ࡱ> @ xjbjb =&QlFFFF8~JFc. ccccccc,e 9g`c"cu! u!u!u!cu!00cu!fu!(/hl0 8 rFF(0l0<3cc804gu!gl0u!Kubler Ross' stages of dyingIn her 1969 book, On Death and Dying, Swiss-born psychiatrist Elizabeth Kubler-Ross outlined the five stages of grief of someone who is dying: Denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance*operationalizing a definition*paresismuscular weakness or partial inability to move caused by diseases of the nervous system*Turner's syndrome (X with missing chromosome)Turner syndrome encompasses a number of chromosomal abnormalities, of which HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy#Monosomy"monosomy X, is the most common. It occurs in 1 out of every 2,500 female birthsHYPERLINK "http://turners.nichd.nih.gov/ClinFrIntro.html"[1]. Instead of the normal XX HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system"sex chromosomes for a female, only one HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosome"X chromosome is present and fully functional. This is called 45,X or 45,X0, although other genetic variants occur. In Turner syndrome, female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped.*American Psychological Association (APA)61Clever Hans experimentClever Hans (in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_%28language%29"German, der Kluge Hans) was a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"horse that was claimed to have been able to perform HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic"arithmetic. It was demonstrated that the horse's claimed abilities were due to an artifact in the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_methodology"research methodology, wherein the horse was responding directly to involuntary clues in the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_language"body language of the human trainer*1control group391correlation coefficients301descriptive vs. inferential statistics421ethics of testing49 - 511experiment: be able to design one37 - 411false consensus effect281Francis Galton's researchHe created the statistical concepts of regression and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation"correlation and discovered HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_toward_the_mean"regression toward the mean [a principle stating that of related measurements, and selecting those where the first measurement is either extemely high or extremely low, the expected value of the second is closer to the mean than the observed value of the first.], was the first to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences and heredity; *1frequency polygonFrequency polygons can be based on the actual frequencies or the relative frequencies. When based on relative frequencies, the percentage of scores instead of the number of scores in each category is plotted.*1generalizability of a studyGeneralizability theory (G Theory) provides a framework for conceptualizing, investigating, and designing reliable observations. It was originally introduced by Cronbach and colleagues in response to limitations of the popular true-score-model of classical reliability theory. G theory reinterprets classical reliability theory as a theory regarding the adequacy with which one can generalize from a sample of observations to a universe of observations from which it was randomly sampled.*1hindsight bias201histogram421illusory correlation331independent/dependent variables381inductive vs. deductive reasoninginductive and deductive reasoning are two methods of logic used to arrive at a conclusion based on information assumed to be true. Both are used in research to establish hypotheses. Deductive reasoning arrives at a specific conclusion based on generalizations. Inductive reasoning takes events and makes generalizations. Deductive reasoning is reasoning that involves a hierarchy of statements or truths. Starting with a limited number of simple statements or assumptions, more complex statements can be built up from the more basic ones. Inductive reasoning is essentially the opposite of deductive reasoning. It involves trying to create general principles by starting with many specific instances. [also ch. 10]*1internal consistency reliabilityInternal consistency estimates reliability by grouping questions in a questionnaire that measure the same concept.*1measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode431measures of variability: range and standard deviationThere are four frequently used measures of variability: the range, inter-quartile range, variance, and standard deviation.441sample281scatterplot: most often used to plot correlations311standard deviation441Wilhelm Wundt (structualism)[1832 1920] Often considered the founder and father of Psychology as an independent discipline. His primary view of psycs focus was consciousness, i.e., the scientific study of conscious experience.41William James (functionalism)[1842 1910] The initial force behind functionalism, author of the Principles of Psychology, adapted Darwins natural selection to his view that we must study function, rather than the structure of consciousness.4 - 61Afferent Neurons vs. Efferent Neurons58-642agonist vs. antagonist chemicals HYPERLINK "http://isb.ri.ccf.org/biomch-l/archives/biomch-l-1998-10/00040.html" http://isb.ri.ccf.org/biomch-l/archives/biomch-l-1998-10/00040.html *2all - or - nothing law (all - or - none) of neural firing602blood-brain barrier64*2brain: what part do we share with animals? How do we differ?722Broca's