ࡱ> $&!"#%` bjbjNN 4,,ȔȔȔ8tt\ܖܖ"{}}}}}}$h\\{{Ж MAȔOO,0WJPH ^D The Old Man and the Sea Study Guide  by Calvin Roso For the novel by Ernest Hemingway Limited permission to reproduce this study guide. Purchase of this study guide entitles an individual teacher to reproduce pages for use in the classroom or home. Multiple teachers may not reproduce pages from the same study guide. Sale of any printed copy from this CD is strictly and specifically prohibited. The Old Man and the Sea Study Guide A Progeny Press Study Guide by Calvin Roso with Michael Gilleland, Andrew Clausen Copyright 2000 Progeny Press All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission or other information should be addressed to Reprint Permissions, Progeny Press, PO Box 100, Fall Creek, WI 54742-0100. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 978-1-58609-376-1 Book 978-1-58609-249-8 CD 978-1-58609-468-3 Set Synopsis We are hard pressed on every side, but not crushed; perplexed, but not in despair; persecuted, but not abandoned; struck down, but not destroyed. . . . Therefore we do not lose heart. Though outwardly we are wasting away, yet inwardly we are being renewed day by day. 2 Corinthians 4:8,9,16 After 84 days without taking a fish, Santiago is soon to catch something larger than he can ever imagine. It is his courage and perseverance of character that enables him to go out to sea in his weather-beaten boat each day. In the midst of ridicule from younger fishermen, Santiago finds courage in his friendship with a young boy, Manolin, who has fished with Santiago since he was five years old. But because of Santiagos bad luck, Manolins parents will not allow the boy to fish with Santiago any more. This short novel shows the outcome of one mans endurance in the midst of defeat, and how the friendship of a young boy gives him hope. The Old Man and the Sea won author Ernest Hemingway the Pulitzer Prize in 1953. Background Information After World War I, many Americans were disillusioned and questioned the validity of traditional ideals, literature and art forms. At this time, many American writers and artists sought ways to express and define a sense of hopelessness that seemed to contrast past beliefs and traditions. The Lost Generation During the post-WWI era, many Americans saw life as dysfunctional and hopeless. Seeking to find new meaning, several American writers and artists left the United States to live and work in Europe. They often met together to encourage each other in their artistic endeavors. A lost generation was writer Gertrude Steins assessment of this group of expatriate Americans who were alienated from both traditional values and from their own roots in the United States. Some of the more prominent members of the expatriates were F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Ernest Hemingway, T.S. Eliot, and Gertrude Stein. Modernism This growing sense of disjointedness and uncertainty required a new philosophy to define the pessimism of modern life. Modernism was an artistic trend that strove for new ways to communicate in a world where past traditions, values, and ideals no longer applied. Modernist writers often sought to strip away descriptions of characters and setting while avoiding direct statements of theme and resolutions. This fragmented style of writing theoretically enabled the reader to choose meaning for himself, while understanding that life was fragmented and without meaning. About the Author Often cited as the writer who did more to change the style of English prose than any other 20th Century author, Ernest Hemingway (18991961) is known as much for his lifestyle as he is for his literary style. Born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, Hemingways first job was reporting for the Kansas City Star. Eager to serve in WWI, he joined the Red Cross ambulance corps and was sent to the Italian front, where he was severely wounded. Hemingways experiences during the war and the years that followed greatly influenced him and his writing. After WWI, Hemingway joined a group of disillusioned writers and artists in Europe. It was during this time period that he published his first book, Three Stories and Ten Poems. Three years later, in 1926, Hemingway published The Sun Also Rises, which achieved critical acclaim and earned him the reputation as spokesman for the lost generation. In the years to follow, Ernest Hemingway spent long periods of time in Key West, Florida, Spain, Cuba, and Africa. Known as an outspoken fisherman, hunter, bullfight enthusiast, and drinker, Hemingways personal life also had a great influence on American writers. Hemingways crisp dialogue and no-nonsense journalistic style portrayed themes of a modern world filled with