ࡱ>  tbjbjO O %-a-a dTTT0|T{&~ 0:0001RAFXZ{\{\{\{\{\{\{$}k{H11HH{00{ZZZH00Z{ZHZ{ZZUmu >z 04%( OyF{{0{y^WSW,JzWJzHHZHHHHH{{ZHHH{HHHHWHHHHHHHHH :  TOC \o \f 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626736 \h 1 1.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626737 \h 1 1.2 CONTRACTS AND FINANCE  PAGEREF _Toc436626738 \h 1 1.3 AUTHORITIES AND ESTABLISHMENT  PAGEREF _Toc436626739 \h 1 1.4 EXECUTION AND COMPLETION  PAGEREF _Toc436626740 \h 2 1.5 TERMITE PROTECTION  PAGEREF _Toc436626741 \h 2 1.6 TIMBER GENERALLY  PAGEREF _Toc436626742 \h 3 2 SITE PREPARATION  PAGEREF _Toc436626743 \h 4 2.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626744 \h 4 2.2 DEMOLITION not used  PAGEREF _Toc436626745 \h 4 2.3 TREES TO BE RETAINED  PAGEREF _Toc436626746 \h 4 2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION  PAGEREF _Toc436626747 \h 4 2.5 SITE CLEARING  PAGEREF _Toc436626748 \h 5 2.6 EXCAVATION  PAGEREF _Toc436626749 \h 5 2.7 SURFACE PREPARATION  PAGEREF _Toc436626750 \h 5 2.8 PILING not used  PAGEREF _Toc436626751 \h 6 2.9 SERVICE TRENCHES  PAGEREF _Toc436626752 \h 6 3 CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION  PAGEREF _Toc436626753 \h 7 3.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626754 \h 7 3.2 GROUND SLAB VAPOUR BARRIER  PAGEREF _Toc436626755 \h 7 3.3 REINFORCEMENT  PAGEREF _Toc436626756 \h 7 3.4 CONCRETE  PAGEREF _Toc436626757 \h 7 3.5 JOINTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626758 \h 8 3.6 CONCRETE BEARER SUPPORTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626759 \h 8 4 TIMBER AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION  PAGEREF _Toc436626760 \h 9 4.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626761 \h 9 4.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626762 \h 9 4.3 CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY  PAGEREF _Toc436626763 \h 10 4.4 FLOORS  PAGEREF _Toc436626764 \h 10 4.5 WALL FRAMING  PAGEREF _Toc436626765 \h 10 4.6 ROOF AND CEILING FRAMING  PAGEREF _Toc436626766 \h 11 4.7 ROOF TRUSSES  PAGEREF _Toc436626767 \h 11 4.8 TIMBER ROOF TRIM  PAGEREF _Toc436626768 \h 12 5 BRICK AND BLOCK CONSTRUCTION  PAGEREF _Toc436626769 \h 13 5.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626770 \h 13 5.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626771 \h 13 5.3 CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY  PAGEREF _Toc436626772 \h 14 5.4 BEARER SUPPORTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626773 \h 14 5.5 DAMP-PROOF COURSES  PAGEREF _Toc436626774 \h 15 5.6 CAVITY MASONRY WALLS  PAGEREF _Toc436626775 \h 15 5.7 WALL TIES  PAGEREF _Toc436626776 \h 16 5.8 AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE WALLS not used  PAGEREF _Toc436626777 \h 16 5.9 CONTROL OF MOVEMENT  PAGEREF _Toc436626778 \h 16 5.10 STEEL LINTELS  PAGEREF _Toc436626779 \h 17 5.11 BAGGING  PAGEREF _Toc436626780 \h 17 6 INSULATION AND SARKING  PAGEREF _Toc436626781 \h 18 6.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626782 \h 18 6.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626783 \h 18 6.3 INSTALLATION  PAGEREF _Toc436626784 \h 18 7 ROOFING  PAGEREF _Toc436626785 \h 20 7.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626786 \h 20 7.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626787 \h 20 7.3 TILING  PAGEREF _Toc436626788 \h 20 7.4 METAL ROOFING  PAGEREF _Toc436626789 \h 20 7.5 ROOF PLUMBING  PAGEREF _Toc436626790 \h 21 8 CLADDING  PAGEREF _Toc436626791 \h 22 8.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626792 \h 22 8.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626793 \h 22 8.3 HARDBOARD CLADDING  PAGEREF _Toc436626794 \h 22 8.4 TIMBER BOARD CLADDING  PAGEREF _Toc436626795 \h 22 8.5 FIBRE CEMENT CLADDING  PAGEREF _Toc436626796 \h 23 8.6 METAL CLADDING not used  PAGEREF _Toc436626797 \h 23 8.7 PLASTIC CLADDING  PAGEREF _Toc436626798 \h 23 8.8 AAC CLADDING not used  PAGEREF _Toc436626799 \h 24 9 DOORS AND WINDOWS  PAGEREF _Toc436626800 \h 25 9.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626801 \h 25 9.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626802 \h 25 9.3 CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY  PAGEREF _Toc436626803 \h 26 9.4 TIMBER DOORS  PAGEREF _Toc436626804 \h 26 9.5 SLIDING INTERNAL DOORS  PAGEREF _Toc436626805 \h 27 9.6 WARDROBES  PAGEREF _Toc436626806 \h 27 9.7 GARAGE DOORS  PAGEREF _Toc436626807 \h 27 9.8 LOCKSETS  PAGEREF _Toc436626808 \h 28 10 LINING  PAGEREF _Toc436626809 \h 29 10.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626810 \h 29 10.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626811 \h 29 10.3 SHEET LINING  PAGEREF _Toc436626812 \h 29 10.4 TONGUE AND GROOVE flooring  PAGEREF _Toc436626813 \h 30 10.5 TRIM  PAGEREF _Toc436626814 \h 30 11 TROWELLED COATINGS  PAGEREF _Toc436626815 \h 31 11.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626816 \h 31 11.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626817 \h 31 11.3 SUBSTRATE  PAGEREF _Toc436626818 \h 31 11.4 PLASTERING  PAGEREF _Toc436626819 \h 32 11.5 CEMENT BASED FLOOR TOPPINGS (GRANO)  PAGEREF _Toc436626820 \h 32 12 BLOCK AND TILE FINISHES  PAGEREF _Toc436626821 \h 34 12.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626822 \h 34 12.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626823 \h 34 12.3 WATERPROOFING WET AREAS  PAGEREF _Toc436626824 \h 35 12.4 TILING  PAGEREF _Toc436626825 \h 35 13 FLOOR COATINGS AND COVERINGS  PAGEREF _Toc436626826 \h 37 13.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626827 \h 37 13.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626828 \h 37 13.3 SUBSTRATE  PAGEREF _Toc436626829 \h 37 13.4 LAYING CARPET  PAGEREF _Toc436626830 \h 38 13.5 LAYING RESILIENT FINISHES  PAGEREF _Toc436626831 \h 38 14 PAINTING  PAGEREF _Toc436626832 \h 39 14.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626833 \h 39 14.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626834 \h 39 14.3 PAINTING  PAGEREF _Toc436626835 \h 39 15 TIMBER FIXTURES  PAGEREF _Toc436626836 \h 42 15.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626837 \h 42 15.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626838 \h 42 15.3 CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY  PAGEREF _Toc436626839 \h 42 15.4 TIMBER STAIRS AND BALUSTRADES  PAGEREF _Toc436626840 \h 43 15.5 DOMESTIC KITCHEN ASSEMBLIES  PAGEREF _Toc436626841 \h 43 15.6 CUPBOARD AND DRAWER UNITS  PAGEREF _Toc436626842 \h 43 15.7 BENCHTOPS  PAGEREF _Toc436626843 \h 44 15.8 CEILING AND UNDER FLOOR ACCESS  PAGEREF _Toc436626844 \h 44 15.9 SCHEDULE  PAGEREF _Toc436626845 \h 44 16 PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE  PAGEREF _Toc436626846 \h 46 16.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626847 \h 46 16.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626848 \h 46 16.3 CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY  PAGEREF _Toc436626849 \h 47 16.4 STORMWATER  PAGEREF _Toc436626850 \h 47 16.5 WASTEWATER  PAGEREF _Toc436626851 \h 48 16.6 FRESH WATER  PAGEREF _Toc436626852 \h 48 16.7 RAINWATER TANKS  PAGEREF _Toc436626853 \h 48 16.8 GAS  PAGEREF _Toc436626854 \h 49 17 ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL INSTALLATIONS  PAGEREF _Toc436626855 \h 50 17.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626856 \h 50 17.2 COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626857 \h 50 17.3 INSTALLATION  PAGEREF _Toc436626858 \h 51 18 FENCES AND EXTERNAL WALLS  PAGEREF _Toc436626859 \h 53 18.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626860 \h 53 18.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626861 \h 53 18.3 CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY  PAGEREF _Toc436626862 \h 54 18.4 GATES  PAGEREF _Toc436626863 \h 54 18.5 BRICK FENCES  PAGEREF _Toc436626864 \h 55 19 LANDSCAPING  PAGEREF _Toc436626865 \h 56 19.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626866 \h 56 19.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626867 \h 56 19.3 PREPARATION  PAGEREF _Toc436626868 \h 56 19.4 SUBSOIL  PAGEREF _Toc436626869 \h 56 19.5 TOPSOIL  PAGEREF _Toc436626870 \h 56 19.6 TURFING  PAGEREF _Toc436626871 \h 57 19.7 PLANTING  PAGEREF _Toc436626872 \h 57 19.8 MULCHING  PAGEREF _Toc436626873 \h 58 19.9 STAKES AND TIES  PAGEREF _Toc436626874 \h 58 20 PAVING AND ROADS  PAGEREF _Toc436626875 \h 59 20.1 GENERAL  PAGEREF _Toc436626876 \h 59 20.2 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626877 \h 59 20.3 CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY  PAGEREF _Toc436626878 \h 59 20.4 BASE COURSE  PAGEREF _Toc436626879 \h 59 20.5 BITUMINOUS PAVING  PAGEREF _Toc436626880 \h 59 20.6 UNIT PAVING  PAGEREF _Toc436626881 \h 60 20.7 IN SITU CONCRETE PAVING  PAGEREF _Toc436626882 \h 60 21 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS  PAGEREF _Toc436626883 \h 62  GENERAL REQUIREMENTS GENERAL Interpretation Owner: Means the same as principal or proprietor. Contractor: Means the same as builder. Supply: Means supply only - do not allow for installation. Provide: Means supply and install. Required: Means required by the contract documents or by the local council or statutory authorities. Proprietary or Trade: Means identifiable by naming the manufacturer, supplier, installer, trade name, brand name, and catalogue or reference number. Standards Use referenced Australian or other standards (including amendments) which are current one month before the date of the contract except where other editions or amendments are required. Manufacturers or suppliers recommendations Select, store, handle and install proprietary products or systems in accordance with the current published recommendations of the manufacturer or supplier. The recommendations of manufacturers of products (e.g. windows) or systems (e.g. steel framing) must be followed unless the owner and the builder agree otherwise. Bushfire protection If required, provide protection to AS3959 (Construction of buildings in bushfire prone areas). AS3959-1991 (Construction of buildings in bushfire prone areas) was designed for incorporation in BCA96, but many local councils have their own requirements which must be complied with. SAAHB 36-1993 (Building in bushfire-prone areas), published by Standards Australia is an invaluable aid to understanding bushfire protection and is designed to be read in conjunction with the standard. CONTRACTS AND FINANCE General conditions ABIC Lump Sum Contract Enter the selected General Conditions of Contract. Payment and adjustment of contract sum At commencement of the building work, submit a schedule of anticipated progress claims which will be made throughout the contract. Progress claims break-down: With each progress claim, submit a statement of amounts claimed in respect of each section or trade heading designated in the specification. Delete where schedule of progress payments is included in General conditions of contract. Schedules for provisional sums, prime cost items and items to be supplied by owner are included in many General conditions of Contract. Where these schedules are not included in the contract they may be included in the General requirements or appended to the contract. Most contracts provide for an adjustment to the contract sum where the amount expended on provisional sums and prime cost items exceeds the amount allowed. AUTHORITIES AND ESTABLISHMENT Prior applications and approvals Nil List the applications made, fees paid and approvals received. Existing services Attend to existing services as follows: If the service is to be continued, repair, divert or relocate as required. If such a service crosses the line of a required trench, or will lose support when the trench is excavated, provide permanent support for the existing service. If the service is to be abandoned, cut and seal or disconnect, and make safe. Temporary services and works Provide temporary toilet accommodation. Connect to the sewer main if required by the Local Authority. Use of existing