aphasia (expressive) located in left frontal lobe822cortexes of the brain : major ones76 - 852dendrite (purpose of)582divergent vs. convergent thinkingRight brain and left brain dominated people can also be categorized as divergent and convergent thinkers respectively. A convergent thinker has a systematic approach, analyzes everything and reaches a logical conclusion. Divergent thinkers, on the other hand, are creative, tend to throw the rules out of the window, are artistic and always looking for ways to express themselves. One of the most important aspects of convergent thinking is that it leads to a single best answer, and thus leaves no room for ambiguity: Answers are either right or wrong. IQ tests are frequently regarded as epitomizing convergent thinking. Divergent thinking, by contrast, involves producing multiple or alternative answers from available information. It requires making unexpected combinations, recognizing links among remote associates, transforming information into unexpected forms, and the like. [also ch. 11]*2endocrine organs and hormones secreted by themA group of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning94 - 952endorphinsA group of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning 632galvanic skin response (GRS)a method of measuring the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance"electrical resistance of the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin"skin. There has been a long history of electro-dermal activity research, most of it dealing with spontaneous fluctuations; is highly sensitive to emotions in some people. Fear, anger, startle response, orienting response and sexual feelings are all among the emotions which may produce similar GSR responses.; seen usage as a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_detector"lie detector [also ch. 13]*2glial cells772hypothalamusA structure found near the base of the forebrain that is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs.75, 4612imaging techniques: PET, CAT, MRI, FMRI712L - dopaL-DOPA, a pro-drug, is used to replace HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"dopamine lost in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"Parkinson's disease because dopamine itself cannot cross the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-brain_barrier"blood-brain barrier where its precursor can, once in the brain is converted to the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"neurotransmitter HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"dopamine.52-642limbic system: structures and functionA densely connected network of structures roughly located along the border between the cerebral cortex & deeper subcortical areas742major neurotransmitters61 - 642myelin sheath: where and purpose?582nervous system: major parts65 - 932neuron: three basic partsIndividual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.58 - 612neurotransmitters: major kinds61 - 642occipital lobe772pineal gland (function and what makes it unique?)a small cone-shaped organ of the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin into the bloodstream. Technical name epiphysis. melatonin: a hormone derived from serotonin and secreted by the pineal gland that produces changes in the skin color of vertebrates, reptiles, and amphibians and is important in regulating biorhythms*2pituitary gland952plasticity842reflex arc66 - 682reticular formation: related to sleep, arousal, attention722somatosensory cortex: location and used for what sense?Motor and sensory cortexs78 80*2Tay - Sachs diseasea genetic disease that principally affects Jewish people of eastern European ancestry. Marked by accumulation of lipids in the brain and nerves, it results in loss of sight and brain functions.*2thalamus (& what sense doesn't get routed through here?)A structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex.722thyroid glandan endocrine gland located in the neck of human beings and other vertebrate animals that secretes the hormones responsible for controlling metabolism and growth. Also called thyroid94 - 95*2Wernicke's aphasia (receptive) located in left temporal lobe822Wilder Penfield's research on the brainHe treated patients with severe HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"epilepsy by destroying nerve cells in the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"brain where the seizures originated. Before operating, he stimulated the brain with electrical probes while the patients were conscious on the operating table (under only HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthesia"local anesthesia), and observed their responses. In this way he could more accurately target the areas of the brain responsible, reducing the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect_%28medicine%29"side-effects of the surgery. This technique also allowed him to create maps of the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sensory_cortex&action=edit"sensory and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_cortex"motor HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_%28neuroanatomy%29"cortices of the brain showing their connections to the various limbs and organs of the body. These maps are still used today, practically unaltered. Along with HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Jasper"Herbert Jasper, he published this work in 1951 (2nd ed., 1954) as the landmark Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain. This work contributed a great deal to understanding the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function"lateralization of brain function. He also discovered that stimulation of the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobes"temporal lobes could lead to vivid recall of memories. His development of the neurosurgical technique that produced the less injurious HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meningo-cerebral_scar&action=edit"meningo-cerebral scar became widely accepted in the field of neurosurgery, where the "Penfield dissector" is still in daily use.