parts: the protocol, the machine address, an optional port, the file component, and an optional anchor. If some components of a URL are missing, they can be inherited from the context URL. Java provides a URL class in the java.net package to represent a Uniform Resource Locator:
public final class URL extends Object
{ // Constructors
public URL(String address) throws MalformedURLException
public URL(URL context, String file)
throws MalformedURLException
public URL(String protocol, String host, String file)
throws MalformedURLException
public URL(String protocol, String host, int port, String file)
throws MalformedURLException
}
In particular, note that we need to catch a MalformedURLException if we want to create a new URL. The first and second form of the constructor are perhaps the most useful:
the first form, requiring only a string as input, is used to enter the entire, complete URL address in much the same way you would enter it in a web browser to visit a particular web page (for example new URL("http://www.shu.edu/index.html")).
the second form, requiring a URL context and a String, can be used when the base URL of a file is matched against the first parameter and the name of the file against the second one (for example new URL(baseURL, "index.html"), assuming that baseURL is a URL such as URL baseURL = new URL("http://www.shu.edu/")).
While applets are prevented from reading files from disks, they are allowed to read data through a URL connection. So if an applet could construct a URL pointing to a local file, it could use the appropriate getImage method or ImageIcon constructor to load an image file just fine. In fact, applets have two methods that make it easy to construct such URL's:
Definition 6.5.9: Loading Data into Applets with getCodeBase and getDocumentBase
Applets are prevented from reading data directly from disk, but they are allowed to read data from a URL. To construct a URL that points to the location of a data file that an applet wants to read, the JApplet class inherits the methods:
public URL getDocumentBase(): Retrieves the base address of the HTML document containing the current tags for this applet in URL form
public URL getCodeBase(): Retrieves the base address of the location of the applet class file in URL form.
The returned base addresses could refer to an address on the Internet or a location on a local disk. The standard protocol using an Internet location is http, while the protocol for local addresses is file. Applets and the data files they want to read must be located on the same machine.
Recall that the Applet tag for HTML documents provides a number of parameters. In particular, the parameter CODE="ClassFile.class" specifies which Java class file to load, and the optional CODEBASE="url" specifies the base location where ClassFile.class is located:
the getDocumentBase method will return the base location of the HTML document containing the tag or appropriate tag
the getCodeBase method will return the base address specified in the CODEBASE parameter of the or tag if the class file and HTML documents are located in different directories.
Example 6.5.10:
Suppose you create a document named images.html that is saved on a web server named HYPERLINK http://www.mathcs.shu.edu www.mathcs.shu.edu in a folder named JBD. That document might contain, aside from any other relevant HTML code, the applet tag:
Which base addresses will be returned by the getCodeBase and getDocumentBase methods?
The location of the HTML file images.html that you would enter in a web browser to access the file would be:
HYPERLINK http://www.mathcs.shu.edu/JBD/images.html http://www.mathcs.shu.edu/JBD/images.html
and the location of the Java class file in this example, in its full URL form, is
http://www.shu.edu/~wachsmut/Java/Images.class
The method getDocumentBase will then return HYPERLINK "http://www.mathcs.shu.edu/JBD" http://www.mathcs.shu.edu/JBD while the method getCodeBase returns http://www.shu.edu/~wachsmut/Java.
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N o w i t s h o u l d b e c l e a r h o w w e c o u l d r e d o t h e J A p p l e t W i t h B u t t o n s e x a m p l e s o t h a t t h e a p p l e t c o n t a i n s t h e i m a g e s t h a t w e r e p a r t o f t h e J F r a m e W i t h B u t t o n s p r o g r a m i n e x a m p l e 6 . 2 . 1 0 .
E x a m p l e 6 . 5 . 1 1 :
R e d o e x a m p l e 6 . 2 . 1 2 t o c r e a t e a n a p p l e t c o n t a i n i n g t h r e e b uttons with images. It does not actually matter what happens when you click on the buttons as long as the images appear properly. Assume that the image files are located in a directory Icons in the same directory as the class file. Would this applet work when started from a local appletviewer program as well as from a web browser off the Internet?
As in example 6.2.10, we assume that we have the following icons saved in a directory Icons:
new.gif windows.gif xwin.gif java.gif
For a frame we would define the buttons as fields and initialize them via:
JButton windLook = new JButton("Windows",
new ImageIcon("Icons/windows.gif"));
That would not work for applets, so we need to use the constructor of an ImageIcon that uses a URL to point to the named image file. But to construct a URL we need to catch a MalFormedURL exception, which we can not do while initializing a field. Therefore, we first define a button without an icon, then add the appropriate icons in the init method. Since the example states that the icons are located in an Icons directory off the applet class file, we will use the getCodeBase method to create the appropriate URL, using the second version of the URL constructor. Here is the code:
import java.net.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import javax.swing.*;
public class JAppletWithButtons extends JApplet implements ActionListener
{ JButton windLook = new JButton("Windows");
JButton unixLook = new JButton("Unix");
JButton javaLook = new JButton("Java");
JLabel label = new JLabel("Welcome to Swing", SwingConstants.CENTER);
public void init()
{ try
{ URL windURL = new URL(getCodeBase(), "Icons/windows.gif");
URL unixURL = new URL(getCodeBase(), "Icons/xwin.gif");
URL javaURL = new URL(getCodeBase(), "Icons/java.gif");
URL newURL = new URL(getCodeBase(), "Icons/new.gif");
windLook.setIcon(new ImageIcon(windURL));
unixLook.setIcon(new ImageIcon(unixURL));
javaLook.setIcon(new ImageIcon(javaURL));
label.setIcon(new ImageIcon(newURL));
}
catch(MalformedURLException murle)
{ System.err.println("Error loading button images: " + murle); }
getContentPane().setLayout(new FlowLayout());
getContentPane().add(label);
getContentPane().add(windLook);
getContentPane().add(unixLook);
getContentPane().add(javaLook);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ /* whatever should happen if the buttons are pressed */ }
}
With the appropriate HTML document in place, the appletviewer will show the same image as for the JFrameWithButtons program:
Figure 6.5.3: JAppletWithButtons, using URL's to add icons to buttons and label
Note that getCodeBase will take care of all protocol details so the code will work whether the applet is started from a local disk (file: protocol) or loaded from a web site (http: protocol), as long as the images and the class files are located on the same machine and the images are i n a s u b d i r e c t o r y c a l l e d I c o n s o f f t h e c l a s s f i l e d i r e c t o r y .
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F r o m n o w o n w e c a n i n t e r c h a n g e s t a n d a l o n e p r o g r a m s a n d a p p l e t s , a s l o n g a s t h e m e t h o d s t h a t l o a d r e s o u r c e s s u c h a s i m a g e s a n d s o u n d c l i p s s u p p o r t t h e U R L i n p u t p a r a m e t e r .
O f f - S c r e e n D r a w i n g a nd Double-Buffering
So far all of our custom drawing took place in the paintComponent method. To be more precise we should say that all drawings took place within the Graphics object provided (automatically) by the paintComponent method. That is frequently not sufficient:
If the drawing takes a lot of computing time, a program might want to prepare the graphics while showing the user some intermediate information, then swapping the entire image into place at once.
The paintComponent method is called every time the class needs to refresh its display. If the code in that method takes a lot of time to compute it will be called all the time, causing unnecessary delays.
The solution to these and other related problems is to draw to an off-screen graphics object instead of the Graphics object provided by paintComponent. Then, when the time comes, we can replace the paintComponents's Graphics object (which is visible) with the off-screen graphics (which used to be invisible) in one quick call. In other words, we need to:
acquire an off-screen graphics object of the right dimensions
ensure that all drawing is taking place in the off-screen graphics object
implement the paintComponent method so that it swaps the off-screen graphics into the visible area
To some extend, Swing components support this idea by default using a technique called double-buffering.
Definition 6.5.12: Double-Buffering
All Swing components that extend JComponent use a technique called double-buffering for painting. That means that instead of drawing directly to the visible area, an off-screen graphics object is created and all drawing is completed in the off-screen area. When painting is finished, the off-screen area is swapped into the visible area automatically. Double-buffering helps create graphics that appears smoothly and without flickering but requires additional memory to hold the off-screen drawing area. The JComponent class offers the method public void setDoubleBuffered(boolean flag) to turn this feature off if necessary.
Double-buffering usually works well and you do not have to worry about it, but occasionally you need more control and you need to customize the drawing behavior to substitute your own off-screen drawing technique.
Example 6.5.13:
Create a simple program using Swing components that draws 10,000 filled circles in random colors, with random centers and radius 10 pixels. Start the program, move another window on top, then move the program window back to the front. Redo the same example, using only AWT components. Explain any differences you observe.