services Existing services may be used as temporary services for the performance of the contract. > List any conditions of use applying to use of existing services as temporary services. Delete if builder to provide temporary services. Signs Provide a signboard displaying the owner/s name, the lot number and the builders name, address and licence number. List the occupied premises and period of occupation. Delete if not applicable. EXECUTION AND COMPLETION Survey marks Preserve and maintain the owners survey marks in their true positions. Rectification: If the proprietor's survey marks are disturbed or obliterated, immediately give notice and rectify the disturbance or obliteration. Hours of work In accordance with Council approval Use to give directions on restricted hours of work. Order of work At the Contractors discretion Use to give directions on a particular order of work, sequencing or staging. Submission of a construction program may be warranted in more complex projects. List the requirements for the program and method and timing of updates. Removal of temporary work, services and plant Remove temporary work services and construction plant within 10 working days after practical completion. Rectification: Clean and repair damage caused by the installation or use of temporary work and services and restore existing facilities used during construction to original condition. Final cleaning Remove rubbish and surplus material from the site and clean the work throughout. Warranties Name the owner as warrantee and give the owner copies of manufacturers warranties. Instruction manuals Give the owner manufacturers instruction manuals. Operation Ensure moving parts operate safely and smoothly. Termite barriers Provide a durable notice permanently fixed and located in or near the meter box as required by Part 3.1.3 BCA 96 Volume 2. Surveyors certificate Give the owner a certificate which confirms that the work, including boundary fences, has been correctly located. Services layout Give the owner a plan which shows the location of underground services. Authorities approvals Give the owner evidence of approval of the local council and statutory authorities whose requirements apply to the work. The Building Code of Australia (BCA96), including state and territory variations, is enforced by local councils and, along with the requirements of statutory authorities (e.g. electricity and water supply), controls domestic construction in Australia. NATSPEC DOMESTIC has been aligned with BCA96 (Amendment 4, January 1999 excluding state and territory variations) but any local requirements must take precedence. Keys Give the owner two keys for each set of locks keyed alike and two keys for each lock keyed to differ. TERMITE PROTECTION General Standard: To AS3660.1 (Protection of buildings from subterranean termites - Prevention, detection and treatment of infestation - New buildings). Method: >Termimesh AS3660.1-1995 (Protection of buildings from subterranean termites - New buildings) is referenced in BCA96. The Northern Territory appendix of the BCA requires additional protection in areas where Mastotermes Darwiniensis are prevalent. Chemical soil barriers - reticulation systems: Submit evidence that the system has been type tested to AS3660.1 (Protection of buildings from subterranean termites - Prevention, detection and treatment of infestation - New buildings) Appendix D. TIMBER GENERALLY Unseasoned timber If unseasoned timber is provided, or variations in moisture content are likely, make allowance for shrinkage, swelling and differential movement. Durability General: Provide timbers with natural durability appropriate to the conditions of use, or preservative-treated timbers of equivalent durability. Natural durability classification: To AS1604 (Timber - Preservative-treated - Sawn and round) Table F2. Minimum requirements: Class 1: Timbers in contact with the ground. Class 2: Timbers above ground, not in continuous contact with moisture, well ventilated, protected from moisture but exposed to the weather. Class 3: Timbers above ground, not in continuous contact with moisture, well ventilated, protected with a finish, and well maintained. Class 4: Timbers fully protected from moisture, indoors, above ground, and well ventilated. Preservative treatment Standard: To AS1604 (Timber Preservative treated Sawn and round). Hazard classification: To AS1604 (Timber Preservative treated Sawn and round) Table D1. CCA (copper chrome arsenic) preservative: Type1. Landscaping materials SITE PREPARATION GENERAL Extent of work Includes; excavation for SW, Sewer drains, footings; site benching for slabs; driveway, paths and landscaping; Standard Groundworks for slabs and footings: To AS2870 (Residential slabs and footings Construction). Interpretation Rock: Monolithic material with volume greater than 0.5m3 which cannot be removed until broken up by mechanical means such as rippers or percussion tools. Bad ground: Ground unsuitable for the work, including fill liable to subsidence, ground containing cavities, faults or fissures, ground contaminated by harmful substances and ground which is, or becomes, soft, wet or unstable. Line of influence: A line extending downward and outward from the bottom edge of a footing, slab or pavement and defining the extent of foundation material having influence on the stability or support of the footings, slab or pavement. Subgrade: The trimmed or prepared portion of the formation on which the pavement or slab is constructed. Immediate notice If rock or bad ground is encountered, advise the owner immediately. Explosives Do not use explosives. Not Used TREES TO BE RETAINED Existing trees, plants and shrubs Trees, plants and shrubs to be retained: > marked with red hessian band Trees, plants and shrubs to be removed: > marked white paint Local councils often have detailed requirements for protection of trees and control of erosion which builders must comply with. Marking Mark trees which are required to be retained using suitable non-injurious, easily visible and removable means of identification. Remove the identification on completion. Protection Protect from damage trees which are required to be retained. Do not remove topsoil from the area within the dripline of the trees and keep this area free of construction material and debris. Excavation If excavating near trees required to be retained, use hand methods to locate, expose and cleanly remove the roots on the line of excavation. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Erosion control Avoid erosion, contamination, and sedimentation of the site, surrounding areas, and drainage systems. Dewatering Keep the site free of water and prevent water flow over new work. SITE CLEARING Extent Limit clearing to areas to be occupied by construction, paving or landscaping. Clearing operations Remove everything on or above the site surface, including rubbish, scrap, grass, vegetable matter and organic debris, scrub, trees, timber, stumps, boulders and rubble. Remove grass to a depth just sufficient to include the root zone. Grubbing Grub out or grind stumps and roots over 75mm diameter to a minimum depth of 500mm below subgrade under construction, and 300mm below the finished surface in unpaved areas. Removal of topsoil General: Remove the topsoil layer of the natural ground which contains substantial organic matter over the areas to be occupied by construction and paving. Maximum depth: 100mm. Topsoil stockpiles Stockpile site topsoil required for re-use. Protect stockpiles from contamination by other excavated material, weeds and building debris. Surplus material Take possession of surplus material and remove it from the site. EXCAVATION Extent Excavate to give the levels and profiles required for construction, site services, paving, and landscaping. Allow for compaction or settlement. Foundations After excavation, confirm that the bearing capacity is adequate. Under-floor access Provide a minimum clearance to underside of timber bearers of 400mm. A minimum clearance of 400mm under suspended timber floors is recommended by AS3660.1-1995 (Protection of buildings from subterranean termites - New buildings), so that adequate access can be provided for inspection for termite attack. If this is not required, a minimum of 150mm for protection against damp is acceptable in most situations. Bearing surfaces Provide even plane bearing surfaces for load-bearing elements including footings. Step for level changes. Make the steps to the appropriate courses if supporting masonry. Reinstatement If excavation exceeds the required depth, or deteriorates, reinstate with fill to the correct depth, level and bearing value. Existing footings If excavation is required below the line of influence of an existing footing, use methods which maintain the support of the footing and ensure that the structure and finishes supported by the footing are not damaged. Grading Grade the ground surface externally and under suspended floors to drain ground or surface water away from buildings without ponding. SURFACE PREPARATION General Before placing fill, ground slabs or load-bearing elements, remove loose material, debris and organic matter and compact the ground to achieve the required density. Placing fill Place fill in layers and compact each layer to achieve the required density. Moisture content If necessary to achieve the required density or moisture content, adjust the moisture content of the fill before compaction. Requirements for load-bearing fill, if any, should be specified by an engineer. AS3798-1996 (Guidelines on earthworks for commercial and residential developments) gives general advice on earthworks. PILING NOT USED Bored piers After excavating bored piers, remove loose material and water from the base and confirm the bearing capacity. Do not allow loose material to fall down the hole before or during concreting; provide a liner if necessary. Timber piled footing system Provide a proprietary system designed to AS2870-1996 (Residential slabs and footings Construction). Screw-in foundations Provide a proprietary system designed to AS2159-1995 (Piling - Design and installation). Requirements for piling, if any, should be specified by an engineer. SERVICE TRENCHES Excavation Generally, make trenches straight between manholes, inspection points and junctions, with vertical sides and uniform grades. Trench widths Keep trench widths to the minimum consistent with the laying and bedding of the relevant service and construction of manholes and pits. Backfilling General: Backfill service trenches as soon as possible after laying the service. Place backfill in layers. Compact each layer to a density sufficient to minimise settlement. Backfill material: Excavated spoil or well graded inorganic material with maximum particle size of 75mm. Next to services: Do not place any particles greater in size than 25mm within 150mm of services. Under paved areas: Coarse sand, controlled low strength material or fine crushed rock. In reactive clay sites classified M, H or E to AS2870 (Residential slabs and footings Construction): Impervious material. Inadequate backfilling can lead to differential settlement and damage to paving and landscaping. In reactive clay soils, it is important that service trenches do not act as a conduit to carry moisture into the ground next to the foundations, so impervious material should be used for backfill. CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION GENERAL Extent of work; Includes; footings, slab, paths, Cross reference Refer to the General requirements section for termite protection. Standards Concrete structures generally: To AS3600 (Concrete structures). Ground slabs and footings: To AS2870 (Residential slabs and footings - Construction). Because ground conditions vary so much around Australia, concrete structures are usually designed by a professional engineer but this is not always