*2determinismDeterminism is the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"philosophical HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition"proposition that an unbroken chain of prior occurrences causally determines every event, including human cognition and action. No mysterious HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle"miracles or wholly HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness"random events occur. In the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence"generative philosophy of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science"cognitive sciences and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology"evolutionary psychology, free will is the generation of infinite behavior from the interaction of finite-deterministic set of rules and parameters. Thus the unpredictability of the emerging behavior from deterministic processes leads to a perception of free will, though free will as an HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological"ontological entity does not exist.*3genotype & phenotypePhenotype: This is the "outward, physical manifestation" of the organism. These are the physical parts, the sum of the atoms; anything that is part of the observable structure, function or behavior of a living organism. Genotype: This is the "internally coded, inheritable information" carried by all living organisms. This stored information is used as a "blueprint" for building and maintaining a living creature. These instructions are found within almost all cells (the "internal" part), they are written in a coded language (the genetic code), they are copied at the time of cell division or reproduction and are passed from one generation to the next ("inheritable").*3hybrid*3identical twin research1083linkage analysisStudy aimed at establishing linkage between genes. Linkage is the tendency for genes and other genetic markers to be inherited together because of their location near one another on the same chromosome. A gene is a functional physical unit of heredity that can be passed from parent to child. All genes in humans are pieces of DNA.*3nature vs. nurture controversy98 - 1333recessive vs. dominant genes1003action vs. resting potential1594Ainsworth Strange Situation (Paradigm)Origins of attachment theory http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/online/inge_origins.pdf*4attachment150 - 564Babinsky responsea curling upward of the big toe when the sole of the foot is stroked, which is a normal reflex in children up to two years old, but indicates disease of the brain or spinal cord in older people*4Carol Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory1684cross sectional studies1804crystallized intelligence: acquired and usually does not decline with age1814developmental psychology134 - 354Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development1664fetal alcohol syndrome: characteristics137 - 384formal operations148 - 494habituation1394Harry Harlow's research with surrogate mothers1514imprinting1514Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning1654longitudinal study1804newborn baby reflexes1384novelty preferenceAs related to infants vision*4phenylketonuria (PKU)a condition, resulting from a genetic mutation, in which the body lacks the enzyme to metabolize phenylalanine which, if untreated, results in developmental deficiency, seizures, and tumors*4Piaget's stages of cognitive development1444rooting reflex1384schemaCognitive structures that guide information processing. Individuals use them to organize the world around themselves1434sexual characteristics (primary vs. secondary)160 - 624stranger anxiety1504absolute threshold1955acuity - vision2015blind spot2035color blindness: kinds2105complementary colors2105Cooper's research on visual processing (using cats)2035difference threshold (jnd)1975feature (signal) detector cells: Hubel & Wisel's research on visual processing204 - 065fovea2035ganglia2025Gate Control Theory of Pain2215gustatory sense: detects only sweet, sour, salty, bitter2245kinesthetics2265localization of sound (how is it done? Why are two ears needed?)2155motion aftereffect2095one eye problem - what you couldn't do well if you had only one eye*5opponent - process theory2105opponent - process theory of visual processing (afterimages)2105optic disca small light-sensitive area of the retina marking the point where nerve fibers from the retinal cells converge to form the optic nerve. Also called blind spot2035optic nerve2025photoreceptorsA cell or organ that responds to light.