The code for the Swing classes is quite simple: the graphics class extends JPanel, as usual, and put all the drawing-related code into the paintComponent method (the code simply allocates a random color and random coordinates for the center, then draws the corresponding circle using the fillOval method). We need a small second class to create a working program, so here are both classes:
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Color;
import javax.swing.*;
public class LotsOfCircles extends JPanel
{ public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{ super.paintComponent(g);
for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
{ Color color = new Color((int)(255*Math.random()),
(int)(255*Math.random()),
(int)(255*Math.random()));
int x = (int)(getSize().width * Math.random());
int y = (int)(getSize().height * Math.random());
g.setColor(color);
g.fillOval(x-10, y-10, 20, 20);
}
}
}
import javax.swing.*;
public class LotsOfCirclesTest extends JFrame
{ public LotsOfCirclesTest()
{ super("Lots of Circles");
getContentPane().add("Center", new LotsOfCircles());
setSize(300, 300); validate(); setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ LotsOfCirclesTest loct = new LotsOfCirclesTest(); }
}
Figure 6.5.4: LotsOfCirclesTest programThe program works fine, but the graphics take a long time to complete. In fact, you will not see anything for quite some time, so be patient when running this program. Since Swing components use, by default, double-buffering, the circles are drawn in an off-screen area first and swapped into the visible area when the paintComponent method is finished. That leaves the user looking at an empty window for a while, which is not desirable.
Let's see what the equivalent AWT program would do: we redo our classes, making the following modifications:
remove all occurrences to Swing in the import statements
change JPanel to Canvas in LotsOfCircles
change paintComponent to paint in LotsOfCircles and remove the call to super.paintComponent
change JFrame to Frame in LotsOfCirclesTest
change getContentPane().add() to add() in LotsOfCirclesTest
Here are the new classes, resulting in the same program using AWT components only:
import java.awt.*
public class LotsOfCircles extends Canvas
{ public void paint(Graphics g)
{ /* as before but without super.paintComponent(g); */ }
}
import java.awt.*;
public class LotsOfCirclesTest extends Frame
{ public LotsOfCirclesTest()
{ super("Lots of Circles");
add("Center", new LotsOfCircles());
setSize(300, 300); validate(); setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ LotsOfCirclesTest loct = new LotsOfCirclesTest(); }
}
The program produces an image similar to the one before, but now you can see the circles as they are being drawn. That is somewhat better than before, even though the time it takes to complete the final graphics is just about the same. But in the AWT-based program the user can see something happening, which is better than looking at an empty screen for a while.
However, both programs suffer from one important problem: every time the window needs to be regenerated the entire computation starts again. If you move, for example, another window on top of your program, then move your program back to the foreground, it regenerates the entire picture. Since that takes a fairly long time, the user will get annoyed with that program quickly. Moreover, since random circles are used, every time the picture regenerates it looks different.
In some sense, there will be little we can do: the computation takes time and the code can not be optimized. However, unless the size of the window changes there is really no need to regenerate the computation if our program moves to the background, then to the foreground. All we would need to do is to be able to store the finished drawing somehow without recomputing it every time.
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N o w t h a t w e h a v e s e e n a p o t e n t i a l p r o b l e m w i t h g e n e r a t i n g c o m p l e x g r a p h i c s w e n e e d t o e x p l o r e h o w t o d o o u r o w n o f f - s c r e e n d r a w i n g s o t h a t w e c a n s u b s t i t u t e o u r o w n o p t i m i z e d c o d e f o r t h e g e n e r a l - p u r p o s e d o u b l e - b u f f e r i n g s c h e m e u s e d b y S w i n g .
D e f i n i t i o n 6.5.14: Off-Screen Drawing Area
An off-screen drawing area is an Image object that is not visible. To create an off-screen Image object and an attached off-screen Graphics object, the Component method
public Image createImage(int width, int height)
can be used, together with the Image method
public Graphics getGraphics()
The createImage method returns a reference to an Image object with the specified width and height, while getGraphics returns a reference to a Graphics object attached to an image. Note that createImage will return null if either width or height is zero, or if used in a constructor before the underlying object is laid out completely.
In other words, to create an off-screen graphics object, you could use code similar to the following:
// define fields
Image offImage = null;
Graphics offGraphics = null;
...
// initialize the fields
offImage = getImage(width, height);
offGraphics = offImage.getGraphics();
To help utilizing off-screen graphics object, the following guidelines might be useful:
Definition 6.5.15: Rule of Thumb for using Off-Screen Drawing Areas
To use an off-screen drawing area you may want to follow these suggestions:
Define integer fields height and width to store the current size of the component
Define fields Image offImage and Graphics offGraphics and initialize them whenever the actual dimensions of the component are different from height and width, using a custom method initOffGraphics
Move all drawing code from paintComponent to, say, public void offPaint(Graphics g)
Call offPaint(offGraphics) at the appropriate time explicitly
Implement the paintComponent method similar to the following code:
public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{ super.paintComponent(g);
if ((getSize().width != width) || (getSize().height != height))
initOffGraphics();
if (offImage != null)
g.drawImage(offImage, 0, 0, this);
}
For long computations consider using a thread to call offPaint.
Example 6.5.16:
Modify the "10,000 circles" program from example 6.5.13 so that it utilizes a custom-made off-screen drawing area (but no thread) instead of drawing directly to the visible area. Run the program, cover it with another window, then bring it back to the foreground. Also resize the window to make sure that it works correctly. Describe what happens and what the differences are to the previous implementation in example 6.5.13.
To understand a common error when using the createImage method, we will not follow the above suggestion but try to make do with somewhat easier code, not saving the current width and height and instead creating the offscreen image right in the constructor.
import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Image;
import javax.swing.*;
public class LotsOfCircles extends JPanel // this class will not work
{ private Image offImage = null;
private Graphics offGraphics = null;
public LotsOfCircles()
{ super();
offImage = createImage(getSize().width, getSize().height);
offGraphics = offImage.getGraphics();
offPaint(offGraphics);
}
public void offPaint(Graphics g)
{ for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
{ Color color = new Color((int)(255*Math.random()),
(int)(255*Math.random()),
(int)(255*Math.random()));
int x = (int)(getSize().width * Math.random());
int y = (int)(getSize().height * Math.random());
int r = 10;
g.setColor(color);
g.fillOval(x-r, y-r, 2*r, 2*r);
}
}
public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{ super.paintComponent(g);
if (offImage != null)
g.drawImage(offImage,0,0,null);
}
}
In the constructor we initialize the off-screen image and attached graphics object. Then we call offPaint with offGraphics as input to generate the image. Finally, the paintComponent method is simplified to swap the off-screen graphics into the visible graphics context.
The class LotsOfCirclesTest remains unchanged from example 6.5.13 but to our dismay we get the following runtime error when running the program:
C:\jbd\06\>java LotsOfCirclesTest
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
at LotsOfCircles.(LotsOfCircles.java:11)
at LotsOfCirclesTest.(LotsOfCirclesTest.java:6)
at LotsOfCirclesTest.main(LotsOfCirclesTest.java:10)
The code leading to the null pointer exception is the line
offGraphics = offImage.getGraphics();
Just before that line we create offImage with input parameters getSize().width and getSize().height to make sure the offscreen image has the same size as the image in the JPanel. However, the JPanel, at that time, has not been laid out yet so its width and height are 1. Hence, offImage is null and therefore we can not call its getGraphics method.
To fix that error, we must make sure to generate the offscreen image only when the panel has a well-define width and height. Moreover, we should do it in such a way that the offscreen image and associated graphics is regenerated whenever the size of the panel changes.
To accomplish that, we follow the above rule of thumb guidelines and keep track of the current dimensions of the panel. In the paintComponent method we check if the dimensions have changed. If so, paintComponent will regenerate the offscreen image and associated drawing. Since paintComponent is called every time the panel is resized or redrawn, this will ensure that the offscreen image will be in total sync with the size of the panel at all times. Here is the code that works:
public class LotsOfCircles extends JPanel // this class will work fine
{ private Image offImage = null;
private Graphics offGraphics = null;
private int width = 0, height = 0;
public LotsOfCircles()
{ super();
setDoubleBuffered(false);
}
public void offPaint(Graphics g)
{ for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
{ Color color = new Color((int)(255*Math.random()),
(int)(255*Math.random()),
(int)(255*Math.random()));
int x = (int)(getSize().width * Math.random());
int y = (int)(getSize().height * Math.random());
int r = 10;
g.setColor(color);
g.fillOval(x-r, y-r, 2*r, 2*r);
}
}
public void initOffGraphics()
{ width = getSize().width;
height = getSize().height;
offImage = createImage(width, height);
offGraphics = offImage.getGraphics();
offPaint(offGraphics);
}
public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{ super.paintComponent(g);
if ((width != getSize().width) || (height != getSize().height))
initOffGraphics();
if (offImage != null)
g.drawImage(offImage,0,0,this);
}
}
In other words, if paintComponent detects that the actual size of the component is different from the one recorded in width and height, the offscreen image is regenerated and its associated graphics is recomputed. If the dimensions are unchanged, paintComponent simply swaps the offscreen image into the visible area. If offImage is null because the process is just starting, the paintComponent method does nothing. Note that we turned off default buffering by calling setDoubleBuffered(false) in the constructor.
This time the program runs perfectly. There are no runtime exceptions and the image is generated correctly (but there is still a brief period where the user looks at an empty screen). If the program is brought to the background, then again to the foreground, the image is not regenerated but the saved offscreen image is swapped into the foreground. That happens without noticeable delay, so there is no unnecessary computation. Therefore, this technique works better than the default double buffering scheme in this case. If, on the other hand the window is resized, the paintComponent detects the new size and regenerates the image appropriately.
n
T h e l a s t t h i n g f o r u s t o w o r r y a b o u t i s t h a t t h e r e i s a s h o r t p e r i o d w h e r e t h e u s e r l o o k s a t a n e m p t y p r o g r a m . W o r s e t h a n t h a t , f o r t h a t t i m e t h e p r o g r a m i s a c t u a l l y q u i t e b u s y a n d w i l l n o t r e a c t t o a n y u s e r d i r e c t i v e s s u c h a s a c l i c k o n t h e s t a n d a r d c l ose box. To improve that behavior, we need to employ a thread to handle the generation of the graphics asynchronously.