emptiness, failure, and defeat. Hemingway was deeply concerned with authenticity in writing. Unnecessary detail was replaced by short declarative sentences and imagery often based on personal observances and experiences. In 1954, Hemingways novel The Old Man and the Sea earned the Pulitzer Prize in literature, and Hemingway was awarded a Nobel Prize for his mastery of the art of modern narration. Yet in spite of his fame and fortune, Ernest Hemingways modernist views and hedonist lifestyle led him to take his life in 1961. Old Man and the Sea Page References The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel written as one continuous narrative. There are no chapter divisions. In this study guide we will use the natural pauses in the narrative to divide the reading into sections. Hence, the first lesson corresponds with the opening expository section of the novel, and thereafter the lessons roughly correspond with Santiagos days at sea. Page numbers listed after each section title correspond with the page numbers in the Scribner paperback edition of The Old Man and the Sea. These page numbers may closely match the page numbers in other editions. Ideas for Prereading Activities-Pick ONE 1. Map Work: Locate the country of Cuba on a map. Note Cubas distance from the United States and the waters surrounding it. 2. The Lost Generation: Research American authors and artists from the post- WWI era who were considered part of the lost generation. Write a one- to two-page paper discussing who these artists were, why they left America, and what they believed regarding life, literature, and art. 3. Research: Use an encyclopedia and other sources to find information about deep-sea fishing. Write a one-page paper discussing historical methods of deepsea fishing. 4. Courage: Write a three- to five-paragraph essay discussing how you think people can have courage in the midst of trying circumstances. Consider both personal experience and the Bible when supporting your ideas. 5. Ernest Hemingway is known for his crisp, journalistic approach in writing short stories and novels. As you read The Old Man and the Sea, pay close attention to how Hemingways style contributes to characterization, imagery, and action. Exposition (Pages 925) He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish. Vocabulary: The following underlined words are from sentences in the book. Define each word from the context of the sentence first, and then write the meaning from the dictionary. 1. He always went down to help him carry either the coiled lines or the gaff and harpoon and the sail that was furled around the mast. Your Definition: Dictionary Definition: 2. The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. Your Definition: Dictionary Definition: 3. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks. Your Definition: Dictionary Definition: 4. But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert. Your Definition: Dictionary Definition: 5. I may not be as strong as I think. . . But I know many tricks and I have resolution. Your Definition: Dictionary Definition: Characterization: 1. From the very first paragraph of The Old Man and the Sea, the author begins telling us about the two main characters. Read the first paragraph of the novel again. What do we learn about Santiago, the old man, and Manolin, the boy, in this paragraph? Santiago: Manolin: 2. The second and third paragraphs continue with a physical description of Santiago. Which of Santiagos traits does the second paragraph emphasize? What contrast is drawn with the third paragraph? How do the authors descriptions sharpen the contrast? 3. The description of Santiagos home also gives us information about his character. Read again the description of Santiagos home. What do we learn about Santiago from this description? Questions: 1. A storys plot is the action of the story. A plot includes an exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and a resolution. The exposition of a story establishes the setting, introduces characters, and introduces the initial conflict or problem. What is the initial conflict or problem introduced in the exposition of The Old Man and the Sea? 2. Why did the boys parents say he couldnt fish with Santiago any longer? 3. How do the other fishermen treat Santiago? 4. Santiago has caught no fish, and has therefore made no money. How has he kept from starving? Analysis: 5. What is the significance of Santiagos hand scars not being fresh? 6. There are a number of times in The Old Man and the Sea where the author draws a parallel between Santiago and Jesus*. For example, the scars on Santiagos hands could be seen as one parallel. Read 1 Peter 2:23. How is Santiagos response to the other fishermen Christ-like? 7. Foreshadowing is a literary device used to hint at or suggest something that might happen later in the story. What might the author be foreshadowing with the reminder that Santiago once caught many fish after day 87? 