*5pitch2125rods and cones (structures & differences)2025signal detection theory1945transduction1995two kinds of deafness: Conductive and nerve2165vestibular sense226 - 285Weber's law1971975apparent motionYou may have noticed apparent motion if you are sitting in a bus sitting next to another bus. If the other bus leaves and yours stays and you are looking out the window at the other bus, sometimes you get the sensation that your bus is moving backwards. This sensation is apparent motion. Go to  HYPERLINK "http://www.yorku.ca/eye/ouchi.htm" http://www.yorku.ca/eye/ouchi.htm to see the OUCHI Apparent motion illusion *6binocular disparity2396figure - ground - phenomenon236 - 376Gansfeld Procedure2606Gestalt theory2366hue: (British term for color)6induced motionthe altered perceived velocity/direction of target motion by background motion Go to http://psychlab1.hanover.edu/Classes/Sensation/induced/index.html*6linear perspective2426monocular vs. binocular depth cues239 - 436motion parallax2416perceptual constancy (size,color,shape)243 - 476perceptual set250 - 546phi phenomenon2436retinal disparity (a.k.a. binocular disparity)2396selective attention2316testable hypothesis246visual cliff2386dream analysis2817effects of marijuana3007feature analysis304 - 067Freudian dream analysis: two levels of interpretation281 - 827hypnosis: major theories of285 - 2937opponent - process theory of emotionsOpponent-process theory is a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"psychological model proposed by HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Solomon"Richard Solomon in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980"1980 to account for HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction"addictive behavior. It asserts that emotions are paired, and that when one emotion in a pair is experienced, the other is suppressed. According to opponent-process theory, drug addiction is the result of an emotional pairing of pleasure and the emotional symptoms associated with HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal"withdrawal.2947paradoxical sleep: why is REM called this?2747REM sleep272 - 757sleep disorders: major kinds2797Albert Bandura: major view on learning & Bobo Doll experiment3378classical conditioning (distinguish it from operant conditioning)3128CS - CR - UCS - UCR3148discrimination (in learning theory and race relations)3178inner ear - vestibular sense3128instrumental - operant conditioning322 - 358intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation3308John Garcia's ideas on the limits of conditioning3188learning curve*8modeling3368positive reinforcement3258Premack principleIn HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning"operant conditioning, the Premack principle, developed by HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Premack"David Premack states that a commonly occurring action (one more desirable for the actor) can be used effectively as a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcer"reinforcer for a less commonly occurring one (that is, one less desirable for the actor). A common example used to illustrate this principle is a parent requiring a child to clean his or her room before he or she can watch HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"television. In this case, television, an activity that probably does not require reinforcement, is used as a reinforcer for cleaning the room, which in the context of this example the child would not do without reinforcement.*8primary vs. secondary reinforcers324 - 278prosocial behavior: what is it and give an example3368punishment: why it may not be effective and might backfire3288Robert Rescorla's findings on conditioning3178schedules of reinforcement (5 kinds - which are most effective?)3268shaping322 - 278stages of learning (acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, etc.)314 - 68Thorndike's Law of Effect3232228amnesia (anteriograde & retrograde)3589chaining*9chunking3529Ebbinhaus' research on memory3679echoic memory3559eidetic memory9Elizabeth Loftus' research on eyewitness testimony3769engramA HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetical"hypothetical means by which HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory"memory traces are stored as physical or biochemical change in the brain (and other neural tissue) in response to external stimuli. They are also sometimes thought of as a neuronal network or fragment of memory [also ch2]*9episodic memory (a.k.a. flashbulb)3459Haptic memory9interference (proactive vs. retroactive)368 - 709long term potentiation356 - 589loss of information from short term memory3469memory: kinds ( sensory, short - term, long - term)346, 3559method of lociOriginated with the Greeks; In the method of loci (literally, places) the learner associates parts of the to-be-recalled material with different places (usually, rooms in a familiar building or sites along an often traveled road) in the order that they are to be recalled.*9misinformation effect372 - 749next - in - line - effect3489primacy effectGiven a list of items to remember, we will tend to remember the first few things more than those things in the middle. The primacy effect has most effect during repeated message when there is little or no delay between the messages. One reason that the Primacy effect works is that the listener is more likely to start off paying attention, then drifting off when the subject gets boring or the listener is internally processing data you have given them.