ࡱ> KMJc -]bjbj HxY\xY\ x&&4tOPR   *y+T+,OOOOOOOQTOE+( *++O i P111+^ O1+O11JBVM uW,KOP0OPKSU,hSU4VMVMSUrN<++1+++++OOM/b+++OP++++SU+++++++++&> d: Independent-Samples t Test Example 2 (Self-esteem) ANSWER KEY You are a researcher who is interested in determining whether dressing professionally increases self-esteem. You asked one group of participants to dress casually and a different group of participants to dress professionally for 1 week. At the end of the week, participants completed a self-esteem evaluation. The scores are listed below in the tables. Step 1. State your hypotheses. a. Is it a one-tailed or two-tailed test? One-tailed b. Hypotheses in words: HA: The professional group will have higher self-esteem scores than the casual group. H0: The professional group will have lower or the same self-esteem scores as the casual group. c. Hypotheses in symbols: HA: professional - casual > 0 H0: professional - casual < 0 Step 2. Set the significance level ( ( = .05 Determine tcrit. tcrit = +1.833 Step 3. Compute the appropriate statistical test. Professional Group (X1)  EMBED Equation.3  X  EMBED Equation.3  (X   EMBED Equation.3 )298121.8-23.8566.44120-1.83.2414927.2739.841220.2.04120-1.83.24X = 609SS = (X   EMBED Equation.3 )2 = 1312.8 EMBED Equation.3 = 121.8 SS1 = 1312.8 SS2 = 819.34      Casual Group (X2)  EMBED Equation.3  X   EMBED Equation.3  (X   EMBED Equation.3 )28692.67-6.6744.49996.3340.07952.335.43941.331.7772-20.67427.2511017.33300.33X2 = 556SS = (X   EMBED Equation.3 )2 = 819.34  EMBED Equation.3 = 92.67    Step 4. Make a decision. Determine whether the value of the test statistic is in the critical region. Draw a picture. Is tobt in the critical region? yes Should you reject or retain the H0? reject tobt = 3.13  tcrit = +1.833 Step 5. Report the statistical results. t(9) = 3.13, p < .05 Step 6. Write a conclusion. The group who dressed professionally (M = 121.8) had significantly higher self-esteem scores than the group who dressed casually (M = 92.67), t(9) = 3.13, p < .05. Step 7. Compute the estimated d.  d Effect Size 0.2 Small effect 0.5 Medium effect 0.8 Large effect Step 8. Compute r2 and write a conclusion.  r2 Percentage of Variance Explained 0.01 Small effect 0.09 Medium effect 0.25 Large effect Style of dress accounts for 52% of the variance in self-esteem.  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