8. What about Joe DiMaggios heritage makes Santiago relate to him? 9. A symbol in literature is something that is used to represent something else. Dreams are often symbolic in literature. Santiagos dreams are never of the present, but only of trips to Africa in his youth. What could these dreams possibly symbolize? Dig Deeper: 10. Santiago does not seem concerned that he has been labeled unlucky by the other fishermen. Instead, he speaks of fishing in terms of faith and doubt. Consider the following conversation between Santiago and the boy: But remember how you went eighty-seven days without fish and then we caught big ones every day for three weeks. I remember, the old man said. I know you did not leave me because you doubted. It was papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him. I know, the old man said. It is quite normal. He hasnt much faith. No, the old man said. But we have. Havent we? Read Hebrews 11:1. What is given as a definition of faith in this verse? 11. What is the faith that Santiago and the boy have? On what do they base this faith? 12. When the boy tells Santiago that the Yankees lost, Santiago dismisses it. That means nothing. The great DiMaggio is himself again. To Santiago, winning and losing are not of great importance. In regard to Joe DiMaggio and the Yankees, what seems to be important to Santiago? How might this attitude relate to Santiagos own view of success with regard to his fishing? 13. The author writes about Santiago: He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. But he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. Pride and humility are often spoken of as opposites. Here, Hemingway attributes both traits to Santiago. Do you think it is possible to be proud and humble at the same time? Explain your answer. First Day at Sea (Pages 2553) He always thought of the sea as la mar which is what people call her in Spanish when they love her. . . . The old man always thought of her as feminine and as something that gave or withheld favours. . . Vocabulary: The words in the left column are taken from the text. Match each word with the best definition found in the right column. 1. ___ condense 2. ___ fathom 3. ___ ineffectual 4. ___ gelatinous 5. ___ iridescent 6. ___ gaff 7. ___ phosphorescence 8. ___ carapaced 9. ___ congregate 10. ___ furla. hook with a handle b. curl or fold c. compact d. glowing e. length equal to six feet f. to gather into a group or crowd g. ineffective; inadequate h. shifting colors i. jelly-like j. shielded Plot: The following events and/or dialogue happened during Santiagos first day at sea. Number the events in their correct sequence, starting with number 1 as the first event that occurred that day. a. ___ Qu va. . . . It is what a man must do. b. ___ Santiago catches a tuna. c. ___ Santiago puts a sack across his shoulders. d. ___ Santiago sees a man-of-war bird circling ahead. e. ___ Santiago sees a Portuguese man-of-war floating beside the boat. f. ___ The sun rose thinly from the sea and the old man could see the other boats . . . g. ___ A marlin nibbles the bait and leaves. h. ___ A marlin takes the bait and pulls Santiago for several hours. i. ___ Big dolphin. j. ___ Santiago gets a cut below the eye. Personification: 1. Personification is the attribution of human characteristics to an object, an animal, or an idea. Early in Santiagos voyage out, Hemingway writes that Santiago had always thought of the sea as la mar, which is feminine, but that others spoke of the sea as el mar, which is masculine. In what ways do Santiago and the other fishermen personify the sea? 2. Santiago also attributes human qualities to the marlin he has hooked. List some of the words or phrases Santiago uses to personify the marlin. Questions: 1. What evidence of Santiagos skill and experience is seen during the first day at sea? 2. What evidence do we see that Santiago is a compassionate man? 3. Santiago lets out his lines with great precision, making sure that each hook is at the exact depth he wants. He considers the difference between being lucky and being exact when fishing. What does he conclude? 