*9repression370, 5849serial position effect3499tip - of - the - tongue effect9Albert Ellis - Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)the first form of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Behavior_Therapy"Cognitive Behavior Therapy first set forth by Ellis in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953"1953  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behaviour_therapy" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behaviour_therapy *10algorithm38710Benjamin Worf's theory of linguistic relativism (determinism)40910brainstorminga lateral thinking process, it asks that people come up with ideas and thoughts that seem at first to be a bit shocking or crazy. You can then change and improve them into ideas that are useful, and often stunningly original. It is particularly useful when you need to break out of stale, established patterns of thinking, so that you can develop new ways of looking at things.*10feral childrena human HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child"child who, from a very young age, has lived in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation"isolation from human contact and has remained unaware of human HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society"social behavior, and unexposed to HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"language.*10functional fixedness38810heuristics: major types387 - 9010IDEAL (strategy for solving problems)Ideal Problem Solving. Most valuable heuristic of all is having a general thinking strategy. Psychologist John Bransford and his colleagues list five steps that they believe lead to effective problem solving: l. Identify the problem. 2. Define it clearly. 3. Explore possible solutions and relevant knowledge. 4. Act by trying a possible solution or hypothesis. 5. Look at the results and learn from them.*10mental set38810metacognitionKnowledge about your thoughts and about the factors that influence your thinking.*10phonemes vs. morphemes40110prototype38610Rational Emotive TherapyRational-Emotive therapy was developed by Albert Ellis, among others, who believe that your feelings don't control your thoughts -- your thoughts control your feelings. Negative emotions are not inevitable, but come about as the result of patterns of thinking we've laid down over the years. If we can learn to rethink the situations, we can learn to control negative emotions.*10semantic memory40210syllogism(1) reasoning from the general to the specific, or an example of this (2) a subtle piece of reasoning, or one that seems true but is actually false or deceptive*10achievement vs. aptitude tests43211bell curve (normal distribution)43411Daniel Goleman's views on emotional intelligence[also ch, 12]427, 49111Down's syndrome43911expectancy theory (aka mental set)42011Flynn effect43511Howard Gardner's view of multiple intelligencea HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological"psychological and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational"educational HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory"theory espousing that seven kinds of "HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_%28trait%29"intelligence" exist in humans, each relating to a different sphere of human life and activity: (1) Verbal-linguistic (2) Logical-mathematical (3) Visual-spatial (4) Body-kinesthetic (5) Auditory-musical (6) Interpersonal communication (7) Intrapersonal communication42411Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.)42011intelligence tests (major kinds used)432 - 3711mental age42011reliability vs. validity in testing43511validity: different kinds43611androgynyAndrogyny refers to two concepts. The first is the mixing of masculine and feminine characteristics, such as the balance of "HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_%28Jung%29"anima" and "HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animus"animus" in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_psychology"Jungian HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_psychology"psychoanalytic theory. The second is in describing something that is neither masculine nor feminine, Androgynous traits are those that either have no gender value, or have some aspects generally attributed to the opposite gender. [also ch. 15]*12David McClelland's achievement motivation studies49112drives457*12Hawthorne EffectThe Hawthorne effect is a phenomenon in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_psychology"industrial psychology first observed in the 1920s that refers to improvements in productivity or quality resulting from the mere fact that workers knew they were being studied or observed.*12hierarchy of needs (Maslow) can you put them in order?45812homeostasis45712incentives45712industrial (organizational) psychology485 - 9612instinct45612obesity (role of hypothalamus)46112pancreasa large elongated glandular organ lying near the stomach. It secretes juices into the small intestine and the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the bloodstream.*12self - efficacyPerceived self-efficacy is defined as people's beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes. They include cognitive, motivational, affective and selection processes.  HYPERLINK "http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/BanEncy.html" http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/BanEncy.html *12set point46212water balance (role of hypothalamus)The major organs involved in water balance (homeostasis) are: 1 Kidneys 2 - Brain (hypothalamus): senses increased blood concentration (osmolality) and gives us the conscious awareness of being thirsty, this causes us to seek out water. In addition, it also responds by secreting a hormone called Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), this travels to the kidney and allows it to conserve water by decreasing the water that it excretes in urine, thereby working together with drinking water to decrease the blood osmality and reduce the thirst sensation.