Example 6.5.17:
Redo example 6.5.16, this time using a thread to generate the offscreen image.
The idea is simple: instead of directly calling offPaint, we start a thread that in turn calls offPaint in its run method. Since the thread runs concurrently to our program, the image is generated asynchronously. To improve what the user sees we also call repaint every 100th time in the run method to make that part of the picture visible that has been computed so far. Finally, if the offscreen image needs to be regenerated, we restart the thread so that our program can regenerate a new picture immediately after the user resizes the window. The new code is in bold and italics.
public class LotsOfCircles extends JPanel implements Runnable
{ private Image offImage = null;
private Graphics offGraphics = null;
private Thread thread = null;
private int counter = 0;
private int width = 0, height = 0;
public LotsOfCircles()
{ super();
setDoubleBuffered(false);
}
public void run()
{ Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
while ((thread == currentThread) && (counter < 10000))
{ offPaint(offGraphics);
counter++;
if ((counter % 100) == 0)
repaint();
thread.yield();
}
}
public void offPaint(Graphics g)
{ Color color = new Color((int)(255*Math.random()),
(int)(255*Math.random()),
(int)(255*Math.random()));
int x = (int)(getSize().width * Math.random());
int y = (int)(getSize().height * Math.random());
int r = 10;
g.setColor(color);
g.fillOval(x-r, y-r, 2*r, 2*r);
}
public void initOffImage()
{ thread = null;
width = getSize().width;
height = getSize().height;
offImage = createImage(width, height);
offGraphics = offImage.getGraphics();
counter = 0;
thread = new Thread(this);
thread.start();
}
public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{ if ((width != getSize().width) || (height != getSize().height))
initOffImage();
if (offImage != null)
g.drawImage(offImage,0,0,null);
}
}
It is important to remove the fixed for loop from the offPaint method in example 6.5.16. If that loop would still be there, a thread drawing the current image would continue even if the image was resized. A second thread would start in addition, performing the new computations. Repeated resizing of the frame would start extra threads, eating into system resources unnecessarily. Since our code instead implements part of the recommendation in definition 5.2.11, we can be sure that the old thread stops as soon as a new thread is instantiated. As soon as thread is different from currentThread in the run method, the "old" run method will stop and the "new" one will start for the new thread. Note that we are also cooperating nicely with other system resources by calling the yield method inside the run method.
Now we can have our cake and eat it, too. First, our program can continue to react to user input because the computation takes place in a separate thread. And which is important we call the repaint method every 100th time within offPaint to make that part of the picture visible that has been computed so far. When we run this applet, the screen seems to change in several discrete steps, but once the image is computed, it regenerates (almost) immediately, unless the w i n d o w i s r e s i z e d . I f t h e w i n d o w i s r e s i z e d , a n e w i m a g e i s c o m p u t e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y w i t h o u t h a v i n g t o w a i t f o r t h e o l d o n e t o f i n i s h .
n
T o b e s u r e , t h i s v e r s i o n d o e s t a k e l o n g e r t o c o m p u t e t h e f i n a l p i c t u r e : t h r e a d s h a v e a c o m p u t a t i o n a l o v e r h e a d t h a t c a n n ot be neglected, and we call repaint at every 100th step. However, to a user this image would appear to be generated faster, which is really what we want. Also, our applet can now contain other GUI elements that the user could use concurrently while the graphics are computed even if the computation is not yet finished.
Working with Sounds
Now that we have a reasonable understand of how to work with graphics we want to add sound to our programs. Audio files, like image files, are stored in a variety of formats. The most common ones are WAV files, primarily on Windows machines, AU files on Unix systems, and AIFF or SND files on Macintosh computers. Just as for images, there are a variety of utility programs available to convert audio files from one format to another, and there are differences in quality associated with different formats.
Definition 6.5.18: Loading Audio Files
Java supports audio files in the following formats: AIFF, AU, WAV, MIDI type 0 and 1, and RMF. Audio files can be loaded into an AudioClip object via the static method:
public static final AudioClip newAudioClip(URL url)
That method is part of the java.applet.Applet class and can be used by applets and non-applets. Java supports 8 and 16 bit audio data in mono and stereo with sample rates from 8kHz to 48kHz in linear and u-law encoding. Rendering quality defaults to 16-bit stereo data at 22kHz. If this quality is not supported it automatically switches to 8-bit or mono output.
Applets can construct a URL using getCodeBase or getDocumentBase as described in definition 6.5.9. Standalone programs can reference a local audio file via the string
String fileURL = "file:" + System.getProperty("user.dir")
+ System.getProperty("file.separator")
+ "actualFileName.ext";
Loading and playing sounds is actually easier, in some sense, then loading and displaying images because methods related to sounds are much more limited than those related to images. On the other hand, while sounds are easy to handle, Java offers fewer choices when dealing with sounds. There are, for example, a variety of mechanisms to control the loading process of images (most easily via the MediaTracker), but there is currently no such support for loading sounds. Since the newAudioClip method returns an AudioClip, we need to define that class before continuing.
Definition 6.5.19: The AudioClip Interface
The AudioClip interface is a simple abstraction for playing a sound clip. AudioClip items can be played separately or together, and each AudioClip plays independently of others. There are only three methods defined and implemented:
play To play an entire audio clip once. Will restart the sound if it is already playing.
loop To play an audio clip in an infinite loop. Will restart the sound if it is already playing.
stop To stop an audio clip that is currently playing or playing in a loop. Has no effect if sound not playing.
Java provides no convenient methods to control how much of an audio clip has already been played, how long an AudioClip is, or any other helpful operation. The AudioClip interface is part of the java.applet package.
Example 6.5.20:
Assuming that you have two audio files named applause.wav and music.wav, create a program that contains five buttons, two to play and stop the first audio clip and three to play, stop, and loop the other. Then experiment whether both clips can play simultaneously. The audio files should be located in a directory Audio that is an immediate subdirectory to the class directory.
Since the audio clip methods are so simple, the entire program is completely routine. The only noteworthy code is the construction of the URL pointing to the audio files located in the Audio directory. We must construct a valid URL, using various system properties as defined above.
import java.net.*;
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.Container;
import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import javax.swing.*;
public class SoundTest extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{ private JButton playMusic = new JButton("Play Music");
private JButton loopMusic = new JButton("Loop Music");
private JButton stopMusic = new JButton("Stop Music");
private JButton playSound = new JButton("Play Sound");
private JButton stopSound = new JButton("Stop Sound");
private AudioClip music = null, sound = null;
public SoundTest()
{ super("Sound Test");
try
{ String separator = System.getProperty("file.separator");
String preface = "file:" + System.getProperty("user.dir")
+ separator + "Audio" + separator;
music = Applet.newAudioClip(new URL(preface + "music.wav"));
sound = Applet.newAudioClip(new URL(preface + "applause.wav"));
}
catch(MalformedURLException murle)
{ System.err.println("Error loading files: " + murle); }
Container content = getContentPane();
content.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
content.add(playMusic); playMusic.addActionListener(this);
content.add(loopMusic); loopMusic.addActionListener(this);
content.add(stopMusic); stopMusic.addActionListener(this);
content.add(playSound); playSound.addActionListener(this);
content.add(stopSound); stopSound.addActionListener(this);
validate(); pack(); setVisible(true);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ if (ae.getSource() == playMusic)
music.play();
else if (ae.getSource() == loopMusic)
music.loop();
else if (ae.getSource() == stopMusic)
music.stop();
else if (ae.getSource() == playSound)
sound.play();
else if (ae.getSource() == stopSound)
sound.stop();
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ SoundTest st = new SoundTest(); }
}
Obviously we can not show what happens when the buttons are clicked. But when you experiment with this program you will notice that both sounds can indeed play simultaneously, producing a composite sound. Unless that is what you want you must make sure that all sounds t h a t a r e c u r r e n t l y p l a y i n g a r e t u r n e d o f f ( u s i n g s t o p ) b e f o r e a n e w s o u n d s t a r t s p l a y i n g .
n
Y o u c a n f i n d a c o m p l e t e p r o g r a m i n t e g r a t i n g t h r e a d s , a n i m a t i o n , a n d s o u n d i n e x a m p l e 6 . 6 . 1 , t h e " S h a r k A t t a c k " g a m e .
C a s e S t u d y : T h e S h a r k A t t a c k G a m e
A t t h i s p o i nt we have explored many of the features of Swing and we have seen how to work with images, animation, and sound. We are now in a position to create a more extensive Swing-based program, combining Swing, sound effects, and animation to create a reasonably looking action game. You probably won't be able to sell it, but it's fun to play.
This example is optional. It will introduce few new features but it will illustrate how Swing components and OOP programming techniques work together to create a program that is more complex than our standard examples.