necessary. AS2870-1996 (Residential slabs and footings - Construction) provides a system for classifying soil and provides a range of typical design solutions for ground slabs and footings which can be used without resorting to engineering design. However, in the absence of a chemical soil barrier protection against termites, design to ensure cracking of slabs does not occur may be essential. Such design should be by an engineer. SAA HB28-1997 (The design of residential slabs and footings) is also a useful design guide. The requirements of this section may need to be varied by the Engineer to suit site conditions. GROUND SLAB VAPOUR BARRIER Material General: Provide a proprietary vapour barrier which consists of high impact resistant polyethylene film minimum 0.2mm thick which has been pigmented and branded by the manufacturer. Type: > Fortecon orange grade Base preparation Blind the surface with sufficient sand to cover any hard projections. Wet the sand just before placing the vapour barrier. REINFORCEMENT Minimum lap Splice as follows: Mesh generally: 225mm. Trench mesh: 500mm. Bars: Greater of either 500mm or 25 x bar diameter. Strip footing intersections and corners: For full width of intersecting reinforcement. Minimum cover Unprotected by membrane on ground or external surfaces: 40mm. Protected by membrane on ground: 30mm. Internal surfaces: 20mm. Aggressive soil or salty environment: 65mm. CONCRETE Ready mixed supply Standard: To AS1379 (Specification and supply of concrete). Maximum slump: 100mm. Concrete placing Depth: If concrete is deeper than 350mm, place it in layers so that each succeeding layer is blended into the preceding one by the compaction process. Slabs and pavements: Place concrete uniformly over the width of the slab so that the face is generally vertical and normal to the direction of placing. Compaction Vibrate concrete to remove entrapped air, but avoid over-vibration that may cause segregation. Curing Protection: Protect concrete from premature drying and from excessive hot, cold and/or windy conditions. Method: Cure concrete by using a proprietary curing compound; or keeping it covered and moist for the following periods: In-ground footings: 2 days. Exposed footings, beams and slabs: 7 days. Formwork removal Remove timber formwork. Stripping times (not used) Leave formwork for suspended structures in place after pouring concrete for the following periods: Vertical surfaces: 2 days. Bottom surfaces: 7 days with shoring and backprops left in position for 21 days. JOINTS Construction joints Joint preparation: Roughen and clean the hardened concrete joint surface, remove loose or soft material, free water and foreign matter. Dampen the surface before placing the concrete. Slip joints If concrete slabs are supported on masonry, provide proprietary pre-lubricated slip joints. CONCRETE BEARER SUPPORTS General Provide proprietary precast stumps to support bearers at 1800mm maximum centres. Concrete stumps General: Set stumps 25 to 50mm into concrete pad footings. Marking: Makers name on one face. Bracing: Brace stumps which project above the ground by more than 12 times the width of their smallest face. Concrete stump construction table Provide sizes and reinforcement as follows: Length (mm)Size (mm)ReinforcementUp to 1400100 x 100 x 110 diameterOne 5mm hard drawn wire1401 - 1800100 x 100 or 110 diameterTwo 5mm hard drawn wires1801 - 3000125 x 125 or 140 diameterTwo 5mm hard drawn wires TIMBER AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION GENERAL Extent of work Includes; framed walls, ceiling and roof trusses Cross references Refer to the following sections: General requirements, for termite protection and timber durability. Concrete construction, for concrete bearer supports. Brick and block construction, for clearance for timber frame shrinkage and masonry bearer supports. Block and tile finishes, for waterproofing of wet areas. Painting, for priming of steel and timber before fixing, and repair of zinc-coated steel after cutting and welding. Standards Timber framing and flooring: To AS1684 (National Timber Framing Code) or AS1720.1 (Timber structures Design methods). Structural steelwork: To AS1250 (The use of steel in structures) or AS4100-1998 (Steel structures). Cold-formed steel framing: Provide a proprietary system designed to AS3623 (Domestic metal framing). Preparation of metal surfaces: To AS1627 Various (Metal finishing - Preparation and pre-treatment of surfaces). Detailed requirements for timber framing in areas with design gust wind speeds up to 41 m/s are set out in AS1684-1992 (National Timber Framing Code) but other codes designed for local conditions may be acceptable or mandatory. Design of timber trusses must be to AS1720.1-1997 (Timber structures - Design methods). Design of timber framing to AS1720.1-1997, and of structural steelwork and cold-formed steel framing, will normally be by an engineer. Wind loads are covered in AS4055-1992 (Wind loads for housing). Member sizes should be scheduled on the drawings. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Cold-formed steel framing Cold-form sections from zinc-coated steel or aluminium/zinc alloy coated steel to AS1397 (Steel sheet and strip - Hot-dipped zinc-coated or aluminium/zinc-coated)/Z200 or AZ175. Self-drilling screws Standard: To AS3566 (Screws - Self-drilling - For the building and construction industries) corrosion resistance class 2. Flashings and damp-proof courses Standard: To AS/NZS2904 (Damp-proof courses and flashings). Timber fasteners Metal washers: Provide washers to the heads and nuts of all bolts and coach screws. Steel straps: Zinc-coated steel to AS1397 (Steel sheet and strip - Hot-dipped zinc-coated or aluminium/zinc-coated)/Z275, minimum size 25x 1mm or 30 x 0.8mm. Galvanizing Galvanize mild steel components (including fasteners) to AS1214 (Hot-dip galvanized coatings on threaded fasteners (ISO metric coarse thread series)) or AS1650 (Hot-dipped galvanized coatings on ferrous articles), as appropriate, if exposed to weather; embedded in masonry; or in contact with chemically treated timber. Timber roof trusses Type: > W type Gangnail trusses CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY Welding Standard: To AS/NZS1554. (Structural steel welding - Welding of steel structures). Grommets Provide grommets to isolate piping and wiring from cold-formed steel framing. Swarf Remove swarf and other debris from cold-formed steel framing immediately after it is deposited. CCA (copper chrome arsenic)-treated timber Greasing: Before placing bolts in contact with CCA-treated timber, coat the shank of the bolt in grease or a bituminous coating. Steel framing: Do not fix CCA-treated timber in contact with cold-formed steel framing. Priming steel Before fixing, prime steel which is not galvanized or zinc-coated. FLOORS General Standard: To AS1684 (National Timber Framing Code). Strip flooring Weather: Do not fix strip flooring until the work is weathertight. Type: > T&G 95x22 Aust blackbutt Particleboard flooring Standards: To AS/NZS1859.1 (Reconstituted wood-based panels - Particleboard) and install to AS1860 (Installation of particleboard flooring). Junctions: Sand junctions lightly to a smooth, level surface. Fibre cement flooring Compressed sheets: To AS2908.2 (Cellulose-cement products - Flat sheets), type A, category 4. Minimum thickness: Joist spacing up to 450mm: 15mm. Joist spacing 450 - 600mm: 18mm. Plywood flooring Standard: To AS/NZS2269 (Plywood Structural), bond type A, tongue and grooved. Minimum thickness (F8): Joist spacing up to 450mm: 14mm. Joist spacing 450 - 600mm: 19.5mm. Minimum thickness (F11): Joist spacing up to 450mm: 13mm. Joist spacing 450 - 600mm: 18.5mm. WALL FRAMING Timber wall framing Provide gauged timbers for studs, noggings and plates in double-faced walls. Additional support General: Provide additional support in the form of noggings, trimmers and studs for fixing lining, cladding, hardware, accessories, fixtures and fittings as necessary. Maximum spacing of noggings: 1350mm centres. Vermin barriers for suspended floors Masonry veneer barrier: Secure 10mm galvanized wire mesh to the underside of the bottom plate of external stud walls, extending across the cavity for building into brickwork. Damp-proof courses Clad-frame walls: Provide damp-proof courses under the bottom plate of external clad-frame walls built off slabs or masonry dwarf walls. Flashings Provide flashings to external openings sufficient to prevent the entry of moisture. ROOF AND CEILING FRAMING Wall plates Fixing: Fix timber wall plates to masonry, with either straps or bolts. Steel zinc-coated straps: In cavities. Build bottom end 75mm into brickwork, 1200mm below plate. Bend top end over plate and fix with galvanized fastenings. Coating class: Z275. Size: 25 x 1mm or 30 x 0.8mm. Bolts: 10mm diameter hot dip galvanized steel, embedded at least 150mm into the wall structure of solid masonry external walling or the top bond beam of load-bearing hollow block external walling. Nailing strips Where timber joists, rafters or purlins bear on steel members, provide 50mm thick nailing strips bolted to the flange of the steel member at 450mm maximum centres. Strutted framing General: Construct traditional timber pitched roof framing consisting of rafters and ceiling joists supported at intermediated points by a system of underpurlins strutted off walls or strutting beams and braced by collar ties, and ceiling hanging beams. Beam framing General: Construct framing for flat or pitched roofs where the ceiling follows the roof line, consisting of rafters or purlins acting as beams to support both ceiling and roof covering. Blocking: Where the depth of rafters or purlins is at least 4x width, provide solid blocking between them at the support points and at 1.8mm maximum intervals between supports. Ridge straps: Butt ends of rafters together at ridge, and strap each pair together with 900mm long steel strap passing over the ridge, triple-nailed to each rafter. Supports for water containers Where a water container or heater is located in the roof space, provide a support platform to AS/NZS3500.4.2 (National Plumbing and Drainage - Hot water supply systems - Acceptable solutions) clause 4.5. Additional support Provide a frame member behind every joint in fibre cement sheeting or lining. Anti-ponding boards Standard: To AS/NZS4200.2 (Pliable building materials and underlays - Installation requirements). ROOF TRUSSES Fabrication Assembly: Factory-assemble trusses. Camber: 10mm upward in bottom chord. Connections: Connector plates pressed to contact with the truss members. No knots in plate area. Joints: No gaps greater than 2mm. Overhangs: Free from spring or splits. Installation General: To AS4440 (Installation of nail plated timber trusses). Support: Support trusses on bottom chord at two points only, unless designed for additional support. Vertical movement: Over internal walls provide at least 10mm vertical clearance and use bracing methods which allow for vertical movements. TIMBER ROOF TRIM Priming timber Prime exposed timber all round before fixing and re-prime cut edges if trimmed in-situ. Fascia, valley gutter and barge boards Minimum thickness: Fixed at up to 600mm centres: 19mm. Fixed at 600 - 900mm centres: 32mm. BRICK AND BLOCK CONSTRUCTION GENERAL Extent of work Inclusions; veneer brick walls, garden walls, brick paving Cross references Refer to the following sections: General requirements, for termite protection. Timber and steel construction, for structural steelwork. Standard Masonry generally: To AS3700 (Masonry structures). Masonry units: To AS/NZS4455 (Masonry units and segmental pavers). MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Steel components Galvanizing: Galvanize mild steel components (including fasteners) to AS1214-1983 (Hot-dip galvanized coatings on threaded fasteners (ISO metric coarse thread