ࡱ>  >bjbjRR $006 8, D7&Q:fff476767676767678Y;n67ffffj67K7nr47f47x020"8S012ta707H1\;;022fff [:    AP BIOLOGY SUMMER ASSIGNMENT 2013-2014 Welcome to AP Biology! This program has high expectations and doesnt have any time to waste, and to ensure your success in this program and on the AP exam, we need to begin ASAP! The following is a list of required summer assignments. Due dates are as follows: HOW TO SUBMIT ASSIGNMENTS: Email to me at  HYPERLINK "mailto:mnorth@interact.ccsd.net" mnorth@interact.ccsd.net additional items can be found on the instructors website at, blaquedragonfly.weebly.com Assignment  Date   Parts I and II  August 26   Part III  September 6   Part IV  September 17   Any late work is automatically reduced to 50% credit. After 3 days late work will no longer be accepted. Purpose: This assignment will allow students to become familiar in utilizing a college-level text to begin their study of Advanced Placement Biology. By completing this unit, we will be able to move forward as recommended in order to complete the necessary curriculum my the May 2013 testing date. What the students need to do: Students should use the internet (peer reviewed sites only such as Ebsco host, or gales encyclopedia, which can be accessed through the schools library site) to answer the questions in this packet. Students should answer the questions in details so that they will use this as a study aid in preparation for the AP exam. Feel free to consult other sources, if you feel you need more information. Many answers can be found using the Google Scholar search engine also. We will spend some time reviewing the materials upon returning to school and students will be tested on the material. For each of the section students need to: Preview the information and focus on: Key concepts Vocabulary terms in bold, you should make flashcards to use when you review for the AP Exam in May Graphics (read the captions). Read thoroughly the Summary of Key Concepts in the sources used. Site sources used following the APA format. Academic Honesty: Academic Honesty is expected! If two (or more) students turn in duplicate work, all involved will lose credit for the assignment. Study Groups: Students are strongly encouraged to form study groups for work outside of school. This summer assignment is a great opportunity to begin collaborating with your fellow AP BIO students! Part I-Chemistry review: Name the 4 most abundant elements in living things. Know basic atomic structure. Draw a shell diagram of Carbon and Oxygen atom. For Oxygen, Sulfur, and Calcium, list the atomic number, atomic weight, and number of protons, neutrons and electrons. The three isotopes of hydrogen have atomic weights of 1, 2, and 3. On the separate sheet of paper draw electron shell diagrams of these three isotopes. Describe chemical bonding, both ionic and covalent. Predict the number of covalent bonds that the following atoms will form: C,H,O,N. Describe hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals interactions. Why are they considered to be weak bond? On the separate sheet, draw a electron shell diagram of water. Explain its polar covalent bonds. Explain hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Which are stronger, hydrogen bonds or covalent bonds? Explain the following properties of water and their importance to life on earth. Cohesion Adhesion Surface tension High specific heat High heat of vaporization Density of ice compared to liquid water Explain the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules and the differences in how they behave in water. Explain the dissociation of water and the pH scale. How great a difference is there in the hydrogen ion concentration between a pH of 6 and a pH or 8? What pH values are acidic or basic? Explain why pH is important in biological systems. How does a buffer work? Use the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system as an example. Why is buffering important in biological systems? Use a diagram if necessary. Explain the difference between polar covalent and nonpolar covalent bonds. Give examples and use diagrams wherever necessary. Part II Essay practice: Living organisms play an important role in recycling many elements within an ecosystem. Discuss how various types of organisms and their biochemical reactions contribute to the recycling of either carbon or nitrogen in an ecosystem. Include in your answer one way in which human activity has an impact on the nutrient cycle you have chosen. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration recycle oxygen in ecosystems. Respond to two (and only two) of the following: Explain how the metabolic processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis recycle oxygen. Discuss the structural adaptations that function in oxygen exchange between each of the following, organism and its environment: a plant; an insect; a fish. Trace a molecule of Oxygen from the environment to a muscle cell in a vertebrate of your choice. Discuss the process of cell division in animals. Include a description of mitosis and cytokinesis, and of the other phases of the cell cycle. Do not include meiosis. Meiosis reduces chromosome number and rearranges genetic information. a. Explain how the reduction and rearrangement are accomplished in meiosis. b. Several human disorders occur as a result of defects in the meiotic process. Identify ONE such chromosomal abnormality; what effects does it have on the phenotype of people with the disorder? Describe how this abnormality could result from a defect in meiosis. c. Production of offspring by parthenogenesis or cloning bypasses the typical meiotic process. Describe either parthenogenesis or cloning and compare the genomes of the offspring with those of the parents. Part III Ecology Describe the relationship between ecology and evolutionary biology. Describe the problems of introduced species and the specific problems posed by the introduction of Quagga mussels to Lake Mead. Explain the tens rule. Describe and illustrate biotic and abiotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms. Diagram the major oceanic zones (horizontal and vertical). Describe the characteristics of the major terrestrial biomes: tropical rainforest, savanna desert, chaparral, temperate grassland, temperate forest, taiga, and tundra. Explain how genes and the environment contribute to behavior. Explain what is unique about innate behavior. Describe conditions that may result in the clumped dispersion, uniform dispersion, and random dispersion of populations. Describe the characteristics of populations that exhibit Type I, Type II, and Type III survivorship curves. Compare the geometric model of population growth with the logistic model. Distinguish between r-selected populations and K-selected populations. Explain how density-dependent and density-independent factors may work together to control a populations growth. List four possible specific interactions and explain how competitive exclusion may affect community structure. Define an ecological niche and restate the competitive exclusion principle using the niche concept. Explain how resource fragmentation can affect species diversity. Relate how some specific predatory adaptations to the properties of the prey. Describe the defense mechanisms that evolved in plants to reduce predation by herbivores. Describe how disturbances affect community structure and composition. Illustrate this point with several well-studied examples. Describe and distinguish between primary and secondary succession. Describe the relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs in an ecosystem. Explain how decomposition connects all trophic levels in an ecosystem. Distinguish between energy pyramids and biomass pyramids. Explain why both relationships are in the form of pyramids. Explain the special circumstances of inverted biomass pyramids. Describe how agricultural practices can interfere with nitrogen cycling. Explain how cultural eutrophication can alter freshwater ecosystems. Explain why toxic compounds usually have the greatest effect on top-level carnivores. Describe how increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide could affect Earth. Explain why biodiversity at all levels is vital to human welfare. Describe local and federal regulations set in place to reduce human impact on the environment. Give two example of each. List the four major threats to biodiversity and give an example of each. Part IV: Biology scavenger hunt For this part of your summer assignment, you will be familiarizing yourself with science terms that we will be using throughout the year. The list of terms is included however, should you lose your summer assignment packet see the instructors website,  HYPERLINK "http://www.blaquedragonfly.weebly.com" www.blaquedragonfly.weebly.com for the assignments and list of terms. The document is called, AP summer assignment list of terms. Each item is worth 2 points. You must earn 100 points by September 17, 2012. Earn points by collecting (photographing) items from each of the two lists. When I say collect, I mean you should collect that item by finding it and taking a photograph (digital or paper printed) of the item. You will need to use your photographs with appropriate explanations and descriptions to create a biological collage or scrapbook, mini-book, website, or prezi to present to the class. Notice that I did not include PowerPoint. You can (AND SHOULD) be creative. If you choose an item that is internal to a plant or animal like an endoskeleton, you could submit a photograph of the whole organism or a close up of one part of the organism, and provide an explanation in your presentation of what an endoskeleton is and were it is found in your specimen. Original Photos only: Do not use an image from any publication or the web. This would be plagiarism. You must have taken the photograph yourself. The best way to prove that is to place an item in all of your photos that only you could have added each time, something that you might usually have on you like a pen or a coin or a key or your cell phone, etc. Natural items only: All items must be from something that you have found in nature. Take a walk around your yard, neighborhood, and town. DO NOT SPEND ANY MONEY! Research what the term means and in what organisms it can be foundand then go out and find examples. Team work: You may work with other students but each student must turn in his or her own work with a unique set of terms (in other words, DONT use the same exact terms as your team members). Collaborating with other students means brainstorming, collaborating, discussing, and going on collecting trips together, it doesnt mean using the same items o copying! There are almost 100 choices (more if you are creative), providing plenty of diversity. Biology collection terms Students must go to the instructors website, www.blaquedragonfly.weebly.com to get a complete list of terms along with websites that will be useful in the completion of this packet. An individual organism can only be used once. Humans are acceptable for one category only. You must take all pictures yourself; remember no internet photos because that would be cheating! Groupings: 50 points Each specimen in a category is worth 2 point and you may use 5 specimens for each category. Except were noted every specimen must be native to Nevada. Different biomes (3 found within Nevada). Different types of carbohydrates Different types of proteins Evidence of different alleles for the same trait Distinguishing characteristics between monocots and dicots (seeds) Organisms in different kingdoms (Native to Nevada) Organisms in different animal phyla Organisms in different plant divisions (Native to Nevada) organisms of the same class but different orders Organisms in same order but different family Organisms in same genus but different species Organisms on different levels of the same food chain (native to Nevada) Individual items (Pick 25, your choice): 50 Points Each specimen is worth 2 points. You May have up to 2 examples of each item: Submitting more than 2 will not add any additional points. These do not need to be native to Nevada. (See List on Website,  HYPERLINK "http://www.blaquedragonfly.weebly.com" www.blaquedragonfly.weebly.com) Remember to have fun and get outdoors this summer. Good luck and happy hunting! 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