Example 6.6.1:
Create an Applet that shows the fin of a shark swimming around in the "water". While the shark is swimming, some soundtrack should be playing. The user can cause the shark to move up, down, right, left, and let it dive and rise. There should also be some animals that the shark can prey on but it can only catch its prey when the shark is fully submerged. Another sound should play whenever a prey is caught. There should be a count of animals left for the shark to eat, and a clock that shows the time in seconds since the game started.
Before we can begin thinking about any code we need some graphics and sound resources. Let's assume we have two images, river.jpg and swan.gif which depict a piece of a river and a small, white swan, respectively. They might look as follows:
Figure 6.6.1: The images river.jpg and swan.gif
Note that the image of a swan is in GIF format where the background color has been marked as transparent (refer to a graphics manipulation package such as Microsoft Photo Editor for details on how to do this).
Also, we will need some sound files in a supported format. Again, let's assume that we have the files jaws.au, which plays some background sound clip suitable for looping and splash.au which will be played whenever a swan is captured by our shark.
Finally, we need several images that we can use as icons for control buttons. Let's say we have created the images:
= down.gif = up.gif = left.gif = right.gif = dive.gif = rise.gif = stop.gif = start.gif
To create our program we need to decide on the classes we need and how they will interact with each other. We decide to layout our program so that the image of the river will occupy the majority of the screen, with the counter and timer at the bottom of the window. We will keep the controls for the shark in a separate frame that will pop up when the user clicks on the image. It should be fairly obvious that we need classes for the Shark, a Swan (with several instances), the Counter, the Timer, the Controls, as well as an applet to pull everything together. Therefore, we will use six classes plus two inner classes, as well as our familiar JPanelBox, as follows:
SharkAttack: the main class containing the images, sounds, and counter; moves images around via thread; uses inner class Arena extending JPanel to handle the drawing and Clicker extending MouseAdapter to bring up the control panel if a user wishes.
Shark: a representation of a shark by drawing its fin; has methods to move and draw the shark
SharkPrey: a representation of a prey animal; has methods to move and draw the image
SharkControls: contains controls for moving shark; uses shark methods to guide it through the water
SwanCounter: Contains images for living swans or "x" for caught ones, as well as a stop watch with methods to reset counter and the timer
StopWatch: Simple class using a thread to count every second
Specifically, the classes will be defined with the following fields and methods:
SharkAttack extends JApplet implements Runnable
Fields: Shark shark, SharkPrey prey[], SharkControls guide, SharkCounter count, StopWatch watch, Image river, Image aSwan, AudioClip music, AudioClip splash, Thread thread, Arena arena
Inner Classes: Arena extends JPanel, Clicker extends MouseAdapter
Methods: init (loads images, sounds, attaches SharkControls and counter, defines tooltip, adds mouse listener and arena via inner classes), start (starts thread, resets shark, counter, prey, and timer, loops background music), stop (stops thread, music, and timer), run (moves shark and prey animals, checks which animals are caught and updates counter if necessary)
Shark extends Object SharkAttack applet
Fields: Polygon fin, int deltaX, SharkAttack applet
Methods: constructor (initializes applet for call-backs to get width), reset (moves shark to start position), moveUp, moveDown, turnLeft, turnRight, dive, rise, move (moves the fin horizontally, turning it around at the borders), getTip (returns the current position of the tip of the fin if fully submerged or (-1, -1) otherwise), paintComponent (draws the image of a shark fin in current configuration)
SharkPrey extends Object
Fields: Image animal, Rectangle bounds, int deltaX, int amp, SharkAttack applet
Methods: constructor (initializes applet and animal, picks random numbers for deltaX, amp (amplitude), defines bounds), move (moves the image in sine wave, turning it around at the borders), isEatenBy (returns true if shark's tip is inside bounds, paintComponent (draws the image at its current location)
SharkControls extends JPanel implements ActionListener
Fields: String icons[], String toolTips[], SharkAttack applet, Shark shark, JButtons[]
Methods: constructor (initializes applet and shark, defines layout and icon buttons), actionPerformed, showHelp
SwanCounter extends JPanel
Fields: JLabel swans[], int numSwans, ImageIcon aSwan
Methods: constructor (initializes numSwans and aSwan, defines array of JLabel containing aSwan icons), fillSlots (fills first numSwans swans[]with aSwan image, remaining swans[] with "X"), remove (decreases numSwans), reset, getCount
StopWatch extends JLabel implements Runnable
Fields: Thread thread, int count
Methods: constructor (defines default text), start, stop, run (updates label text with count ever 1000 milliseconds)
Once we have determined the class types, methods, and fields, we of course need to implement the classes. The first one we will create is SharkPrey to move a swan around the screen. It needs to provide move to move the animal image along a predetermined path and paintComponent to draw it at its current position. Also, we need to implement isEatenBy to determine if this animal has been successfully attacked by the shark. The image that will move around is passed into the class via the class constructor.
To determine when the shark has caught one of our animals, we use the field bounds to specify a Rectangle that always surrounds the image at its current location. The path that our prey animal will follow is a simple sine curve with random amplitude, starting at a random location in the lower part of the image.
When the prey hits the left or right side of the applet it is supposed to turn around. Therefore, the class needs to know the dimensions of the applet so that we will pass a reference to it into this class. That means the class will not compile until you define SharkAttack (which in turn will not compile until all other classes are implemented):
import java.awt.*;
public class SharkPrey
{ private SharkAttack applet = null;
private Image animal = null;
private Rectangle bounds = new Rectangle();
private int deltaX, amp;
public SharkPrey(Image _animal, SharkAttack _applet)
{ animal = _animal;
applet = _applet;
deltaX = (int)(2*Math.random()) + 1;
amp = (int)(55*Math.random()) + 10;
bounds.x = (int)(applet.getSize().width*Math.random());
bounds.y = 120 + (int)(amp*Math.sin( bounds.x /20.0));
bounds.height = animal.getHeight(null);
bounds.width = animal.getWidth(null);
}
public void move()
{ if ((bounds.x > applet.getSize().width) || (bounds.x < 0))
deltaX *= (-1);
bounds.x += deltaX;
bounds.y = 120 + (int)(amp*Math.sin(bounds.x /20.0));
}
public boolean isEatenBy(Shark shark)
{ return bounds.contains(shark.getTip()); }
public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{ g.drawImage(animal, bounds.x, bounds.y, null); }
}
Note that this class does not actually move or draw the image. Instead it provides the possibility of moving (and drawing) the animal correctly. Later, the thread in our applet will be responsible for moving the shark and all its prey around the screen.
Next, let's focus on the class to move the shark. This class is more complicated because it not only provides a method to move the shark from right to left, but also methods to switch directions, move the shark up or down, let the shark dive and rise, and determine the position of the top of the fin. Perhaps the most complicated affair is how the shark should look like. We will draw the shark's fin as a right triangle with the right angle either on the left or right side depending on the direction of the shark. A simple sketch will help:
Shark fin moving right:
EMBED CorelDraw.Graphic.7
Shark fin moving left:
EMBED CorelDraw.Graphic.7 Shark fin coordinates :
EMBED Equation.3
EMBED Equation.3 Changing directions:
EMBED Equation.3
EMBED Equation.3 Diving:
EMBED Equation.3
EMBED Equation.3 Rising:
EMBED Equation.3
EMBED Equation.3
Figure 6.6.2: Schematics of Shark for moving right, left, and diving, rising
To represent this fin we will use a Polygon, a useful class from the AWT to represent irregularly shaped closed objects.
Definition 6.6.2: Polygon
The Polygon class from the AWT represents a closed, two-dimensional region bounded by an arbitrary number of line segments. Internally, a polygon is a list of (x, y) points, where each pair defines a vertex of the polygon. The first and last pairs of (x, y) points are joined by a line segment that closes the polygon. Polygons can be drawn by using the drawPolygon or fillPolygon method from the Graphics class.
public class Polygon extends Object
{ // public fields
public int npoints
public int xpoints[], ypoints[]
// Constructor
public Polygon()
public Polygon(int xpoints[], int ypoints[], int npoints)
// Methods
public void translate(int deltaX, int deltaY)
public void addPoint(int x, int y)
public Rectangle getBounds()
public boolean contains(Point p)
public boolean contains(int x, int y)
}
There are a few computations involved to correctly manipulate the shape of fin in order to represent "diving" and "rising" but when you look at the above schematics the computations should be clear:
import java.awt.*;
public class Shark
{ private Polygon fin = new Polygon(new int[]{ 0, 0,30},
new int[]{60,30,60}, 3);
private SharkAttack applet = null;
private int deltaX = 4;
public Shark(SharkAttack _applet)
{ applet = _applet; }
public void moveUp()
{ fin.translate(0,-6); }
public void moveDown()
{ fin.translate(0,6); }
public void turnLeft()
{ fin.xpoints[1] = fin.xpoints[2];
deltaX = -Math.abs(deltaX);
}
public void turnRight()
{ fin.xpoints[1] = fin.xpoints[0];
deltaX = Math.abs(deltaX);
}
public void dive()
{ if ((fin.ypoints[2] - fin.ypoints[1]) > 0)
{ if (deltaX > 0)
fin.xpoints[2] -= 5;
else
fin.xpoints[0] += 5;
fin.ypoints[1] += 5;
}
}
public void rise()
{ if ((fin.ypoints[2] - fin.ypoints[1]) < 40)
{ if (deltaX > 0)
fin.xpoints[2] += 5;
else
fin.xpoints[0] -= 5;
fin.ypoints[1] -= 5;
}
}
public void move()
{ if (fin.xpoints[0] > applet.getSize().width)
turnLeft();
if (fin.xpoints[0] < 0)
turnRight();
fin.translate(deltaX,0);
}
public Point getTip()
{ if ((fin.ypoints[2] - fin.ypoints[1]) < 4)
return new Point(fin.xpoints[1], fin.ypoints[1]);
else
return new Point(-1, -1);
}
public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{ g.setColor(Color.lightGray);
g.fillPolygon(fin);
}
}
These two classes will do most of the actual work for us and since they are fairly smart the main job of the applet class we will design next is to load the images and sounds and to properly move the shark and the prey animals around. We will use a MediaTracker to completely load images, and also add an instance of a SharkCounter to the layout of the applet. We also need a SharkControls class to react to user input, which will appear when the user clicks anywhere on the image. Most importantly, we use an inner class extending JPanel that will handle the actual drawing via its paintComponent method. It will draw the river image, the shark, and in a loop all prey animals that are not null.