series)), or AS1650 (Hot-dipped galvanized coatings on ferrous articles), as appropriate. Masonry units Type: >dry pressed Manufacturer: >Boral Size: >230x110x65 Colour: >charcoal Feature colour: >orange Clay bricks durability Below damp-proof course: Use exposure category to AS/NZS4456.10 (Masonry units and segmental pavers Method of test Method 10: Determining resistance to salt attack) Appendix A (Salt attack resistance categories). Problems are being experienced with salt attack on brickwork below damp-proof course level on sites which had once been heavily fertilised. Exposure category bricks are normally readily available. Flashings and damp-proof courses Standard: To AS/NZS2904 (Damp-proof courses and flashings). Mortar materials Sand: Fine aggregate with a low clay content and free from efflorescing salts, selected for grading and colour for facework. Additives: Do not provide additives unless required. Mortar colour: >white Mortar mix table Provide mortar mixes as follows: Mortar proportions (cement:lime:sand)Location1:0:5 + water thickenerConcrete or calcium silicate masonry1:0:4 + water thickenerGrouted and reinforced masonry1:0 - 0.25:3Underpinning, high strength masonry1:1:6Other masonry Additives in the form of proprietary air-entraining agents should not be used as a substitute for lime because bond strength and durability can suffer, particularly when excessive quantities are used. CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY Joints and cutting Set out masonry with joints of uniform width and the minimum cutting of masonry units. Perpends are to line with one another in full height of walls. Joints Externally: Tool to give a dense water-shedding finish. Internally: Rake to give a key if wall is to be plastered. Type: > Mortar joints are normally tooled, weatherstruck or raked. Mortar joints which are not completely filled and tooled may not provide adequate weatherproofing. A flush joint which is cut with the trowel without compacting the mortar should not be used externally unless agreed between the builder and the owner. Rod 76mm high bricks: 7 courses to 600mm. 90mm high bricks: 6 courses to 600mm. 190mm high blocks: 3 courses to 600mm. Bond Single leaf construction: Stretcher bond. Perpends Keep perpends in alternate courses vertically aligned and fill them completely with mortar. Colour mixing In facework, distribute the colour range of units evenly to prevent colour concentrations. Sills and thresholds Solidly bed masonry sills and thresholds and lay them so that the top surfaces drain away from the building. Appearance Leave facework clear of mortar smears, stains and discolouration. Do not clean using an acid solution and do not erode joints if using pressure spraying. Chimneys and fireplaces Follow the guidelines given in SAA HB33 (Domestic open fire places). SAA HB33-1992 (Domestic open fireplaces) is a detailed guide to the construction of chimneys and fireplaces. Normally, these should be shown in detail on the drawings. BEARER SUPPORTS Bearer piers table Provide engaged or free standing unreinforced masonry piers as follows to support bearers at 1800mm maximum centres: TypeMinimum size (mm)Engaged230 x 110 bonded or tied to wallsFreestanding up to 1500mm high230 x 230Freestanding 1500mm to 2700mm high350 x 350 Access openings In internal walls below suspended ground floors, leave door-width openings beneath doorways to give access to underfloor areas. Air vents General: Provide air vents to give adequate cross ventilation to the space under suspended ground floors. In cavity walls, provide an equal number of matching vents in the internal leaves located as near as practicable to the air vents in the external leaves. Minimum provision: 8400mm2 net ventilation area per linear metre of wall. The area for ventilation of 8400mm2 per linear metre of wall is based on the recommendations of AS3660.1-1995 (Protection of buildings from subterranean termites - New buildings). If local experience is that less extensive provision is satisfactory then a lower figure may be substituted. DAMP-PROOF COURSES Location Provide damp-proof courses in the following locations: Walls adjoining infill floor slabs on membranes: In the course above the underside of the slab in internal walls and inner leaves of cavity walls. Project 40mm and dress down over the membrane turned up against the wall. Cavity walls built off slabs on ground: In the bottom course of the outer leaf, continuous horizontally across the cavity and up the inner face bedded in mortar, turned 30mm into the inner leaf one course above; or, in masonry veneer construction, fastened to the inner frame 75mm above floor level. Internal walls built off slabs on ground: In the first course above floor level. At timber floors: In the first course below the level of the underside of ground floor timbers in internal walls and inner leaves of cavity walls. Installation Lay in long lengths. Lap the full width of angles and intersections and 150mm at joints. Step as necessary, but not more than two courses per step. Preserve continuity of damp-proofing at junctions of damp-proof courses and waterproof membranes. Install at least 150mm above adjacent finished ground. Sandwich damp-proof courses between mortar. CAVITY MASONRY WALLS Minimum cavity width Masonry walls: 50mm 10mm. Masonry veneer walls: 25mm between the masonry leaf and the load-bearing frame and 40mm between the masonry leaf and sheet bracing, if any. Openings Do not close the cavity at the jambs of external openings. Cavity flashings Location: Provide flashings in the following locations: Floors: Full width of outer leaf immediately above slab, continuous across cavity and up the inner face bedded in mortar, turned 30mm into the inner leaf two courses above. Under sills: 30mm into the outer leaf bed joint one course below the sill, extending up across the cavity and under the sill in the inner leaf or the frame. Extend at least 150mm beyond the reveals on each side of the opening. Over lintels to openings: Full width of outer leaf immediately above the lintel, continuous across cavity, 30mm into the inner leaf two courses above or turned up against the frame and fastened to it. Extend at least 150mm beyond the ends of the lintels. At abutments with structural frames or supports: Vertical flashing in the cavity from 150mm wide material, wedged and grouted into a groove in the frame opposite the cavity. At roof abutments with cavity walls: Cavity flashing immediately above the roof and over-flash the roof apron flashing. Installation: Sandwich flashings between mortar except where on lintels. Pointing: Point up joints around flashings to fill voids. Weepholes General: At ground floors, provide weepholes in the form of open perpends to external leaves of cavity walls in the course above cavity flashings. Maximum spacing: Every third perpend. Traditionally, weepholes have been specified above and below windows and doors but these serve no useful purpose except where there are very large openings or extreme exposures. Clearance for timber frame shrinkage In seasoned timber frame brick veneer construction, leave the following clearances between window frames and brick sill and between roof frames and the brick veneer: Single storey frames and ground floor windows (not for slab on ground): 10mm. Two storey frames and upper floor windows: 20mm. Additional clearance: Accommodate additional shrinkage of unseasoned floor timbers. WALL TIES Tie spacing table Space ties to the following maximum intervals: MasonryGenerallyAround openings and joints76mm high bricks- vertically7 coursesAlternate 3 and 4 courses- horizontally2 bricksAlternate 1 and 1 bricks90mm high bricks- vertically6 courses3 courses- horizontally2 bricks1 brick190mm high blocks- vertically3 coursesAlternate 1 and 2 courses- horizontally1 block block Spacing of wall ties is often found on site to be inadequate - the values given here are a simplification of those in AS3700-1998 (Masonry structures). Masonry veneer walls Top row of ties: Half the horizontal spacing and locate within 250mm of top of wall. First row of ties above a horizontal floor support where veneer is continuous past support: Embedment Embed at least 50mm into mortar and ensure mortar cover is 15mm minimum to the outside face of the mortar. Wall tie application table Provide wall ties as follows: Category to AS2699ApplicationLight dutyMasonry veneerMedium dutyNormal cavity brick construction and at abutments AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE WALLS General Provide a proprietary system which has a current Australian Building Products and Systems Certification Scheme certificate; or has a current technical opinion issued by the Australian Building Systems Appraisal Council stating that the system is suitable for use in walls in buildings. CONTROL OF MOVEMENT Ageing of bricks and concrete Minimum age of clay bricks: 7 days. Minimum age of concrete supports to clay bricks: 28 days. Control joints for clay brickwork Maximum length of continuous wall: 6 m. Minimum width of control joint: 10mm. Clay bricks grow after they have been fired and concrete slabs shrink after they have been poured. The provision for movement joints specified here is based on a minimum age of bricks and supporting concrete. If these ages cannot be complied with, additional control joints may be necessary. Control joints for calcium silicate and concrete masonry Maximum length of continuous wall: 8m. Minimum width of control joint: 10mm. Flexible ties and anchors If ties or anchors extend across control joints, provide ties or anchors which maintain the stability of the masonry without impairing the effectiveness of the joint. Joint material Installation: Clean the joints thoroughly and insert an easily compressible backing material before sealing. Sealant depth: Fill the joints with a gun-applied flexible sealant for a depth of at least two-thirds the joint width. STEEL LINTELS General Provide a proprietary cold-formed flat-based type designed to AS/NZS4600-1996 (Cold-formed steel structures). Material Mild steel galvanized to AS1650-1989 (Hot-dipped galvanized coatings on ferrous articles), class Z600. Do not cut after galvanizing. Installation General: Install with the longest leg vertical. Keep lintels 5mm clear of heads and frames. Pack mortar between the angle upstand and supported masonry units. Propping: To prevent deflection or excessive rotation, temporarily prop proprietary cold-formed lintels until the masonry reaches its required strength. Minimum propping period: 3 days. BAGGING Joints Cut joints flush before bagging. Dry bagging Apply laying mortar to the surface using a hessian bag or similar to a consistent thickness. Flush up irregularities, but leave the minimum possible amount of mortar on the masonry surface. INSULATION AND SARKING GENERAL Extent of work; Generally; sarking under all roofing and to all framed walls, insulation to all ceilings and wall framing, Interpretation Sarking-type material: Flexible membrane material normally used for waterproofing, vapour retarding or thermal reflective insulation. Some states and territories have minimum insulation requirements which must be complied with. The extent of insulation should be agreed between the builder and the owner. AS2627.1-1993 (Thermal insulation of dwellings Thermal insulation of roof/ceilings and walls in dwellings) gives guidance on the thermal performance of dwellings. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Bulk insulation Cellulosic fibre: To AS2462-1981 (Cellulosic fibre thermal insulation). Mineral wool batts and blankets: To AS3742-1990 (Mineral wool thermal insulation - Batt and blanket). Mineral wool in loose fill: To AS2461-1981 (Mineral wool thermal insulation - Loose fill). Polystyrene: To AS1366.4-1989 (Rigid cellular plastics sheets for thermal insulation - Rigid cellular polystyrene - Extruded (RC/PS-E)). Wool: To AWRAP/A202-1993 (Mandatory Woolmark Specifications for building insulation material). Sarking material Standard: To AS/NZS4200.1-1994 (Pliable building materials and underlays Materials). Floor insulation: Provide perforated material. Insulation types and ratings Wall: > Roof: > Ceiling: > INSTALLATION Bulk insulation Standard: To AS3999-1992 (Thermal insulation of dwellings - Bulk insulation - Installation requirements). Batts: Fit tightly between framing members. If support is not otherwise provided, secure nylon twine to the framing and stretch tight. Loose fill: Provide boxing to retain loose fill on external edges, cavities and penetrations, and to prevent spilling. Sarking material Standard: To AS/NZS4200.2-1994 (Pliable building materials and underlays Installation requirements). Wall sarking General: Provide vapour-permeable sarking under cladding which does not provide a permanent weatherproof seal, including boards fixed horizontally, vertically or diagonally; boards or planks fixed in exposed locations where wind-driven rain can penetrate the joints; and unpainted or unsealed cladding. Installation: Apply to the outer face of external stud walls from the top plate down over the bottom plate and flashing. Run across the studs and lap at least 150mm at joints. Roof sarking General: Provide sarking to all tile roofs tile roofs where the design wind velocity exceeds 33m/s; and tile roofs for a width of 2m below a gutter discharging through a spreader from the point of discharge to the gutter below. Anti-ponding boards: Provide 4.5mm fibre-cement anti-ponding boards to eaves of tile roofs below 20o pitch. Ridge ventilation: Finish sarking at least 50mm clear of ridges. The requirements for sarking are in part derived from AS2050-1995 (Installation of roof tiles). However, the tile manufacturers recommendations should be followed if they require sarking at steeper pitches than 20o. ROOFING GENERAL Extent of work; Generally; as indicated on the plans to the house and garage Cross reference Refer to the Insulation and sarking section for roof sarking requirements. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Flashing material Standard: To AS/NZS2904-1995 (Damp-proof courses and flashings). Tiled roofs: 20kg/m2 lead. Fasteners Self-drilling screws: To AS3566-1988 (Screws - Self-drilling - For the building and construction industries), corrosion resistance class 3. Exposed fasteners: Provide fasteners which are prefinished with a coating to match the roofing material, or provide matching purpose-made plastic caps. Roof lights Type: > TILING Materials Standard: To AS2049-1992 (Roof tiles). Tile type: > Manufacturer: > Tile colour: > Installation Standard: To AS2050-1995 (Installation of roofing tiles). Setting out: Set out the roof to give an even tile gauge in each course, with full tiles at verges. Bedding and pointing: Bed and point accessories including ridges, hips and verges, in coloured mortar to match the accessories. Pointed verge: Bed and point tiles on 100 x 5mm fibre-cement pointing strip. METAL ROOFING Design and installation Standard: To AS1562.1-1992 (Design and installation of sheet roof and wall cladding Metal). Roof material: >corrugated Manufacturer: >Bluescope Steel Roof colour: >sand drift Ridge capping colour: >sand drift Visible accessories Provide material with the same finish as roofing sheets. Eaves Treat ends of sheets as follows: Generally: Close off ribs at tops and bottoms of sheets by mechanical means or with purpose-made fillers or end caps. At gutters: Project sheets 50mm into gutters. Swarf Remove swarf and other debris as soon as it is deposited. ROOF PLUMBING Selection and installation of metal rainwater goods Standard: To AS/NZS3500.3.2 (National Plumbing and Drainage Stormwater drainage Acceptable solutions). PVC rainwater goods and accessories: To AS/NZS2179.2 (Int)-1998 (Specifications for rainwater goods, accessories and fasteners PVC rainwater goods and accessories). Sealing: Seal fasteners and mechanically fastened joints with silicone sealant. Flashings and cappings General: Flash projections above or through the roof with two part flashings consisting of an apron flashing and an over-flashing, with at least 100mm vertical overlap. Provide for independent movement between the roof and the projection. Wall abutments: Where a roof abuts a wall, provide overflashings as follows: Masonry: Stepped and built into the full width of the leaf. Planked cladding: Stepped. Other: Raking. Gutters Minimum slope of eaves gutters: 1:200. Minimum width overall of valley gutters: 400mm. Guttering and downpipe prefinish colour: >sand drift CLADDING GENERAL Extent of work; Generally; panelling above or below the windows and doors, infill panels in brick walls, Cross references Refer to the following sections: General requirements, for timber durability. Insulation and sarking, for wall sarking requirements. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Flashing material Standard: To AS/NZS2904-1995 (Damp-proof courses and flashings). Fasteners Steel nails: Hot-dip galvanized to AS1650-1989 (Hot-dipped galvanized coatings on ferrous articles). Self-drilling screws: To AS3566-1988 (Screws - Self-drilling - For the building and construction industries), corrosion resistance class 3. HARDBOARD CLADDING General Standard: To AS/NZS1859.4-1997 (Reconstituted wood-based panels Hardboard). Exterior cladding: Exterior hardboard. Sheltered exterior cladding: Tempered hardboard. Manufacturer: > Prefinish colour: > Plank cladding General: Provide a proprietary system of hardboard planks 9.5mm thick. Joints and edges: UPVC extrusions. External corners: Preformed metal joining pieces. Internal corners: Scribe. TIMBER BOARD CLADDING Boards Manufacturer: >Boral timber Prefinish colour: >cypress pine profile 65 Preparation For cladding with a natural or stained finish, finish the boards on both sides before installation by dipping or brushing with water-repellent preservative. Do not apply preservative if this is incompatible with a specified pigmented stain finish. Installation General: Whenever possible provide single lengths of boards when installed horizontally. Provide single lengths when installed vertically. Fixing: Nail twice to each crossing except for sawn weatherboard and secret nailed profiles. Nailheads: Treat visible nailheads as follows: In stained or clear finishes: Drive flush. In opaque finishes: Punch below the surface and fill flush with putty after the surface has been primed. Joints End grain joints: Install boards so that butt joints are in compression. Internal and external corners: Butt against a timber bead at least as thick as the cladding board. FIBRE CEMENT CLADDING Standard General: To AS2908.2-1992 (Cellulose-cement products - Flat sheets), Type A, category 2. Cladding Manufacturer: >Hardies Prefinish colour: >off white Plank cladding Type: Provide a proprietary system of single-faced fibre cement planks 7.5mm thick. Joints and edges: UPVC extrusions. Corners: Preformed metal joining pieces. Sheet cladding Type: Provide single-faced fibre cement sheets 6mm thick. Joints, corners and edges: UPVC extrusions. Eaves lining Type: Provide a proprietary system of single-faced fibre cement sheets 4.5mm thick nailed at minimum 200mm centres to bearers at maximum 600mm centres. Minimum bearer size: For rafter overhang: 300 - 600mm: 50 x 38mm. 600 - 1500mm: 75 x 38mm. Joints: UPVC extrusions. METAL CLADDING Cladding Manufacturer: > Prefinish colour: > Design and installation Standard: To AS1562.1-1992 (Design and installation of sheet roof and wall cladding Metal). Visible accessories Provide materials with the same finish as cladding sheets. PLASTIC CLADDING Standard Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) sheet: To AS/NZS4256.4-1995 (Plastic roof and wall cladding materials - Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) wall cladding boards). Glass fibre reinforced polyester (GRP) sheet: To AS/NZS4256.3-1994 (Plastic roof and wall cladding materials - Glass fibre reinforced polyester (GRP)). Polycarbonate: To AS/NZS4256.5-1996 (Plastic roof and wall cladding materials Polycarbonate). Cladding Manufacturer: > Prefinish colour: > Installation Standard: To AS/NZS1562.3-1996 (Design and installation of sheet roof and wall cladding Plastic) AAC CLADDING Cladding Manufacturer: > Panel cladding Type: Provide a proprietary system of AAC panels. Panel thickness: > Joints: Thin bed adhesive. Control joints: At all external and internal corners, adjacent to all openings and at maximum 6m centres. DOORS AND WINDOWS GENERAL Extent of work; Generally internal doors, external doors and windows as shown on the plans and scheduled, underfloor door, garage door, Cross references Refer to the following sections Lining, for architraves. Painting, for priming of frames and doors before installation. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Flashings Standard: To AS/NZS2904-1995 (Damp-proof courses and flashings). Metal finishes Zinc plating: To AS1789-1984 (Electroplated coatings - Zinc on iron or steel), at least service condition number 2. Anodising: To AS1231-1985 (Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Anodized coatings for architectural applications), at least class AA10. Thermoset powder coating: ToAS3715-1989 (Metal finishing - Thermoset powder coatings for architectural applications), or AS4506-1998 (Metal finishing Thermoset powder coatings) as appropriate. Glass Selection and installation: To AS1288-1994 (Glass in buildings - Selection and installation). Doorsets Timber doors: To AS2688-1984 (Timber doors). Timber frames and jamb linings: To AS2689-1984 (Timber doorsets). Security screen doors: To AS/NZS2803.1-1994 (Doors - Security Screen Hinged) or AS/NZS2803.2- (Doors - Security Screen Sliding). Windows Materials and performance: To AS2047.1-1996 (Windows in buildings - Specification for materials and performance). In high wind areas, windows will require special consideration. Design will normally be carried out by an engineer. Preglazing If possible, preglaze doors and windows. Windows and sliding external doors Manufacturer: >Stegbar Material: >cedar Type: >awning and sliding Prefinish type: >protective oil Prefinish colour: >clear Glass: >clear Insect screen: >yes Main entrance door Manufacturer: >Humes Type: >solid core Glass: >spotone Other external doors Manufacturer: >Stegbar Type: >sliding Glass: >safety Security screen doors Manufacturer: >Crimsafe Type: >stainless steel Prefinish colour: >charcoal CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY Standards Doorset installation: To AS1909-1984 (Installation of timber doorsets). Window installation: To AS2047.2-1996 (Windows in buildings - Construction, installation and maintenance). Security screen doors installation: To AS/NZS2804.1-1995 (Installation of security screen doors Hinged) or AS/NZS2804.2 1996 (Installation of security screen doors Sliding) Flashings and weatherings Install flashings, weather bars, drips, storm moulds, caulking and pointing so that water is prevented from penetrating the building between frames and the building structure. Installation Install doorsets and windows so they are plumb, level, straight and true; are adequately fixed or anchored to the building structure; and will not carry building loads, including loads caused by structural deflection or shortening. Fixing Packing: Pack behind fixing points with durable full width packing. Prepared masonry openings: If fixing of timber windows to prepared anchorages is by fastening from the frame face, conceal the fasteners by sinking the heads below the surface and filling the sinking flush with a material compatible with the surface finish. Linings Provide reveal and jamb linings as necessary. TIMBER DOORS Door thickness Generally: 35mm. External doors and doors over 900mm wide: 40mm. Door construction External doors: Solid