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Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions in an organism Cellular Metabolism5 Includes all chemical reactions within cellsP Provides energy to maintain homeostasis and perform essential functions  Essential Functions  Metabolic turnover! Growth and cell divisionY Special processes, such as secretion, contraction, and the propagation of action  The Nutrient Pool8 Contains all organic building blocks cell needs= Is source of substrates for catabolism and anabolism Catabolism1 Is the breakdown of organic substrates N Releases energy used to synthesize high-energy compounds (e.g., ATP)  Anabolism2 Is the synthesis of new organic molecules  In energy termsG Anabolism is an uphill process that forms new chemical bonds$ Functions of Organic Compounds 3 Perform structural maintenance and repairs Support growth Produce secretions! Store nutrient reserves  Organic Compounds  Glycogen Triglycerides ProteinsCarbohydrate Metabolism R Generates ATP and other high-energy compounds by breaking down carbohydrates:+glucose + oxygen ( carbon dioxide + water  Glucose Breakdown Occurs in small steps9 One molecule of glucose nets 36 molecules of ATP Glycolysis  Aerobic Reactions Breaks 6-carbon glucose' Into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid Pyruvate& Ionized form of pyruvic acid  Glycolysis Factors Glucose molecules Cytoplasmic enzymes ATP and ADP Inorganic phosphates NAD (coenzyme)! Mitochondrial ATP ProductionY If oxygen supplies are adequate, mitochondria absorb and break down pyruvic acid  Mitochondrial Membranes  Outer membrane Inner membrane Intermembrane space ' The TCA Cycle (citric acid cycle) 1 The function of the citric acid cycle is In the mitochondrion Acetyl group transfers5 CoA is released to bind another acetyl group/ One TCA cycle removes two carbon atoms? Several steps involve more than one reaction or enzyme/ H2O molecules are tied up in two steps CO2 is a waste product( The product of one TCA cycle is Summary: The TCA Cycle 3 CH3CO - CoA + 3NAD + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O ( - CoA + 2 CO2 + 3NADH + FADH2 + 2 H+ + GTP* Oxidative Phosphorylation and the ETS! Is the generation of ATP4 Produces more than 90% of ATP used by body % Results in 2 H2 + O2 ((2 H2O( The Electron Transport System (ETS)9 Is the key reaction in oxidative phosphorylation+ Is in inner mitochondrial membrane( Electrons carry chemical energy Oxidation and Reduction& Oxidation (loss of electrons)& Reduction (gain of electrons)- The two reactions are always paired  Energy Transfer " Electrons transfer energyB Energy performs physical or chemical work (ATP formation) Electrons Coenzymes Title Headingsd  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~     Root Entry FzZ1Table|WordDocument%<SummaryInformation(0PDocumentSummaryInformation8(CompObjX FMicrosoft Word DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8