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.applet.AudioClip;
import java.awt.MediaTracker;
import java.awt.Image;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class SharkAttack extends JApplet implements Runnable
{ private Shark shark = null;
private SharkPrey prey[] = null;
private SharkControls guide = null;
private SwanCounter count = null;
private class Arena extends JPanel
{ public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
{ super.paintComponent(g);
g.drawImage(river,0,0,
getSize().width,getSize().height,this);
shark.paintComponent(g);
for (int i = 0; i < prey.length; i++)
if (prey[i] != null)
prey[i].paintComponent(g);
}
}
private class Clicker extends MouseAdapter
{ public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me)
{ guide.setVisible(true);
guide.toFront();
}
}
private Image river = null, aSwan = null;
private AudioClip music = null, splash = null;
private Thread thread = null;
private Arena arena = new Arena();
public void init()
{ river = getImage(getDocumentBase(), "Images/river.jpg");
aSwan = getImage(getDocumentBase(), "Images/swan.gif");
music = getAudioClip(getDocumentBase(),"Audio/jaws.au");
splash = getAudioClip(getDocumentBase(),"Audio/splash.au");
MediaTracker tracker = new MediaTracker(this);
tracker.addImage(river,0); tracker.addImage(aSwan,1);
try
{ tracker.waitForAll(); }
catch(InterruptedException ie)
{ JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, "Error loading images"); }
shark = new Shark(this);
prey = new SharkPrey[10];
count = new SwanCounter(new ImageIcon(aSwan), prey.length);
getContentPane().add("Center",
new JPanelBox(arena, "Shark Attack"));
getContentPane().add("South", count);
guide = new SharkControls(this, shark);
arena.setToolTipText("Click to show controls");
arena.addMouseListener(new Clicker());
}
public void start()
{ thread = new Thread(this);
shark.reset(); count.reset();
thread.start(); music.loop();
for (int i = 0; i < prey.length; i++)
prey[i] = new SharkPrey(aSwan, this);
}
public void stop()
{ music.stop(); count.stop(); thread = null; }
public void run()
{ Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
while (thread == currentThread)
{ shark.move();
for (int i = 0; i < prey.length; i++)
if (prey[i] != null)
prey[i].move();
try
{ thread.sleep(200); }
catch(InterruptedException ie)
{ System.err.println("Error: " + ie); }
for (int i = 0; i < prey.length; i++)
{ if ((prey[i] != null) && (prey[i].isEatenBy(shark)))
{ splash.play();
prey[i] = null;
count.remove();
if (count.getCount() == 0)
stop();
}
}
arena.repaint();
}
}
}
Recall that the start and stop methods of a JApplet have special meaning. Start is called after the applet is instantiated and every time the user revisits the page. Stop is called when the user leaves the page. Hence, every time the page containing the applet is visited, the start method is called to reset the counter and the shark, start the thread to move the animals around, start the background music, and initialize the prey animals.
The last major class, SharkControls, is straightforward: it extends JFrame so that it can "float" on top of the applet. It contains movement buttons to control the shark by calling the appropriate methods of the shark and the applet. Since we will use nine buttons, we declare them as an array so that we can initialize them in a loop. We also add appropriate tooltips to the buttons to give the user a clue as to their functionality:
import java.net.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.awt.GridLayout;
import javax.swing.*;
public class SharkControls extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{ private String icons[] = {"pause.gif", "up.gif", "rise.gif",
"left.gif", "swan.gif", "right.gif",
"start.gif", "down.gif", "dive.gif" };
private String tips[] = {"Stop game", "Shark up", "Shark rises",
"Shark left", "Help", "Shark right",
"Start game", "Shark down", "Shark dives"};
private SharkAttack applet = null;
private Shark shark = null;
private JButton buttons[] = new JButton[9];
public SharkControls(SharkAttack _applet, Shark _shark)
{ super("Shark Controls");
applet = _applet;
shark = _shark;
JPanel buttonPanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(3, 3));
try
{ for (int i = 0; i < buttons.length; i++)
{ URL url = new URL(applet.getCodeBase(), "Images/"+icons[i]);
buttons[i] = new JButton(new ImageIcon(url));
buttons[i].addActionListener(this);
buttons[i].setToolTipText(tips[i]);
buttonPanel.add(buttons[i]);
}
}
catch(MalformedURLException murle)
{ System.err.println("Error loading icons: " + murle); }
getContentPane().add("Center",
new JPanelBox(buttonPanel, "Shark Controls"));
setResizable(false);
validate(); pack();
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ if (ae.getSource() == buttons[0])
applet.stop();
else if (ae.getSource() == buttons[1])
shark.moveUp();
else if (ae.getSource() == buttons[2])
shark.rise();
else if (ae.getSource() == buttons[3])
shark.turnLeft();
else if (ae.getSource() == buttons[4])
showHelp();
else if (ae.getSource() == buttons[5])
shark.turnRight();
else if (ae.getSource() == buttons[6])
applet.start();
else if (ae.getSource() == buttons[7])
shark.moveDown();
else if (ae.getSource() == buttons[8])
shark.dive();
}
private void showHelp()
{ JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this,
"Shark Attack\n(c) 1999\nBert Wachsmuth",
"Shark Attack", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
}
}
The remaining utility classes SwanCounter and StopWatch are simple. SwanCounter extends JPanel and keeps track of how many swans are still alive by using 10 JLabels arranged in a flow layout. Its main public method is remove which is called upon by the run method of the applet if the shark successfully attacks a swan, but the method doing the actual work is fillSlots. That method sets the icon or text of the ten labels depending on the number swans still active.
import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import javax.swing.*;
public class SwanCounter extends JPanel
{ private JLabel swans[] = null;
private int numSwans = 0;
private ImageIcon aSwan = null;
private StopWatch watch = new StopWatch();
public SwanCounter(ImageIcon _aSwan, int maxSwans)
{ numSwans = maxSwans;
aSwan = _aSwan;
swans = new JLabel[maxSwans];
setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT));
add(watch);
for (int i = 0; i < swans.length; i++)
{ swans[i] = new JLabel(aSwan); add(swans[i]); }
}
private void fillSlots()
{ for (int i = 0; i < numSwans; i++)
{ swans[i].setIcon(aSwan); swans[i].setText(""); }
for (int i = numSwans; i < swans.length; i++)
{ swans[i].setIcon(null); swans[i].setText(" X "); }
}
public void remove()
{ numSwans--; fillSlots(); }
public void reset()
{ numSwans = swans.length; fillSlots(); watch.start(); }
public void stop()
{ watch.stop(); }
public int getCount()
{ return numSwans; }
}
StopWatch is a simple implementation of a counting thread, using a JLabel to display the current value of the counter, incrementing that counter every second.
import javax.swing.*;
public class StopWatch extends JLabel implements Runnable
{ private Thread thread = null;
private int count = 0;
public StopWatch()
{ super("Time expired: 0 seconds"); }
public void start()
{ count = 0;
thread = new Thread(this);
thread.start();
}
public void stop()
{ thread = null; }
public void run()
{ Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
while (thread == currentThread)
{ setText("Expired: " + count + " seconds");
count++;
try
{ thread.sleep(1000); }
catch(InterruptedException ie)
{ System.err.println("Error: " + ie); }
}
}
}
After all this work its time to enjoy our game which is difficult to do on paper, so you need to use your imagination when looking at the still images in figure 6.6.3.
Figure 6.6.3: SharkAttack game screen shot with two swans "eaten"
When the applet actually executes, the shark continuously moves horizontally. The buttons can redirect the shark, move it up or down, or make it dive or rise. The object of the game is to pass under the prey animals while fully submerged. Every time that happens a "splash" will sound and the corresponding swan will disappear. The swans, of course, also move around in a wave-like fashion (because of the sine function in their move method), making it somewhat difficult for the shark to catch them. At any time the restart button can be used to reposition all swans at random locations to start over. When all swans are gone the counte r w i l l s t o p , s h o w i n g t h e t i m e i t t o o k t o f i n i s h t h e g a m e .
n
T h e r e a r e m a n y a d d i t i o n a l t o p i c s t h a t c o u l d h a v e b e e n c o v e r e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r . I n p a r t i c u l a r , w e d i d n o t d i s c u s s t h e G r a p h i c s 2 D p a c k a g e , d r a g - a n d - d r o p s u p p o r t , a c c e s s i b i l i t y f e a t u r e s , u n d o s u p p o r t, image manipulation, and more. However, a detailed discussion of the advanced capabilities that Swing offers could easily fill an entire book so we will have to be content with this discussion.