construction. Internal doors: Flush panel cellular core. Medium density fibreboard doors: Board designated by the manufacturer as having a moisture resistance which is suitable for the exposure of the door. Timber internal doors Manufacturer: >Hume Type: >flush cellular core Priming Prime timber doors on top and bottom edges before installation. Door stops Install door stops to prevent door furniture striking the wall or other surface. Hinge table Provide 3 hinges for external doors and door leafs over 2040mm in height or 820mm in width and as follows: Thickness of door (maximum)Weight of door (maximum)Number of hinges (per door leaf)Size of hinges (steel)35mm35kg285 x 60 x 1.6mm40mm68kg3100 x 75 x 1.6mm SLIDING INTERNAL DOORS General Suspend sliding doors from overhead tracks and wheel carriages appropriate to the size and mass of the doors. Accessories General: Provide overhead track supports and head and jamb linings appropriate to the arrangement of the door, and removable pelmets at the head to allow access to the wheel carriages for adjustment. Wheel carriages: Fully adjustable precision ball race type providing smooth, quiet operation. WARDROBES Wardrobe doors and frames Frame material: >aluminium Frame prefinish type: >chrome Frame prefinish colour: >natural Door type: >mirror Wardrobe door panels Mirrors: > Panel prefinish type: > Panel prefinish colour: > GARAGE DOORS General Standard: To AS/NZS4505 1998 (Domestic garage doors) Motorised operation Provide a proprietary operator with a limit switch, manual safety stop and reversing mechanism, and overload cutout operated by a battery-powered radio remote controller and by a direct push-button or key switch. Locate operating switch 1.5m above floor level. Garage doors Manufacturer: >Renlita doors Type: >tilt-a-door Prefinish type: >oil finished timber Prefinish colour: >oak LOCKSETS External doors Provide a push-button key and knob set and a double-cylinder dead bolt to each door. Internal doors Generally: Passage sets. Bathrooms, showers and toilets: Privacy sets. Sliding patio doors and windows: Provide key-lockable surface mounted bolts. Door lockset mounting heights To centreline of spindle: 1m above finished floor. Keying Key doors (excluding garage doors) alike and key windows alike. Lockset schedule DoorLockset manufacturerLockset type Locksets have been specified to provide both convenience and a reasonable standard of security. Privacy sets are important because they allow emergency access in the case of accident or illness. LINING GENERAL Extent of work; Generally all walls, ceilings, eaves, Cross reference Refer to the Block and tile finishes section for waterproofing of wet areas. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Plasterboard Standard: To AS/NZS2588-1998 (Gypsum plasterboard). Sheet thickness: >10 Fibre cement Standard: To AS2908.2-1992 (Cellulose-cement products - Flat sheets), type B, category 2. Sheet thickness: >22 Fibrous plaster products Standard: To AS2185-1978 (Fibrous plaster products). Sheet thickness: > SHEET LINING Supports Install timber battens or proprietary cold-formed galvanized steel furring channels if framing member spacing exceeds the recommended spacing; if direct fixing of the sheeting is not possible due to the arrangement or alignment of the framing or substrate; and to support fixtures. Installation Plasterboard: To AS/NZS2589.1-1997 (Gypsum linings in residential and light commercial construction - Application and finishing - Gypsum plasterboard). Framed construction: Screw or nail or combine with adhesive. Masonry construction: Adhesive-fix direct to masonry. Wet areas: Do not use adhesive. Joints General: Provide recessed edge sheets and finish flush with perforated reinforcing tape. External corner joints: Make over zinc-coated steel corner beads. Wet areas: Provide the flashings, trim and sealants necessary to ensure wet areas are waterproofed. Joints in tiled areas: Do not apply a topping coat after bedding perforated paper tape in bedding compound. Control joints: Install purpose-made zinc-coated control joint beads in walls and ceilings at the following maximum centres and to coincide with structural movement joints: Plasterboard: 6m. Fibre cement: 6m. TONGUE AND GROOVE LINING Installation Stained or clear finished boards: Select board to give a random pattern. At corners, return the same board to give a continuous grain pattern. Fixing: Nail twice to each crossing except for secret nailed profiles. Nailheads: Treat visible nailheads as follows: In stained or clear finishes: Drive flush. In opaque finishes: Punch below surface and fill flush with putty after the surface has been primed. Joints End grain joints: Install boards so that butt joints are in compression. TRIM General Provide timber or medium density fibreboard trim, such as beads, skirtings, architraves, mouldings and stops, where necessary to make neat junctions between components and finishes. Cornice Types: >square 15x15 rebated Skirtings Types: >splayed 100x22 Architraves Types: >splayed 100x22 TROWELLED COATINGS GENERAL Extent of work; Cross references Refer to the following sections: Block and tile finishes, for waterproofing of wet areas. Painting, for priming of embedded steel. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Plaster materials Cement: To AS3972-1997 (Portland and blended cements), typeGP. Lime: To AS1672.1-1997 (Limes and limestones - Limes for building). Sand: Fine aggregate with a low clay content, selected for grading. Gypsum plaster: To AS2592-1983 (Gypsum plaster for building purposes). Metal lath: Expanded metal to AS1397 -1993 (Steel sheet and strip - Hot-dipped zinc-coated or aluminium/zinc-coated)/Z275. Lime putty mixes Make a coarse mix of lime putty and sand 16 hours before use and do not allow to dry out. Gauged mixes To improve workability, mixes required to contain only cement and sand may be gauged by the addition of lime up to 25% of the cement content (i.e. not as a substitute for the cement). Autoclaved aerated concrete walls Provide a proprietary render or premixed plaster recommended by the wall system manufacturer. SUBSTRATE Correction of substrate Before plastering, make good defects in the substrate. Hack off excessive projections. Fill voids and hollows with a mix not stronger than the substrate nor weaker than the first coat. Untrue substrate If one-coat application is required, but the substrate is not sufficiently true to comply with the thickness limits for one coat, or has excessively uneven suction resulting from variations in the composition of the substrate, apply 2 coats. Cleaning Remove loose material and leave the surface clean and dust-free. Embedded items Sheath water pipes and other embedded items to permit thermal movement. If ungalvanized steel items are to be embedded in plaster, prime before fixing. Chases If chases or recesses are more than 50mm wide, cover with metal lath extending at least 75mm beyond each side of the recess. Metal backgrounds Fix metal lath to provide a key for plaster. Concrete Apply a proprietary bonding agent before plastering. PLASTERING Thickness limits One-coat work: 12 - 15mm. Multi-coat work: First coat: 9 - 15mm. Floating coat (if any): 9 - 15mm. Finishing coat (except setting coat): 6 - 9mm. Setting coat: 2 - 3mm. Cement rendering Proportions by volume (cement:lime:sand) for clay and dense concrete brick: Clay and dense concrete brick: 1:0.25:4. Two or three-coat set plaster Proportions by volume: Undercoats: 1:1:6 cement:lime putty:sand. Setting coat: 1:1 lime putty:gypsum plaster. Tolerances Finish plane surfaces within a tolerance of 6mm in 3m, determined using a 3m straight edge placed anywhere in any direction. Finish corners, angles, edges and curved surfaces within equivalent tolerances. Curing Do not allow rapid or uneven drying out. V-joints Provide V-joints at the following locations: Junctions between different substrate materials. Abutments with other finishes. Joints in the structure. Edge trim Provide purpose-made zinc-coated steel sections as corner beads and stop beads. CEMENT BASED FLOOR TOPPINGS (GRANO) Preparing hardened surfaces If toppings are to be applied to hardened concrete surfaces, scabble the surface to expose the aggregate. Thoroughly dampen and leave free of standing water. Immediately before placing, scrub a coat of neat cement grout into the surface, or apply a suitable adhesive. Placing General: Spread the topping mix, compact and float. Thickness: 20 5mm. Monolithic placing: Spread the topping mix as soon as surface water has disappeared from the base. Curing Use a method which prevents cracking or crazing resulting from drying shrinkage without impairing the adhesion of subsequent finishes. Granolithic topping Mix proportions: 1:1:1.5 (cement : fine aggregate : 5mm coarse aggregate). Water:cement ratio: 0.5 maximum. Slump: 50mm maximum. Margins to toppings Integral margins: Form margins to cementitious toppings integrally in the topping material. Coved skirtings: Form the cove in topping material, and finish the top to a neatly struck line. Mitre internal and external angles. BLOCK AND TILE FINISHES GENERAL Extent of Work: Standards Follow the guidance given in AS3958.1-1991 (Ceramic tiles - Guide to the installation of ceramic tiles) and AS3958.2-1992 (Ceramic tiles - Guide to the selection of a ceramic tiling system). MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Exposed edges If available, provide purpose-made border tiles with the exposed edge (whether round, square or cushion) glazed to match the tile face. Accessories If available, provide tile accessories such as round edge tiles, cove tiles, step treads and nosings to stairs, landings, and thresholds, skirtings, sills, copings and bath vents, which match the surrounding tiles, composition, colour and finish. Adhesives Standard: To AS2358-1990 (Adhesives - For fixing ceramic tiles). PVA (polyvinyl acetate)-based adhesives: Do not use in wet areas or externally. Mortar materials Cement: To AS3972-1997 (Portland and blended cements), typeGP. Sand: Fine aggregate with a low clay content selected for grading. Bedding mortar Proportioning: Select proportions from the range 1:3 to 1:4 cement:sand to obtain satisfactory adhesion. Provide minimum water. Grout Cement-based proprietary grout: Mix with water. Fine sand may be added as a filler in wider joints. Portland cement-based grout: Mix with fine sand. Provide minimum water consistent with workability. Proportioning: For joints up to 3mm: 1:2 cement:sand. For joints over 3mm: 1:3 cement:sand. Preparation Prepare the substrates, including the following: Remove deleterious and loose material and leave the surface dust-free and clean. For mortar bedding, wet the substrate as necessary to achieve suitable suction. Alternatively, apply a proprietary bonding agent to the substrate to improve adhesion. Block and tile schedule LocationFloorWall/skirtingAccessoriesGroutFront entryRear/side entryKitchen/familyLaundryBathroomWCEnsuiteTerraceWATERPROOFING WET AREAS Standard General: To AS3740-1994 (Waterproofing of wet areas within residential buildings). Membrane Provide a proprietary liquid applied or sheet membrane system which has a current Australian Building Products and Systems Certification Scheme certificate; or has a current technical opinion issued by the Australian Building Systems Appraisal Council stating that the system is suitable for use as a waterproofing system for use in wet areas, shower recess bases and associated floors and wall/floor junctions which are to be tiled. Installation Floor wastes: Turn membrane down onto the floor waste puddle flanges, and adhere. Hobs: Extend membrane over the hob and into the room at least 50mm. For hobless showers extend 1800mm into the room. External tiling: Provide a waterproof membrane under external floor tiling, to balconies and over habitable rooms, which forms a drained tank