4. Santiago catches a small tuna on his first day at sea. What does he intend to do with it? 5. Finally, a marlin begins feeding on Santiagos bait. What does the marlin do when Santiago has set the hook? 6. When the marlin is hooked, why does Santiago continue to hold the line instead of tying the line to the boat? 7. Four times during his first day at sea, Santiago expresses his wish that the boy were with him. Why do you think he wishes this? How does Santiago rebuke himself after the fourth time he expresses this wish? 8. Just before daylight on the second day something takes one of the baits on another one of Santiagos lines. What does Santiago do about it? Why? Analysis: 9. In literature, a parallel character is someone (or something) that has many similarities to the main character and whose purpose is giving further insights into the main characters strengths and/or weaknesses. During Santiagos first day at sea, how might Santiago and the marlin be parallel characters? Dig Deeper: 10. Early in the first day Santiago admits to himself that he is a precise person in his work and would rather be exact than lucky. Going through the pages of his first day of fishing, give several examples of Santiagos precision in his work. Read 1 Corinthians 10:31; Colossians 3:17, 23; and 1 Thessalonians 4:11, 12. How do these verses say we should work? How do they compare with Santiagos ideas of work? 11. Shortly before Santiago hooks the marlin, he thinks to himself: I could just drift . . . and sleep and put a bight of line around my toe to wake me. But today is eighty-five days and I should fish the day well. What does Santiagos decision tell us about him? Why is it important to Santiago to fish the day well? Read Proverbs 10:4; 14:23; 20:13; and 24:33, 34. What is the general idea in these verses? How does this general idea fit with the actions and decisions of Santiago? 12. Given what youve seen so far, write a short description of how you think the story will end and why you think so. Second Day at Sea (Pages 5386) Then he was sorry for the great fish that had nothing to eat and his determination to kill him never relaxed in his sorrow for him. How many people will he feed, he thought. But are they worthy to eat him? It is enough to live on the sea and kill our true brothers. Vocabulary: A synonym is a word that means the same or nearly the same as another word. Read the following sentences from the book. For each of the underlined words, select two synonyms from the word box below. Word Box quest shake sword fluctuation fabricate surge blade invent wobble journey 1. He was too tired even to examine the line and he teetered on it as his delicate feet gripped it fast. ____________________ ____________________ 2. But what is his plan, he thought. And what is mine? Mine I must improvise to his because of his great size. ____________________ ____________________ 3. He could see the prisms in the deep dark water and the line stretching ahead and the strange undulation of the calm. ____________________ ____________________ 4. His sword was as long as a baseball bat and tapered like a rapier and he rose full length from the water and re-entered it . . . ____________________ ____________________ 5. . . . I promise to make a pilgrimage to the Virgin of Cobre if I catch him. ____________________ ____________________ Stream of Consciousness: 1. Stream of consciousness is the technique of presenting a narrative as the continuous flow of a characters thoughts and responses. In The Old Man and the Sea, once Santiago is alone on the sea, his inner thoughts and spoken dialogue are presented in stream of consciousness as each idea suggests another. For example, consider the paragraph beginning This is the second day now that I do not know the result of the juegos, he thought. In that one paragraph, Santiagos thoughts move from baseball scores, to DiMaggio, to bone spurs, to fighting cocks, to endurance, and finally to wishing he was the marlin. Find another passage that demonstrates this style. 2. During Santiagos second day at sea, the stream of consciousness technique becomes more apparent. Why might the author choose to use this technique more frequently at this point in the story? Questions: 1. Why did Santiago want the marlin to jump? 2. During the first day at sea, we began to see a relationship develop between Santiago and the marlin. How does this relationship deepen on the second day? 3. How does Santiago injure his right hand? What happens to Santiagos left hand? 4. What does Santiago do with the tuna he caught on the previous day? 5. How does the thought of Joe DiMaggio inspire Santiago during the second day at sea? 6. What incident from his past did Santiago call to mind to give himself confidence? Why might this incident give Santiago confidence in his struggle against the marlin? 7. Why did Santiago give up arm-wrestling? 