*12arousal50513Cannon's critique of James - Lange theory50013catharsis52113James - Lange theory of emotions50013Stanley Schachter's Two Factor Theory501 - 0313Yerkes/Dodson Arousal LawThe Yerkes-Dodson law demonstrates an HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical"empirical relationship between HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arousal"arousal and performance. It dictates that performance increases with cognitive arousal but only to a certain point: when levels of arousal become too high, performance will decrease. A HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corollary"corollary is that there is an optimal level of arousal for a given task.*13Hans Selye's General Adaptation Response [GAS]Psychologist Hans Selye described the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) where initial observations about infectious reactions led to the discovery that stress can lead to infection, illness, disease and death. There are three stages that he discovered: Alarm [fight or flight reaction], Resistance and Exhaustion.53414Alfred Adler - inferiority complex58315defense mechanisms: major ones57915displacement58015free association57615Freud's stage of psychosexual development578 - 7915id, ego, superego57715identification vs. internalization (Freudian terms)57715Karen Horney's views on developmentKaren Horney's thought went through three phases: (1) she tried to modify orthodox ideas about feminine psychology while staying within the framework of Freudian theory [1930]. (2) She tried to redefine psychoanalysis by replacing Freud's biological orientation with an emphasis on culture and interpersonal relationships [1939]. (3) She developed her mature theory in which individuals cope with the anxiety produced by feeling unsafe, unloved, and unvalued by disowning their spontaneous feelings and developing elaborate strategies of defense [1945]. Horney strove to show that females have intrinsic biological constitutions and patterns of development that are to be understood in their own terms and not just as products of their difference from males. She argued that psychoanalysis regards women as defective men because it is the product of a male genius (Freud) and a male-dominated culture. Horney developed the concept of "womb-envy," contending that male envy of pregnancy, childbirth, and motherhood, and of the breasts and suckling, gives rise to an unconscious tendency to devalue women.*15Martin Seligman's "learned helplessness"602, 60415Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) TestUse for what?59315Oedipal conflict57915Optimistic Explanatory StyleSeligman suggests in his book "Learned Optimism" that one can overcome depression by learning new explanatory styles. This is the basis of cognitive therapy. In such therapies, the counselor challenges the client's beliefs and explanations of life's events. [also ch. 16]*15perspectives in psychology (major ones)575 - 9515projective tests: TAT & Rorschach58115reality principle (function of ego)57815self - serving biasThe tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors60815sexual identity vs. gender identity579, 16715social cognitive theory600 - 0715Aaron Beck's view of depressionFather of Cognitive Therapy; Beck identified patterns of thinking that correlated with symptoms of depression. In an effort to better understand depression and related illness, he developed the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Scale for Suicide Ideation. Beck is best known for his cognitive approach to the treatment of disorders, especially depression, and for doing much of the initial research on the theory that distorted or inaccurate thoughts are a precursor in the development and maintenance of depression.*16behavior as being adaptiveAdaptive behaviors are everyday living skills. They are skills that a person learns in the process of adapting to his/her surroundings. Since adaptive behaviors are for the most part developmental, it is possible to describe a person's adaptive behavior as an age-equivalent score. Behavior problems, often called maladaptive behaviors, are behaviors that interfere with everyday activities. Adaptive behavior assessment is also used to determine the type and amount of special assistance that people with disabilities may need. The purpose of measuring adaptive and maladaptive behavior is usually either for diagnosis or for program planning. The diagnosis of mental retardation, for example, requires deficits in both cognitive ability and adaptive behavior, occurring before age 18.*16character disorders: major onesAnother name for personality disorder; "HYPERLINK "http://www.ptypes.com/mercurial.html#horney"Karen Horney's (1950) theory of neurosis, really character disorders, recognizes the influence of culture while viewing neurosis as a constellation of defenses designed to deal with HYPERLINK "http://www.ptypes.com/basic_anxiety.html"basic anxiety. She concentrates on character structure rather than early childhood psychosexual experiences.