Therefore, this concludes the discussion of Swing and multimedia and also ends our introduction of the basic capabilities that Java offers to create object-oriented, windows-based, GUI-driven programs. The remaining chapters of this text will not focus on how a program looks, but rather on some advanced programming techniques. Therefore, we will not use Swing in subsequent chapters but stick with the simpler AWT. However, you should feel free to convert every example that uses AWT GUI components into equivalent or better Swing-based programs. We have certainly covered all the tools necessary for that.
Chapter Summary
Exercises
6.1. Introduction to Swing
1. State, in your own words, what is meant by the following terms:
a) JFCb) Swingc) look and feeld) accessibility packagee) javax.swing.*;f) code-compatible Swing classesDescribe, in your own words:
why Sun designed the Swing and JFC classes
what the advantages and disadvantages of using Swing instead of AWT are
how you can easily recognize most Swing GUI classes
at least two code-compatible Swing classes and their enhancements over their AWT cousins
at least two new Swing classes and their major functionality
some enhancements that are easy to add to virtually all Swing-based programs
the steps to use to convert an AWT program to a Swing-based program
Describe what the following programs do, then convert them to Swing-based programs:
a) import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class AWTProgram extends Frame implements ActionListener
{ private Button show = new Button("Show");
private Button quit = new Button("Quit");
private Label status = new Label("This is a status label");
public AWTProgram()
{ super("AWT-Based Program");
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(show); show.addActionListener(this);
add(quit); quit.addActionListener(this);
add(status);
validate(); pack(); setVisible(true);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ if (ae.getSource() == show)
status.setText("Show was Clicked");
else if (ae.getSource() == quit)
System.exit(0);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ AWTProgram awt = new AWTProgram(); }
}
b) import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class AWTDrawProgram extends Frame implements ActionListener
{ private Button draw = new Button("Draw");
private int x = 100, y = 100;
private class WindowCloser extends WindowAdapter
{ public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we)
{ System.exit(0); }
}
public AWTDrawProgram()
{ super("AWT-Based Program");
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add("North", draw); draw.addActionListener(this);
setSize(300, 300); setVisible(true);
addWindowListener(new WindowCloser());
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{ if (ae.getSource() == draw)
{ x = (int)((getSize().width-20) * Math.random()) + 20;
y = (int)((getSize().height-20) * Math.random()) + 20;
repaint();
}
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ g.fillOval(x, y, 100, 100); }
public static void main(String args[])
{ AWTDrawProgram awt = new AWTDrawProgram(); }
}
List the code-compatible, the enhanced, and the new classes provided in the Swing package.
List the AWT classes can be mixed with Swing classes and those that should not be mixed
Add tooltips to the programs in 3 (a) and (b) after converting them to Swing.
6.2. Basic Swing Classes
State, in your own words, what is meant by the following terms:
a) UIManagerb) SwingUtilitiesc) SwingConstantsd) JFramee) JButtonf) JLabelg) ImageIconh) JAppleti) OBJECT tagj) EMBED tagk) Borderl) JPanelm) JMenun) JPopupMenuo) JCheckBoxp) JRadioButtonq) ButtonGroupr) JComboBoxs) JREt) Java Pluginu) JSeparatorv) JPopupMenu.SeparatorDescribe, in your own words:
how to create a basic class with Swing components that extends JFrame and has at least one button
the different types of borders and how to combine them
how to set a border for a Swing component
how to define a layout for a JFrame or JApplet, and what the difference is to doing the same for a Frame or Applet
what the problem is, if any, in embedding Swing-based applets in a web page with standard APPLET tags
what a "look and feel" is, how they differ, and which one you prefer
what needs to be done to define a look and feel before instantiating a frame and after a frame is already visible
what the difference is between a JCheckBox and a JRadioButton
What is the exact syntax to:
add an icon to a button or label
add a tooltip to a JPanel
add a string to a JComboBox
get the state of a JCheckBox object
set the look and feel of a class extending frame to a "Windows" look
let the user switch the look and feel of a class extending frame between the "Java" and "Unix" look
add a popup menu to a JPanel so that is appears when the right mouse button is clicked over that panel
Add a window listener to the BasicJFrame class in example 6.2.5 so that the program will properly close when someone clicks on its standard close box.
How do the various borders created in the BorderOverview program in example 6.2.16 look using the Windows and Unix look-and-feel?
Change the class PopupMenuTest in example 6.2.22 so that it achieves the same functionality using only one inner class.
In example 6.2.18 we created a class JPanelBox that is reused several times. Add appropriate Javadoc comments to the class and use the javadoc tool to create appropriate documentation for this class.
In example 6.2.18 we created a class JPanelBox that and a JPanelBoxTest class to test it. Redo JPanelBoxTest so that it achieves the same results without using JPanelBox. Compare both versions.
In example 6.2.20 we created a standalone program with a simple menu. Convert that program into an applet to verify that a JApplet can indeed contain a menu.
In chapter 4, example 4.23, we created a simple version of a Calculator. Redo that applet so that it uses Swing instead of AWT components. Note: the Swing equivalent of TextField is JTextField, which is code-compatible.
6.3. Advanced Swing Classes
State, in your own words, what is meant by the following terms:
a) JScrollPaneb) JTabbedPanec) JSplitPaned) Model/Viewe) JListf) DefaultListModelg) ListSelectionListenerh) ListSelectionEventi) JTextComponentj) JTextFieldk) JTextAreal) DocumentListenerm) DocumentEventn) JEditorPaneo) HTMLp) JOptionPaneq) JDialogDescribe, in your own words:
what the difference is in the dialogs that appear with showMessageDialog, showInputDialog, and showConfirmDialog
how to create a dialog that appears with showOptionDialog
what the difference is between a JList and a java.awt.List
what advantages and disadvantages the model/view split has that is employed by several Swing components
the HTML formatting language (include some examples)
the capabilities of the JEditorPane class
What is the exact syntax to:
ensure that a JTextArea performs automatic word-wrapping at word boundaries
add and remove data to and from a JList
add scrolling capabilities to a JList
attach a DocumentListener to a JTextArea
create a message to standard output if the text contained in a JTextArea has changed
use a JEditorPane to display some formatted text in a JFrame
use a JSplitPane and a JTabbedPane (give some example)
Add tooltips (but no icons) and borders to both tabs in the ScrollingTabImage class in example 6.3.4.
Add a popup menu to the list to allow deletion of a selected address in the EmailListing program in example 6.3.14. The popup menu should appear when the user right-clicks over the list.
Change the EmailListing program in example 6.3.14 so that it stores the first and last names in separate fields. Also add a sort capabilities to the program that sorts names according to last name (compare example 4.38, and examples 4 and 6 in section 3.6)
Expand the ImageViewer program in example 6.3.11 so that it contains a File | Open menu. When the user selects that option, they can pick a directory containing images, and all images in the chosen directory will be added to the image list for viewing. Note that you need to lookup the JFileChooser class in the Java API as it is not covered in the text.
In example 6.3.17 you were asked to create a multi-line, scrollable text display field. Instead, the example creates a standalone program using such a text field. Redo that example to create a new class that can indeed serve as a multi-line, scrollable text display field (none-editable). Make sure to test your new class.
The JOptionPane includes several methods to show various dialogs. Which icons and titles are displayed with the following methods:
void showMessageDialog(Component parent, Object message)
String showInputDialog(Component parent, Object message)
int showConfirmDialog(Component parent, Object message)
In chapter 4 we created the "MyDraw" applet, and refined it in the exercises. Use a JList instead of a List and an array to keep track of all available figures. You will need to add an appropriate toString method to each of the Shape classes.
In example 6.3.17 we created a MultiLineLabelTest class that tests some of the capabilities of a JTextArea. Create a reusable class MultiLineLabel that can be used as a multi-line, scrollable label in other programs.
In example 6.3.25 we created a program BookmarkManager. Enhance that program so that the cursor will change shape as the mouse is moved into and out of hyperlinks. Add a status label to the class that will contain the URL of the bookmark over which the mouse hovers.
13. In chapter 4, example 4.23, we created a simple version of a Calculator. Redo that applet so that it uses Swing instead of AWT components (see exercise 10 in previous section). Add a feature that lets the user copy the number from the text field to the systems clipboard (the JTextComponent contains a copy method that could accomplish that).
In chapter 4, example 4.26, we created an enhanced version of the Calculator program from example 4.23 that includes a "log" of operations. Redo this version of the Calculator as a Swing applet (see previous exercise), but use a JSplitPane to arrange the calculator and the log.
In chapter 4, example 4.29, we created a simple program containing a non-modal dialog. Redo that example as a Swing program, substituting the JDialog class for Dialog.