8. Why does Santiago look for a swirl in the water when he throws the carcass of the dolphin overboard? Analysis: 9. In the last section we discussed parallel characters and listed ways in which Hemingway used Santiago and the marlin as parallel characters. List four more ways we see a parallel drawn between Santiago and the marlin on this second day at sea. 10. Hemingway uses birds to parallel and symbolize different aspects of Santiagos experience. For example, early in his journey out Santiago notices the small birds who were always flying and looking and almost never finding. This parallels Santiagos experience on the previous 84 days. Then, just prior to Santiagos success in finding and catching the marlin, a man-of-war bird is seen catching fish. On Santiagos second day at sea, a tired warbler rests on Santiagos stern. What might the appearance of this bird say about Santiago at this point in the story? 11. Santiago wonders if the warbler is a young warbler who has never crossed the gulf before, and he understands that the warbler will learn about the hawks soon enough. Take a good rest, small bird, he said. Then go in and take your chance like any man or bird or fish. What general statement does Santiago seem to be making about the process of growing older? 12. Read again the description of the marlin as it leaps from the water. Hemingway does not give specific measurements of the fish (except to say that it is two feet longer than Santiagos boat), but he lets the reader understand the immensity of the fish through the use of descriptive language. Write down the descriptive words or phrases that are used to communicate the size of the fish. 13. At times during the second day at sea, Santiago imagines himself in the position of the marlin he has hooked. If I were him, I would put in everything now and go until something broke. List two other times Santiago imagines himself in this position. 14. Santiago seems to wish he were the marlin because the marlin possesses certain qualities he admires. What are these qualities? What qualities does Santiago recognize that he himself possesses? 15. In the midst of his fatigue, Santiago thinks, I wish hed [the marlin] sleep and I could sleep and dream about the lions. . . . Why are the lions the main thing that is left? Why do you suppose that the lions are the main thing that Santiago dreams about? 16. Before Santiago dreams of the lions, he has two other dreams. What are these dreams and what might they symbolize? Dig Deeper: 17. At the beginning of his struggle against the marlin, Santiago makes little acknowledgment of or reference to God. Now, as his second day begins, Santiago says God let him [the marlin] jump. Later he says God help me to have the cramp go. Finally he makes promises to God. What does he promise to do if he catches the fish? 18. On the second day at sea, Santiago makes a vow to God. Read Numbers 30:1, 2; Deuteronomy 23:2123; Ecclesiastes 5:46; Matthew 5:3337; and James 5:12. What do these verses say about making vows to God and making vows in general? What difference do you see between the Old Testament verses and the New Testament verses? Why do you think they differ? 19. Though we have not seen Santiago pray or talk to God before, suddenly we see him talking to God and saying prayers a number of times. Why do you think this is? Read Philippians 4:6, 7; Colossians 4:2; 1 Thessalonians 5:1618. How do these verses say we should pray? Is Santiago doing this? Give an example of how you could do this in your daily routine. 20. As noted earlier, Santiago finds ways to encourage himself in the midst of difficulty. Read Psalm 94:18,19, Lamentations 3:2124, and Hebrews 10:2325. What can Christians do to encourage themselves in the midst of difficulty? Third Day at Sea (Pages 86122) With his [the marlins] mouth shut and his tail straight up and down we sail like brothers. Then his head started to become a little unclear and he thought, is he bringing me in or am I bringing him in? . . . . But they were sailing together lashed side by side and the old man thought, let him bring me in if it pleases him. I am only better than him through trickery and he meant me no harm. Vocabulary: Read each of the sentences below, paying close attention to the use of the underlined word. Then write down the definition of each underlined word according to how it is being used. 1. He just felt a faint slackening of the pressure of the line and he commenced to pull on it gently with his right hand. 2. His old legs and shoulders pivoted with the swinging of the pulling. 3. On each calm placid turn the fish made he was gaining line and he was sure that in two more turns he would have a chance to get the harpoon in. 4. . . . the fish pulled part way over and then righted himself and swam away. 5. He cut the rope then and went astern to noose the tail. 6. He had come up from deep down in the water as the dark cloud of blood had settled and dispersed in the mile deep sea. 7. . . . he rammed the harpoon down onto the sharks head at a spot where the line between his eyes intersected with the line that ran straight back from his nose. 8. The water was white where his tail beat it and three-quarters of his body was clear above the water when the rope came taut, shivered, and then snapped. 