*16deinstitutionalizationthe name given to the policy of moving severely mentally ill people out of large state institutions and then closing part or all of those institutions*16Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( purpose and limits)62216dissociative disorders64416high vs. low self - monitors[also ch. 18]*16milieu therapycan be defined as the type of treatment in which the patient's social environment is manipulated for his benefit.One type of this treatment is the therapeutic community, in which patients stay at a residence where they lead a highly structured life. This approach can be used for substance abusers, or people with severe disorders that impair their ability to function in normal living.*16narcissism65316Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD)62716panic attacks (& what's the best treatment?)62716positive and negative symptoms (in mental disorders)schizophrenia64816post traumatic stress disorder63016schizophrenia646 - 5316somatoform disorders: major kindsSomatoform (psychological conflicts presenting with physical complaints) are common among those claiming physical disability. It may arise from fear or arise concurrent with depression, and it prolongs the recovery from illness and injury.*16stimulus generalization63116Tourette's syndromea condition in which somebody experiences multiple tics and twitches, and utters involuntary vocal grunts and obscene speech. Full form Gilles de la Tourette syndrome*16aversive conditioning (good or bad?)66717aversive conditions665 - 6817Carl Rogers: person (client) centered therapy66317depression: trycyclic antidepressants 687 - 8917electroconvulsive shock therapy68917group therapy (advantages of )67217internalizationFreudian term*17lithium (bi - polar disorders)68917personal space*17systematic desensitization: a.k.a. a kind of counterconditioning66517token economy66817altruism73518Asch's conformity study (line segments)70418attribution theoryInferences that people draw about the causes of events, others behavior and their own behavior.69618bystander intervention: factors that influence it73618cognitive dissonanceA psychological state that exists when related cognitions are inconsistent, i.e., they contradict each other70118conflicts: four kinds72718cross cultural studiesdevoted to the study of cross-cultural understanding *18deindividuation71018dominant responses (aided by social facilitation)709 - 1018equity theory of relationships73418EthnocentrismA belief or assumption of the superiority of your won social or cultural group*18foot - in - the - door phenomenon699 - 70018frustration - aggression hypothesis721 - 2218fundamental attribution error69618groupthinkA process in which members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision.712, 72818ingroup and outgroup bias71718just - world phenomenon71818normative social influence70518norms - socialExpectations standards of the culture and community that you are a part of, that define or describe suitable social behavior.*18proximity (effects on relationships)729, 23718self - fulfilling prophecyStereotypes and other schema typically influence our perceptions, often automatically or unconsciously, creating slanted perspectives, leading people to see what they expect to see72818sleeper effectThe sleeper effect identified by HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist"psychologist HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hovland"Carl Hovland refers to the "hidden" effect of a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"propaganda message even when it comes from a discredible source. Hovland studied the effects of the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Capra"Frank Capra HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"World War II HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_film"propaganda film series HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_We_Fight"Why We Fight on US soldiers. He found that when the soldiers found the source of a piece of information discredible, they would discount it. However, after an amount of time soldiers would forget where a given message originated, but they would still remember the message itself. In this way, information from a low credibility source could increase in effectiveness.*18social exchange theory73718social facilitation70918social loafing71018social trap72718Stanley Milgram's experiement with obedience70618stereotype72818tragedy of the commonsTragedy of the commons is a phrase used to refer to a class of phenomena that involve a conflict for resources between individual interests and the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_good"common good.*18Zajonc's "Mere Expose Effect"72918Zimbardo's prison experiment71018 Chapter 1Psychological Science18 - 55Chapter 2Neuroscience and Behavior55 97Chapter 3Nature and Nurture of Behavior98 133Chapter 4The Developing Person134 191Chapter 5Sensation192 229Chapter 6Perception230 263Chapter 7States of Consciousness264 - 307Chapter 8Learning308 341Chapter 9Memory342 383Chapter 10Thinking and Language384 417Chapter 11Intelligence 418 453Chapter 12Motivation and Work454 497Chapter 13Emotion498 529Chapter 14Stress and Health530 573Chapter 15Personality574 617Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders618 657Chapter 17 Therapy658 693Chapter 18Social Psychology694 - 741 List of 309 AP Psych Terms and Concepts Text pg. Ch. Page  PAGE 18 List of 309 AP Psych Terms and Concepts Note: See the end of this list for a listing of the Myers 7th edition chapters by name Hint: The following list is set up in tables; you can sort by column, on to group alphabetically or by chapter Text pg. Ch. x/019:! 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