In chapter 4, example 4.38, we created a fairly elaborate AddressBook program that worked as a standalone program as well as an applet. Redo that program as a Swing program. Use the JOptionPane for all dialogs, and add additional information dialogs (such as "addresses now sorted" after issuing a Sort directive). In particular, replace the YesNo dialog class used in example 4.38 by a suitable JOptionPane dialog. Add suitable enhancements such as image icons, popup menus, and tooltips whenever it makes sense.
6.4. Trees, Tables, and Graphics
State, in your own words, what is meant by the following terms:
a) JTreeb) DefaultMutableTreeNodec) TreePathd) TreeSelectionListenere) TreeSelectionEventf) JTableg) DefaultTableModelh) paintComponent(Graphics g)i) repaint
Describe, in your own words:
how to disable automatic cell editing in a JTable
how to add custom graphics to a JPanel class
what a root node and a leaf node is
what different types of trees exist, and which type is represented by JTree
how to add a row of data to a JTable
why you can not add a column of data at a specific column index
What is the correct syntax to:
ensure that a JTree becomes scrollable
ensure that a JTable becomes scrollable
turn off auto-resizing of a JTable
convert the method
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ g.drawOval(10, 10, 100, 100); }
of a Canvas class into the appropriate method/class using Swing.
attach a TreeSelectionListener to a JTree and get the full path to the selected tree node (assuming a tree node is selected)
Add the correct formatting of decimal numbers to the Invoicer class in Example 6.4.12
List all leafs in the following trees:
EMBED OrgPlusWOPX.4 b) EMBED OrgPlusWOPX.4
What is the TreePath leading to the node with value 'F' in part (a) of the above exercise. What about the TreePath to node 'F' in part (b) above? List the parent and all ancestors of node 'K' in part (b) above. List all children and all descendents of node 'A' in part (b) above. What are the siblings of node 'H' in part (b) above? How about the siblings of note 'G'? (Note that we have not formally defined these concepts, but they should be intuitively clear)
Add two buttons to the SimpleTree class in example 6.4.4 that will expand and collapse the currently selected node of a JTree, if possible.
Create a frame that represents the chapters and sub-sections of this book in a JTree. You could use it, for example, to organize your own notes about this text. Include buttons to expand/collapse the entire structure, as well as individual nodes, if possible.
Create a simple address book program that stores the first name, last name, and email address in a JTable. If it makes sense to leave the automatic editing feature in place, do so, but for practice also create a version of your program without allowing editing of the cells. To add new data, you may want to use an appropriate JOptionDialog, but to start, create your program so that the program itself adds data to the table. Compare with example 6.4.9 and 6.4.12.
In example 6.4.12 we refined the Invoicer program created in earlier examples. Add a menu choice to the popup menu that takes the data from the JTable and displays it in a JEditorPane, suitably formatted. The JEditorPane should appear in a separate frame, including menu options to close the window and to print the invoice. Also create a "logo" that should be included in the formatted version of the invoice, and include the date and time in the formatted invoice.
Add a catalog to the Invoicer program from example 6.4.12 so that new items can be selected from that catalog instead of added manually. The item number, description, and unit price should be stored in the catalog, while the number of items should be added manually. The catalog could be stored in a JList, for example.
6.5. Working with Images and Sounds
State, in your own words, what is meant by the following terms:
a) Imageb) Toolkitc) RGBImageFilterd) GrayFiltere) MediaTrackerf) Uniform Resource Locatorg) URLh) getCodeBasei) getDocumentBasej) double-bufferingk) createImagel) getGraphicsm) AudioClipn) newAudioClipo) playp) stopq) loop
Describe, in your own words:
a) how to load an image into an applet, and why it is different from loading an image into a frame
How images are loaded and displayed
situations where incremental loading and displaying of images is not acceptable
how to use your own off-screen drawing area for custom double-buffering
how to load and play a sound clip into a standalone program
how to load and play a sound clip into an applet
What is the exact syntax to:
turn automatic double-buffering off for a JPanel
use a MediaTracker to ensure that an image is completely loaded before it is used
use a MediaTracker to ensure that an array of images is completely loaded before any of the images is used
use a MediaTracker to start loading an image even before it is rendered
create a grayed version of an existing image
Suppose an HTML includes an applet via the tag
and that HTML document is stored in a directory /Homepage/JavaStuff/example.html on a machine named www.mypersonalmachine.com. What URL is returned by a call to getCodeBase and getDocumentBase in that applet?
The GrayFilter class defined in definition 6.5.4 takes as input the percentage of graying to be used. Starting with the original cat.jpg image, create 10 images with increasing levels of grayness. Once all images have been created, display them as an animated sequence to create a "fading" image. Alternatively, using the InverseFilter introduced as a footnote for example 6.5.5 as a model, create images that show a better fading effect experiment !
There are many possible improvements for an AnimationPanel class created in example 6.5.7. Implement the following enhancements:
add a constructor that passes files names into the AnimatorPanel class so that those files will be used for animation
allow for setting of the sleep time and add the possibility of adding a longer pause at the end of the animation
allow for setting the background color and the default alignment of the images
change the MediaTracker so that the first image will be displayed as soon as possible, while loading the remaining images. The actual animation would only start when all images are loaded
allow for starting, pausing, and restarting the animation at any time
allow for setting the background color and default alignment of the images
In example 6.5.7 we created the class AnimatorPanel to automatically display an array of images, one after the other. We enhanced this class in the previous exercise. Create (a) an applet that uses this class for some animation, as well as (b) a stand-alone program to display the same animation. Use several distinct images with a large delay (for a kind of slide show) as well as images with only minor changes from one image to the next with a small delay for a comic-strip like animation.
Add sound support to the AnimationPanel created in example 6.5.7 and enhanced in the previous exercises. As a suggestion, the new capabilities should include playing a particular sound file per image, as well as a background sound that plays continuously.
Create an animation of your favorite computer science professor sleeping at his or her desk. Use, if possible, a real picture and have Zs float from his or hear mouth up to the ceiling.
Create an animation of a starry abyss will different types of triangles appearing and disappearing into it. After the triangles have come and gone, make your name and the name of the program appear in the animation. Also, add some scary musing to go along with the animation (make sure it starts when the animation starts).
Create an animation of a stick figure running (but not actually moving anywhere)
Modify the above animation of a stick figure so that it becomes a self-contained class that can be plugged in to other programs. Your class should contain methods to start and stop the runner, and a method that actually moves the runner in full motion from one screen coordinate to another.
Alter the LineRacer program created in exercise 11 of section 5.2 so that instead of lines racing each other, the moving stick figures you created before will race against each other. Additionally, have a gun sound go off at the beginning of the race, and applause sound at the end of the race.
14. Convert the SoundTest program in example 6.5.20 into an applet with the same functionality.
Assuming you have two audio files in valid AU format available, create a simple applet that plays on of the sounds as background music as soon as the applet starts, and the second sound should play any time the user presses a button. Make sure the sound stops when the user leaves the page containing the applet.
Explain how to use a ToolKit method, and what type of methods the ToolKit class contains.
Create an applet that uses the Toolkit method getImage(String filename) to load an existing image from the local disk. Run that applet inside a web browser and monitor the Java console for any errors. If an error occurs, explain why, and what to do to avoid that error.
In the text we created an applet called LotsOfCircles in different incarnations (see Example 6.5.13, Example 6.5.16, and Example 6.5.17). In particular, we created one version that uses a thread to seemingly speed up the computation in an off-screen graphics object, and another version that uses an off-screen graphics area but not a thread. In either version, add a button such that when the button is pressed all circles are drawn in black and no longer in random colors. Compare the response time between the version using a thread and the one without a thread.
6.6. In Full Swing: Two Examples
State, in your own words, what is meant by the following terms:
a) RubberBandingb) Fractalc) Polygond) StopWatche) Real-World and Screen coordinatesDescribe, in your own words:
what the difference is between canvas coordinates and real-world coordinates, and how to convert one to the other
how the rubber banding mechanism introduced in example 6.6.3 works
why there is a start and stop method in the SharkAttack applet, and why the stop method should stop all running threads
What is the exact syntax to:
use the rubber banding mechanism introduced in example 6.6.3.
use the toWorld method to convert an vertical integer screen coordinate iy to an appropriate "real world" coordinate (assume that the vertical screen dimension goes from 0 to 300, while the real-world y coordinates are between 5 and 5.
use polygons to draw a filled-in "pentagon" and a "star" in different colors
4. Convert the SharkAttack applet in example 6.6.1 into a standalone program.
5. Convert the Mandel program from example 6.6.4 into an applet. Make sure that the Mandelbrot set continues to compute even if a user does not currently look at the page containing the applet. Note that this is an example where you may not want to implement an appropriate stop method in your applet. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this approach.
6. The Mandelbrot set contains a method toWorld that converts screen coordinates to "real" coordinates. Create a similar method toScreen that converts "real world" coordinates to screen coordinates.
Create a program extending JFrame that uses a RubberBand class to define a rectangle and draw it "permanently" once it is defined. Once that works, expand this program to permanently draw a new rectangle every time the user defines one. You could use a DefaultListModel to store the rectangles.
Create a class that draws an array of 100 circles at random locations. Then use the RubberBand class and the RubberBanding interface to display the center of those circles that are inside the selected area when the user defines a rectangle via rubber banding.