9. They were hateful sharks, bad smelling, scavengers as well as killers, and when they were hungry they would bite at an oar or the rudder of a boat. 10. He did not want to think of the mutilated under-side of the fish. Questions: 1. As the marlin begins to circle, Santiago makes yet another promise to God in exchange for the strength to help him endure. What promise does he make? Does he keep this promise? 2. Earlier, Santiago wanted the marlin to jump. Why doesnt he want the marlin to jump now? 3. Why does Santiago try to get the marlin in close to the boat? 4. What physical symptoms does Santiago experience while bringing the marlin in? 5. Santiago guesses that the marlin is over 1,500 pounds and might dress out two thirds of that at thirty cents a pound. Do the math for Santiago: how much money would the marlin earn him? Why is this amount of money so significant? 6. Although the sharks take his fish, Santiago blames himself for its loss. What error does he tell himself (and the fish) that he made? Analysis: 7. Out on the sea, Santiago ponders many things, and often speaks aloud. On the third day as Santiago reaches the limit of his exhaustion, his thoughts and his words have a different tone from that on the previous two days. Explain the difference. 8. While talking to himself on the third day, Santiago often contradicts himself or rebukes himself for the things he says. I must get him alongside this time, he thought. I am not good for many more turns. Yes, you are, he told himself. Youre good for ever. The dentuso is cruel and able and strong and intelligent. But I was more intelligent than he was. Perhaps not, he thought. Perhaps I was only better armed. Besides, he thought, everything kills everything else in some way. Fishing kills me exactly as it keeps me alive. The boy keeps me alive, he thought. I must not deceive myself too much. What opposing sides can we see emerging in Santiagos conversations with himself? How would you define the two sides of Santiagos conversations? 9. After Santiago ties the marlin to the side of the boat, the author writes: With his mouth shut and his tail straight up and down we sail like brothers. Then his head started to become a little unclear and he thought, is he bringing me in or am I bringing him in? What might this passage symbolize or reinforce about Santiagos relationship with the marlin? 10. As Santiago starts to sail homeward with the marlin tied to the boat, he keeps glancing at the fish to assure himself that it really is true. Readers can almost feel Santiagos incredulous joy. At this point in the narrative when everything seems to have worked out in Santiagos favor, Hemingway ends a paragraph with the following sentence: It was an hour before the first shark hit him. What effect does this sentence, and its placement in the narrative, have on the reader? 11. List each weapon Santiago uses to fend off the sharks, and how each weapon is lost or rendered useless. How does Santiago respond to the sharks when his last weapon is gone? What does this response indicate about Santiago? 12. Santiago wonders if it was a sin to kill the marlin. What reasons does he give for killing the marlin? How does he justify killing the shark? 13. While Santiago was in battle with the marlin, he often spoke to the marlin. Now, as the sharks continue to take pieces of the marlin, Santiago no longer talks to the marlin or even looks at him. What might explain this change? 14. As he sails homeward, Santiago begins to talk of luck: I have half of [the fish], he thought. Maybe Ill have the luck to bring the forward half in. I should have some luck. No, he said. You violated your luck when you went too far outside. Dont be silly, he said aloud. And keep awake and steer. You may have much luck yet. Id like to buy some if theres any place they sell it, he said. How has Santiagos view of luck changed? What might this change indicate about Santiagos view of himself? 15. As Santiago nears the harbor, he thinks about his boat: Shes good, he thought. She is sound and not harmed in any way except for the tiller. That is easily replaced. What does this passage indicate about Santiagos plans for the future? Dig Deeper: 16. As he faces the loss of his marlin, Santiago wonders if it is a sin to not have hope. Do you think it is a sin to not have hope? 17. As Santiago prepares for the attack of the first shark, he was full of resolution but he had little hope. What is the difference between resolution and hope? Why would someone have resolution if he has no hope? Have you ever been in a situation in which you had resolution but little hope? 18. While he is sailing, waiting for the sharks to attack, Santiago begins to think about sin. Beginning with the paragraph that starts, It is silly not to hope, he thought. Besides, I believe it is a sin, read the next page or so. Judging from these paragraphs, how does Santiago seem to define and view sin? What does Santiago seem to think about sin? Read Matthew 5:1748, Mark 7:1823, James 4:17. From these verses, how would you define sin? 19. After the first shark attacks, Santiago says, A man can be destroyed, but not defeated. What do you think he means by this? Do you agree? Look also at Matthew 10:28. Resolution (Pages 122127) Up the road, in his shack, the old man was sleeping again. He was still sleeping on his face and the boy was sitting by him watching him. The old man was dreaming about the lions. Questions: 1. What does Manolin do after he sees that Santiago has returned? 2. How long was the marlin? 3. Who is Santiago talking about when he tells Manolin, They beat me. 4. How does Santiago respond when Manolin announces that he will fish with Santiago again? How does Santiagos response indicate a change in his view of himself as a fisherman? Analysis: 5. One necessary characteristic of either a student or a disciple is to be teachable. What evidence is there in the concluding pages of the story that Manolin is teachable? 6. When Santiago returns to his shack and falls asleep, Hemingway says, he slept face down on the newspapers with his arms out straight and the palms of his hands up. Hemingway does not say whether Santiagos arms are out straight over his head or straight out from his sides. As an experiment, lie down on your bed or the floor and try both positions. Which do you think is the position in which Santiago was lying? What symbolism could be attached to the way in which Santiago was lying? 7. Why does Santiago lay with his hands palms up? Why does Manolin cry when he sees Santiagos hands? 8. Why do you think Manolin is determined now to go fishing with Santiago? 9. What do the final scenes tell us about Santiagos situation and his future? Does this leave you with a positive or negative impression? 10. Quickly review the early pages of The Old Man and the Sea and note how Santiago was treated by other fishermen and villagers. Have their attitudes changed toward him at the end of the novel? Give evidence to explain your answer. 11. Some critics have drawn a parallel between Santiago and the marlin. At the end of the story, the marlin is reduced to the long backbone of the great fish that was now just garbage waiting to go out with the tide. Do you think this is how Santiago should be viewed also? Why? Overview 1. Conflict is the struggle between opposing forces that forms the basis of the plot in narrative literature. Conflict can be organized into the following forms: man vs. man man vs. his environment (nature, society, etc.) man vs. himself In The Old Man and the Sea, do you think Santiagos greatest conflict is against his environment or against himself? Explain your reasoning. 2. The climax of a story is the highest point of action and tension. It is also the turning point of the story which sets in motion the eventual conclusion of the plots central conflict. What is the climax of The Old Man and the Sea? 3. In the resolution of a story, all plot complications are finally sorted out, the conflict is solved, and the story is brought to a conclusion. One characteristic of the modernist style is that works are often fragmented, with little or no resolution. Does The Old Man and the Sea have a resolution? If so, do you find it to be a satisfying conclusion to the story? Explain your answers. 4. A theme is the main idea or message that is communicated through a work of literature. It might also be called the lesson about life an author hopes to share with his readers. Theme can be discovered in many ways: by observing character growth and change; by evaluating conflict and resolution; by evaluating symbolism; by paying attention to ideas and details that are repeated; and by paying attention to the authors tone and style. What do you think is the primary theme of The Old Man and the Sea? Give a few examples of how this is expressed in the novel. 5. What do you think are some minor themes found in the novel? 6. Main characters often change over the course of a novel. Characters that change are called dynamic characters. Characters that remain the same are called static characters. Is Santiago a dynamic or static character? If dynamic, how has Santiago changed? 