Modify the above program by adding buttons so that the user can select to draw a rectangle, a filled rectangle, an oval, or a filled oval. Store the objects in a DefaultListModel instead of an array. Note that you need to store different objects, which sounds like a perfect case for inheritance and polymorphism.
Enhance the drawing program from the previous exercise so that any object drawn can be edited. You may want to use a JList to let the user select the object to modify, and use an appropriate dialog to adjust the parameters of the object.
Enhance the Mandel program you created earlier so that some background music is playing while the image is computed, and a "bell" sound rings when the images is finished (at which time the background music should also stop).
12. Use the StopWatch class created in example 6.6.1 so that it shows the time it takes to complete an image of the Mandelbrot set. Change the StopWatch class so that it displays 10th of seconds.
13. Define an appropriate renderer that adds an icon to items in a JList. The icon could always be the same. Make sure everything works by adding several items to the JList and embedding everything in a JFrame or a JApplet.
Swing uses most events from the java.awt.event package but introduces many more events and listeners in the javax.swing.event packages. We will introduce new events and listeners when discussing the classes using them. For a general discussion of events and listeners, refer to chapter 4.4.
In fact, the "write once, run everywhere" concept was occasionally rephrased as "write once, debug everywhere". Using Swing components, programs have a much better chance of behaving the same on different platforms.
Microsoft called its improved classes the "Microsoft Foundation Classes" and they are integrated into Microsoft's Java Development program J++.
Virtually all Swing classes implement the Accessible interface which requires implementation of a method public AccessibleContext getAccessibleContext().
There are copyright problems associated with choosing different look and feels. In particular, Apple has not granted Sun the right to distribute a "Macintosh" look to be used on platforms other than Macintosh computers. Therefore, the Macintosh look and feel may not be available on non-Mac platforms.
Instead of issuing multiple calls to getContentPane you may want to define a reference to it and then manipulate the contentPane using its reference variable.
A JFrame, by default, has a "Java look", hides on close and has a border layout. You can of course add an appropriate WindowListener and set the standard closing behavior to DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE.
Since JDK 1.3 another constant JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE is available to exit the program immediately.
The AWT Button class uses the methods getLabel and setLabel to manipulate the button's text. Those methods continue to work for a JButton (they are deprecated) but the more consistent methods setText and getText are better choices.
A JLabel uses constants from SwingConstants to indicating the alignment or text and image, while Label uses constants from the Label class. When converting a Label to a JLabel, the class name indicating the alignment constant must therefore change from Label to SwingConstants.
See definition 6.5.8 for a brief discussion of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and the corresponding URL class.
Of course you have to be careful not to violate copyright laws. There are free icon collections available on the Internet that can be used without problems.
Instead of issuing multiple calls to getContentPane you may want to a reference to it and then manipulate the contentPane using its reference variable.
See definition 6.3.26 and 6.3.29 for an introduction to Swing dialogs.
Sun offers an "Applet tag conversion" program that will convert an tag into the appriate and/or tags. More information about the Java plugin including download information for the plugin and applet converter is available at http://www.javasoft.com/products/plugin
Using the EMBED to activate a Java Applet via the JRE will render the "Java Console" option of Netscape and Internet Explorer useless unless it is enabled via the plugin control panel. Also note that location of the matching angular brackets, which is slightly different for EMBED and OBJECT tags.
Loading time is slower, since the JRE plugin must be loaded first, and it in turn loads the specified applet. Output directed to standard output will not appear in the browser's Java Console unless that option has been enabled via the plugin control panel.
The Border class actually has no equivalent class from the AWT, but it provides every Swing component with the ability to put a border around itself using the method setBorder inherited from JComponent.
Swing actually provides several additional layout managers but we will not introduce them here. Please refer to the Java API for details.
To fine-tune the behavior of a popup menu, you can also attach a PopupMenuListener from javax.swing.event to the component that will own the menu. For details, check the Java API.
In an exercise you will be asked to change this class so that it achieves the same functionality with only one inner class. Note that in Java 1.2 and below you have to preface file and options with the keyword this$0.
As usual with Swing components, the drop-down list could contain icons as well as strings. To acomplish that, a different rendering model must be defined for the class. We will briefly show an example of using a rendering model in the MandelBrot example at the end of this chapter. Items can also by removed from the list by using a model; please refer to the examples on lists and the Java API for details.
This class is somewhat comparable to java.awt.CardLayout, but in that class the additional groups are invisible whereas in a JTabbedPane the tabs are always visible. Note that CardLayout is not covered in chapter 4.
We will explore dynamic data structures in detail in chapter 8. One of the structures that will be introduced there is a Vector, which is actually the underlying structure for DefaultListModel.
A natual improvement of this program would automatically put all image files in a particular directory into the list of image names. That is possible as soon as the JFileChooser class is introduced.
The pathToFile must be a fully qualified URL (Uniform Resource Locator). Just using the file name will not work. We will later discuss how to construct URLs in detail.
We will return to the HTML formatting language in chapter 10.2. and explain in some more detail what actually happens when trying to locate and load a web page formatted in HTML.
We could expand on this example by allowing for bookmark editing and displaying bookmarks in a tree-like structure using the category information for grouping. After finishing chapter 9, you could further expand the example to retrieve bookmarks from a file. After finishing chapter 10, you could again expand the example to allow others to save and retrieve bookmarks via client/server programs.
In chapter 10.1 we explain in detail what happens when your computer dials into the Internet via an Internet Service Provider.
The Enumeration class needs to be imported from the java.util package for the collapseTree and expandTree methods.
We will explore dynamic data structures in detail in chapter 8. The DefaultTableModel actually uses a Vector of Vectors to store its data.
There is no method to add a column at a specified index because the JTable view allows for interactive rearrangements of columns.
To be safe, you should always extend DefaultTableModel, disable editing, and use that class as data model for your tables, unless you exclusively deal with String objects.
Note that we use this as input to getWidth and getHeight of the image. That works because JFrame extends Frame which extends Window which extends Container which extends Component which finally implements ImageObserver.
A simple inversion filter that creates the photo-negative of a color image would look as follows:
public class InverseFilter extends RGBImageFilter
{ public InverseFilter() { canFilterIndexColorModel = true; }
public int filterRGB(int x, int y, int p)
{ DirectColorModel cm = (DirectColorModel)ColorModel.getRGBdefault();
int red = 255-cm.getRed(p), green = 255-cm.getGreen(p), blue = 255-cm.getBlue(p);
return ((cm.getAlpha(p) << 24) | (red << 16) | (green << 8) | blue); }
}
JApplet extends Applet and Applet contains getDocumentBase and getCodeBase. Compare definition 4.15.
We will discuss applet security restrictions in detail in chapter 9.
You could also use the EMBED or OBJECT tags as discussed in Definition 6.2.13, with similar results.
In this case the applet could not use getDocumentBase to load images, because the HTML document and the class file are located on different machines. The applet could only load images from www.shu.edu, i.e. it must use getCodeBase as the base address for loading images.
This is a common source of error in using an off-screen area: the method getGraphics is used in a constructor, but because it is called before the component is laid out, it returns null. The common solution is to (a) always check if the off-screen image is null before using it and (b) initialize it in a method different from the constructor.
Versions of Java before 1.2 only support AU audio files, and there is no static newAudioClip method available, making it difficult to support sound in non-applet programs.
Future versions of Java will have enhanced sound support but for now we will have to be content with Java's current abilities.
In a standard Windows installation you can find "The Microsoft Sound.wav" in the \Windows\Media folder and "Applause.wav" can be found in \Windows\Media\Office97 (if MS Office 97 is installed. Both files can be copied to the current directory and renamed appropriately as sample sound files to use.
This game is based on an idea by Michael Bosco, a former student who developed a simple but effective version of this game for a "Java and Networking" course.
The Graphics class also provides a method drawPolyline to draw a sequence of connected lines that will not necessarily form a closed figure. The input to that method consists of arrays of x and y coordinates, not of a Polygon.
Java by Definition REF _Ref437026731 \h Chapter 6: Swing and Multimedia Page PAGE 545 of NUMPAGES 939
Bert G. Wachsmuth DRAFT August 1999
Java by Definition REF _Ref437026731 \h Chapter 6: Swing and Multimedia Page PAGE 132 of NUMPAGES 1
Bert G. Wachsmuth DRAFT August 1999
(**) 6.6. In Full Swing: Two Examples
SharkAttack Game; MandelBrot Set with RubberBand
(*) 6.5. Images and Sounds
Loading and Filtering Images; Animation and Enhanced Image Loading; Loading and Displaying Images in Applets; Off-Screen Drawing and Double-Buffering; Working with Sounds
6.4. Trees, Tables, and Graphics
Trees; Tables; Graphing and Painting in Swing
6.3. Advanced Swing Classes
Scrolling, Splitting, and Tabbing; Models and Views: Lists; Swing Text Components; Holding Swinging Dialogs
6.2. Basic Swing Classes
Pluggable Look-and-Feel: Customizing the User Interface; The Essentials: Frames, Applets, Buttons, and Icons; Surroundings: Borders, Panels, and Menus; States: Checkboxes, Radiobuttons, and Drop-down lists
6.1. Introduction to Swing
To Swing or not to Swing; Overview of Swing Classes; Converting from AWT to Swing
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against the law and Banner Blue will aggressively pursue prosecution.
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All rights reserved.
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