7. Earlier in the novel we discussed the possible parallels between Santiago and Christ. One clear example occurs when Santiago makes a noise at the sight of two more sharks. The author says that it is just a noise such as a man might make, involuntarily, feeling the nail go through his hands and into the wood. Later, after Santiago has returned home, the author writes: Then he shouldered the mast and started to climb [the hill]. It was then he knew the depth of his tiredness. He stopped for a moment and looked back . . . He started to climb again and at the top he fell and lay for some time with the mast across his shoulder. He tried to get up. But it was too difficult . . . Many literary scholars believe this passage is also an allusion to Christ. In what way might this passage draw a parallel between Santiago and Christ? 8. In literature a character is referred to as a Christ figure if that characters suffering or death accomplishes a great task or has a redemptive effect. Do you see any sort of accomplishment or redemption through Santiagos suffering? Explain your answer. Given the outcome of the novel, do you think Hemingways use of Santiago as a Christ figure is justified? 9. The hero is the central character, or protagonist in a work of literature. The traditional hero possesses positive qualities which help him triumph in the novels main conflict. A tragic hero is a protagonist who possesses a character flaw which ultimately causes his downfall. An anti-hero is a protagonist who does not possess the positive qualities of the traditional hero. According to these definitions, do you think Santiago is a traditional hero, a tragic hero, or an antihero? Explain your answer. 10. While he is battling the marlin, and later as he fights the sharks, Santiago begins to blame himself for the way things begin to go wrong, saying he went out too far. Looking back over the novel, who do you think is to blame for the way things turned out? Are bad things always the fault of someone? Read Ecclesiastes 9:11 and address it in your answer. 11. The Old Man and the Sea begins and ends with the relationship between Santiago and Manolin. Even while he is in the boat, far out at sea, Santiago repeatedly thinks about the boy. Describe the relationship between the old man and the boy and the conflict they have to deal with. Read Ecclesiastes 4:912. How do these verses relate to some of the problems Santiago has at sea and how these are resolved at the end of the novel? 12. In an earlier section we looked at the following verses regarding Santiago and how he worked: Proverbs 10:4, Proverbs 14:23, and Proverbs 20:13. Although Santiago seems to follow these verses, he does not receive the benefits promised. The same may be said for many people. How do you account for this? Read also Ecclesiastes 9:11. How do you reconcile these two viewpoints? Essays Choose ONE of the following topics and write a one- to two-page essay. 1. Discuss the distinct characteristics of Hemingways narrative style, including his arrangement of narrative description and limited dialogue in The Old Man and the Sea. Compare Hemingways style to that of other writers you may enjoy. Share your opinion of Hemingways methods and techniques. 2. Throughout The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago talks to himself and gives himself advice, some of it as simple statements, such as, Every day is a new day, or It is better to be lucky. But I would rather be exact. Then when luck comes you are ready. These could easily be considered proverbs such as Benjamin Franklin wrote in Poor Richards Almanack. Gather 1025 of Santiagos statements together in a list called something like Santiagos Proverbs or Santiagos Sayings. If you wish, add your own comments or interpretations next to the sayings. 3. Write an essay discussing the use of Christian imagery and allusions in The Old Man and the Sea. Identify examples of Christian imagery and allusions and the contributions they give to the novel. Address why Hemingway might have used these images and allusions and why he was trying to say with them. 4. Use a dictionary to research the definitions of discourage and encourage. Write an essay clarifying the meanings of these words and discussing factors found in the novel that both encourage and discourage Santiago. 5. Consider the outcome of The Old Man and the Sea. Is the novel an optimistic story of human victory or a pessimistic story of defeat? 6. At least four times Santiago expresses that he wishes catching the marlin had only been a dream. The question he raises is perhaps the central question of the novel: is it better to have achieved something only to have it taken away or to have never achieved it at all? What do you think? What answer does Hemingway supply in his novel?     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