suitable for continuous immersion. Do not run under bounding walls. Curing: Allow membrane to cure fully before tiling. The waterproofing of wet areas is covered in this section but needs to be considered in relation to other sections e.g. Timber and steel construction, Brick and block construction and Lining, which may deal with parts of the waterproofing system. TILING Cutting and laying Cut tiles neatly to fit around fixtures and fittings, and at margins where necessary. Drill holes without damaging tile faces. Rub edges smooth without chipping. Return tiles into sills, reveals and openings. Butt up to returns, frames, fittings, and other finishes. Lipping of tiles is not acceptable. Variations Distribute variations in hue, colour, or pattern uniformly, by mixing tiles or tile batches before laying. Protection Keep traffic off floors until the bedding has set and attained its working strength. Setting out General: Set out tiles to give uniform joint widths within the following limits: Internal ceramic tiling: 1.5 - 3mm. Mosaic tiling: As dictated by pattern. Quarry tiles: 6 - 12mm. Vitrified floor tiles: 3 - 5mm. Joint alignment: Set out tiling with joints accurately aligned in both directions and wall tiling joints level and plumb. Joint position: Set out tiles from the centre of the floor or wall to be tiled and, if possible, ensure cut tiles are a half tile or larger. Fixtures: If possible, position tiles so that holes for fixtures and other penetrations occur at the intersection of horizontal and vertical joints or in the centre of tiles. Falls and levels General: Grade floor tiling to even and correct falls generally, and to floor wastes and elsewhere as required. Make level junctions with walls. If falls are not required, lay level. Minimum fall generally: 1:100. Minimum fall in shower areas: 1:60. Change of finish: Maintain finished floor level across changes of floor finish including carpet. Preparation of tiles Adhesive bedding: Fix tiles dry. Mortar bedding: Soak porous tiles in water for half an hour and then drain until the surface water has disappeared. Floor finish dividers Finish tiled floors at junctions with differing floor finishes with a corrosion-resistant metal dividing strip fixed to the substrate. If changes of floor finish occur at doorways, make the junction directly below the closed door. Bath ventilation Ventilate the space below fully enclosed baths with at least 2 ventilating tiles. Sealed joints Fill joints with silicone sealant and finish flush with the tile surface where tiling joins sanitary fixtures and at corners of walls in showers. FLOOR COATINGS AND COVERINGS GENERAL Extent of work; Cross reference Refer to the Painting section for finishing of sanded timber floors and cork tiles. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Hardboard underlay Standard: To AS/NZS1859.4-1997 (Reconstituted wood-based panels Hardboard), standard hardboard Type RD, manufactured as flooring underlay. Resilient underlay alternatives Needled underfelt: Provide a felt composed of 60% animal fibre and 40% jute, reinforced with polypropylene scrim with a minimum mass of 50g/m2, or hessian fabric with a minimum mass of 150g/m2. Synthetic foam underlay: Provide a high density synthetic latex flat cushion foam sandwiched between reinforced carrier fabric. Rubber underlay: Provide a heavy-duty natural rubber, waffle pattern, with a backing of reinforcing fabric, either hessian, spun nylon, or polyester. Hot-melt adhesive tape Provide a glass fibre and cotton thermoplastic adhesive-coated tape 60mm wide on a 90mm wide metal foil base and backed with silicon-coated release paper. Carpet Minimum class: Domestic Medium Duty under the Australian Carpet Classification Scheme. Manufacturer: >Hycraft Colour: >as selected Underlay: >Dunlop aircel Resilient finish Similar to vinyl. Manufacturer: > Colour: > Underlay: > SUBSTRATE Substrate preparation Prepare the substrate including the following: Stripping and cleaning: Remove deleterious and loose material, including existing floor coverings and any surface treatment which could adversely affect adhesion. Repairs: Make good to the surface finish as necessary. Fill depressions with a suitable filler, and remove high spots and projections. If necessary lay a steel-trowelled underlay to concrete substrate. Fixtures and fittings: Remove door stops and other fixtures, and refix in position undamaged on completion of the installation. Basic sanding: Produce an even plane sanded surface on strip flooring to be covered with carpet or resilient sheet or tile. Lightly sand the junctions of sheet flooring. Fine sanding: If flooring is to be clear finished, stop with matching filler and produce a smooth sanded surface free from irregularities and suitable to receive the finish. LAYING CARPET Standard General: To AS/NZS2455.1-1995 (Textile floor coverings - Installation practice General). Setting out General: Lay the carpet in continuous lengths without cross joins in the body of the area. Make unavoidable cross joins at doorways under the closed door. Joints in underlay: Ensure joints in underlay do not coincide with carpet joints. Do not carry underlay over carpet grippers or edge strips. Seaming methods Woven carpet: Machine or hand sew. Tufted carpet: Provide hot-melt adhesive tapes. Fixing Gripper strip: Provide preformed gripper strip and tackless edge strip. Space fixings at 150mm maximum centres. Permanent stick method: Immediately after laying, and again one hour later, roll the carpet from the centre diagonally towards each edge using a 65kg multi-wheeled roller. Do not roll foam-backed carpet. Edge strip Provide a proprietary aluminium edge strip at exposed edges of the carpet. If edge strips occur at doorways, make the junction underneath the closed door. LAYING RESILIENT FINISHES Standard General: To AS1884-1985 (Floor coverings - Resilient sheet and tiles - Laying and maintenance practices). Sheet set out Set out sheets to give the minimum number of joints. Run sheet joints parallel with the long sides of floor areas. Tile set out Set out tiles from the centre of the area. Match edges and align patterns. Arrange the material so that variation in appearance is minimised. Joints Butt edges together to form tight neat joints showing no visible open seam and cold weld. Junctions Scribe neatly up to returns, edges, fixtures and fittings. Finish flush with adjoining surfaces. Cleaning and protection Keep traffic off floors until bonding has set or for 24 hours after laying, whichever period is the longer. Do not allow water in contact with the finish for 7 days. PAINTING GENERAL Extent of work; Standards Follow the guidance given in AS2311-1992 (The painting of buildings) and AS/NZS2312-1994 (Guide to the protection of iron and steel against exterior atmospheric corrosion). MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Combinations Do not combine paints from different manufacturers in a paint system. Delivery Deliver paints to the site in the manufacturers labelled containers. Ensure containers are marked with the APAS (Australian Paint Approvals Scheme) specification number. Autoclaved aerated concrete walls Do not apply oil-based paints. PAINTING Order of work Complete clear timber finishes before commencing opaque paint finishes in the same area. Protection Remove door furniture, switch plates, light fittings and other fixtures before starting to paint, and refix in position on completion of painting. Restoration Clean off marks, paint spots and stains progressively. Touch up damaged decorative paintwork or misses with the paint batch used in the original application. Substrate preparation Provide a filler tinted to match the substrate if the finish is transparent. Paint application Apply the first coat immediately after substrate preparation and before contamination of the substrate can occur. Ensure each coat of paint or clear finish is uniform in colour, gloss, thickness and texture, and free of runs, sags, blisters, or other discontinuities. Priming before fixing Timber: Apply a first coat (two coats to end grain) to exposed roof trim, timber doors and window frames, tops and bottoms of doors, associated trims and glazing beads before fixing in position. Steel: Apply a priming coat of zinc-rich organic binder to GPC C-29/16-1997 (Long life protective systems for steel - Organic zinc rich coatings). Repair of galvanizing If galvanized or zinc-coated surfaces have been cut or welded after galvanizing, prime the affected area with a zinc-rich organic binder to GPC C-29/16-1997 (Long life protective systems for steel - Organic zinc rich coatings). Finishing timber and cork floors After sanding, finish with 3 coats of clear floor sealer to GPCP-205-1996 (One pack clear moisture cured polyurethane finish for timber floors). Paint system description If a system is referred to only by its final coat (for example by the manufacturers brand name, the APAS specification code or the generic name) provide stains, primers, sealers and undercoats which are suitable for the substrate and are compatible with the finish coat and each other. Paint final coat table Provide paints as follows: Final coatUse paint to APAS specificationInteriorFull gloss solvent-borneGPC E-15/4-1995 (Full gloss enamel (buildings) - For interior use)Flat latexGPC L-26/6-1995 (Latex paint, interior and exterior (buildings) Washable flat finish for interior use)Low gloss latexGPC L-26/5-1995 (Latex paint, interior and exterior (buildings) - Low gloss finish for interior use)Semi-gloss latexGPC L-27-1995 (Semi gloss interior latex paint (Buildings))Gloss latexGPC L-164-1995 (Interior Gloss Latex Paint (Buildings))ExteriorFull gloss solvent-borneGPC E-15/3-1995 (Full gloss enamel (buildings) Exterior quality)Flat latexGPC L-26/3-1995 (Latex paint, interior and exterior (buildings) - Flat or low gloss finish for exterior use)Low gloss latexGPC L-26/3-1995 (Latex paint, interior and exterior (buildings) - Flat or low gloss finish for exterior use)Gloss latexGPC L-28-1995 (Gloss exterior latex paint (buildings))Stain, lightly pigmentedGPC V-115/1-1997 (Ranch finish for exterior timber - Lightly pigmented solvent borne finish)Latex stain, opaqueGPC V-115/3-1997 (Ranch finish for exterior timber -Heavily pigmented latex finish - low gloss)Semi-gloss latexGPC L-169-1995 (Semi Gloss Latex Paint, Exterior (Buildings))PavingSemi glossGPC P-200/1-1996 (One pack pigmented solvent borne paving paint Semigloss)GlossGPC P-200/2-1996 (One pack pigmented solvent borne paving paint Gloss) The Australian Paint Approvals Scheme (APAS formerly the Government Paint Committee) sets requirements for manufacture and performance of paint used on both government and private projects. The use of an APAS specification is a convenient way of describing a paint of reasonable standard without restricting choice to a particular brand. Most leading brands have paints to APAS specifications but many premium grade paints may exceed the APAS requirements. Exterior painting schedule ItemManufacturer and paint typeColourFasciaGutteringDownpipesUnder eavesCladdingShuttersHandrailsBalustradesPosts and beamsGable bargeGable panelsGable battensFinialsFrieze horizontalsFrieze verticalsMasonry Windows and external doors painting schedule LocationManufacturer and paint typeInternalExternalMouldingsFront door panelFront door frameOther door panelsOther door framesGarage door panelGarage door frameWindow framesWindow sashes Interior painting schedule Room/ItemManufacturer and paint typeWallsCeilingCorniceDoorsLinings/trimFront entryRear/side entryHall (ground floor)LoungeDiningRoom dividersKitchenFamilyRumpus roomWCLaundryLanding (first floor)HandrailsBalustradesBathroomBedroom 1EnsuiteBedroom 2Bedroom 3Bedroom 4Bedroom 5GarageStore It is recommended that the Painting schedule is completed, with the manufacturers paint code references inserted. For a particular type of paint, a manufacturer may produce different quality grades. The quality of paint is generally reflected in its position on that suppliers price list. It is worth discussing the selection of paint with a supplier familiar with local conditions. TIMBER FIXTURES GENERAL Extent of work; Cross references Refer to the following sections: General requirements, for timber durability. Doors and windows, for timber doors and reveal and jamb linings. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Moisture content Make milled products from timbers seasoned to within 3% of the equilibrium moisture content appropriate to the timber and its intended conditions of use; and with no more than 3% difference between any 2 pieces in any one group. Finished sizes Provide milled timbers with actual dimensions which are at least the required dimensions, except for dimensions qualified by a term such as nominal or out of to which industry standards for finished sizes apply. Hardboard Standard: To AS/NZS1859.4-1997 (Reconstituted wood-based panels Hardboard). Particleboard Standard: To AS/NZS1859.1-1997 (Reconstituted wood-based panels Particleboard). Medium density fibreboard Standard: To AS/NZS1859.2-1997 (Reconstituted wood-based panels - Medium density fibreboard (MDF)). Decorative overlaid wood panels Standard: To AS/NZS1859.3-1996 (Reconstituted wood-based panels - Decorative overlaid wood panels). High-pressure decorative laminate sheets Standard: To AS/NZS2924.1-1987 (High-pressure decorative laminates). High-pressure decorative laminate sheet application table Provide classes as follows: Class to AS/NZS2924-1987 (Decorative thermosetting laminated sheet)ApplicationHGS or HGPKitchen work-topsVGS or VGPKitchen front panelsVLSOther locations Hardware Handles: >ss 100 D handle Locks: >nil CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY General Construction: Build components square and install plumb. Joints: Provide materials in single lengths whenever possible. If joints are necessary, make them over supports. Fasteners and adhesives General: Provide fasteners, adhesives or both to transmit the loads imposed and ensure the rigidity of the assembly. Do not split, discolour or otherwise damage timber or sheets. Visibility: Do not provide visible fixings except in the following locations: Inside cupboards and drawer units. Inside open units, in which case provide proprietary caps to conceal fixings. Finishing Junctions with structure: Scribe plinths, benchtops, splashbacks, ends of cupboards, kickboards and returns to follow the line of floors or walls. TIMBER STAIRS AND BALUSTRADES Closed strings Trench for treads and risers. Cut strings Profile for treads and risers. Mitre riser ends. Treads Dress nosings to a pencil-round. Return nosings at cut strings. Groove for riser tongue in closed riser stair. Set riser 19mm back from nosing. Top tread Flush with finished floor, otherwise to match stair treads. Provide similar tread section as nosing to floor edges around stair well. Risers Tongue to tread. Mitre to string in cut-string stairs. Joints Glue joints in internal work. In closed riser stairs, wedge treads and risers to strings. Plant 2 glue-blocks behind each tread to riser junction. Trim floors to carry ends of stairs and around stairwell. Fascia Of depth sufficient to overlap 19mm below ceiling, and fixed to floor joists hard up under nosing. Soffit lining Fix to 38 x 38mm nailing battens notched and nailed to the underside of treads and risers of closed rise stairs at the centre of flights and at each side. Newels Halve and bolt to strings. Handrail Stub tenon to newels. Balusters Stub tenon to handrail at top and to tread or floor at the bottom. DOMESTIC KITCHEN ASSEMBLIES Standard General: To AS/NZS4386.1-1996 (Domestic kitchen assemblies Kitchen units). CUPBOARD AND DRAWER UNITS Plinths, carcasses, drawer fronts, shelves and doors Material: Provide melamine overlaid high moisture-resistant medium density fibreboard. Minimum thickness: 16mm. Finish: Provide decorative laminated sheet if necessary to conceal fasteners; or to provide selected colours. Installation: Secure plinths and carcasses to floors, walls, or both at not more than 600mm centres. Drawer fronts: Rout for drawer bottoms. Adjustable shelves: Support on proprietary pins in holes bored at 32mm centres vertically. Drawer and door hardware Hinges: Provide concealed all-metal hinges with the following features: Adjustable for height, side and depth location of door. Self-closing action. Hold-open function. Nickel plated. Slides: Provide metal runners and plastic rollers with the following features: 30kg loading capacity. Closure retention. White thermoset powder coating or nickel plated. Modern cupboard construction is usually based on particleboard or medium density fibreboard. The use of moisture-resistant grades is essential in kitchens and bathrooms. In addition to the construction described here, other materials may be used and should be specified by reference to samples that are big enough to represent the range of properties that will be found in the finished work. BENCHTOPS Laminated benchtops Material: Provide high moisture-resistant particleboard or medium density fibreboard. Minimum thickness: 32mm. Finish: Decorative laminated sheet adhesive fixed. Sealing underside: Laminate undersides of benchtops if likely to be subject to excessive moisture from equipment such as dishwashers; or the benchtop is not restrained against warping by cupboard carcass or support framing. Installation: Fix to carcass at least twice per 600mm length of benchtop. Joint sealing: Fill joints with sealant matching the finish colour and clamp with proprietary mechanical connectors. Edge sealing: Seal to walls and carcasses with a sealant which matches the finish colour. CEILING AND UNDER FLOOR ACCESS Ceiling Trim an opening and provide a loose access panel of minimum size 600 x 400mm. Under floor Provide a frame and a door, minimum size 720mm wide x 600mm high, complete with padbolt. SCHEDULE Joinery schedule Location/ItemManufacturerMaterialColour PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE GENERAL Extent of work; Cross references Refer to the following sections: Site preparation, for service trenches. Roofing, for roof plumbing and rainwater tanks. Block and tile finishes, for waterproofing of wet areas. Painting, for priming steel or iron before installation and exposed piping required to be painted. Standard Plumbing and drainage products: To SAAMP52-1997 (Manual of authorization procedures for plumbing and drainage products). Connections Excavate to locate and expose the connection points and connect to the authorities mains. On completion, backfill and compact the excavation and reinstate surfaces and elements which have been disturbed such as roads, pavements, kerbs, footpaths and nature strips. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Water supply pipes Material: >copper Kitchen sink Tap holes: >one for mixer Filtered water: one Water heater Type: >instantaneous gas Manufacturer: >Rinnai or Rheem Model/capacity: >125L/min The water heater type and size should be selected carefully on the basis of running cost, performance and durability. Finishes Finish exposed piping, including fittings and supports as follows: Internal locations such as toilet and kitchen areas: Bright chrome plate. Externally: Paint. Concealed but accessible spaces (including cupboards and non-habitable enclosed spaces): Leave unpainted except for required identification marking. Valves Finish valves to match connected piping. Sanitaryware and tapware schedule LocationManufacturerTypeColour CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY General Install piping in straight lines and to uniform grades. Arrange and support the piping so that it remains free from vibration and water hammer, while permitting thermal movement. Keep the number of joints to a minimum. Prevent direct contact between incompatible metals. Concealment If practicable, conceal piping and fittings requiring maintenance or servicing so that they are accessible within non-habitable enclosed spaces such as roof spaces, subfloor spaces and ducts. Keep pipelines in subfloor spaces at least 150mm above ground and ensure access can be provided throughout for inspection. Provide at least 25mm clearance between adjacent pipelines (measured from the piping insulation where applicable). Building penetrations If piping passes through building elements provide purpose-made metal or plastic sleeves formed from pipe sections. Prime steel or iron before installation. Pipe supports Materials: The same as the piping, or galvanized or non-ferrous metals, with bonded PVC or glass fibre woven tape sleeves where needed to separate dissimilar metals. Cover plates Where exposed piping emerges from wall, floor or ceiling finishes, provide cover plates of non-ferrous metal, finished to match the piping, or of stainless steel. STORMWATER Standard General: To AS/NZS3500.3.2-1998 (National Plumbing and Drainage - Stormwater drainage Acceptable solutions). Cleaning During construction, use temporary covers to openings and keep the system free of debris. On completion, flush the system using water and leave it clean. Pipelaying Lay pipelines with the spigot ends in the direction of flow. Downpipe connections Turn up drain branch pipelines to finish 50mm above finished ground or pavement level. Subsoil drains Connection: Connect subsoil drains to the stormwater drainage system. Trench width: Minimum 450mm. Subsoil drains: Provide proprietary perforated plastic pipe. Filter fabric: Provide a polymeric fabric formed from a plastic yarn containing stabilisers or inhibitors to make the filaments resistant to deterioration due to ultraviolet light. Filter sock: Provide a polyester permeable sock capable of retaining particles of 0.25mm size. Securely fit or join the sock at each joint. Backfilling: Backfill with 20mm nominal size washed screenings, to the following depths: To the underside of the bases of overlying structures such as pavements, slabs and channels. To within 75mm of the finished surface of unpaved or landscaped areas. Pits Cover levels: Locate the top of covers or gratings, including frames as follows: In paved areas: Flush with the paving surface. In landscaped areas: 25mm above finished surface. Gratings taking surface water runoff: Set to receive the runoff without ponding. WASTEWATER Standard General: To AS/NZS3500.2.2-1996 (National Plumbing and Drainage - Sanitary plumbing and sanitary drainage - Acceptable solutions). Cleaning During construction, use temporary covers to openings and keep the system free of debris. On completion, flush the system using water and leave it clean. Septic tanks Precast concrete or glass fibre reinforced plastic septic tank: To AS/NZS1546-1998 (On-site domestic wastewater treatment - Septic tanks). Effluent disposal: To AS1547-1994 (Disposal systems for effluent from domestic premises). Vent pipes Staying to roof: If fixings for stays penetrate the roof covering, seal the penetrations and make watertight. Terminations: Provide bird-proof vent cowls made of the same material and colour as the vent pipe. FRESH WATER Standards General: To AS/NZS3500.1.2-1998 (National Plumbing and Drainage - Water supply Acceptable solutions) and AS/NZS3500.4.2-1997 (National Plumbing and Drainage - Hot water supply systems Acceptable solutions). Tap positions Locate hot tap to the left of, or above, the cold water tap. Accessories Provide the accessories and fittings necessary for the proper functioning of the plumbing systems, including taps, valves, outlets, pressure and temperature control devices, strainers, gauges and pumps. Space Heater installation Location: Locate water heaters where they can be maintained or replaced without damaging adjacent structures, fixtures or finishes. Oil-fired heaters: To AS1691-1985 (Domestic oil-fired appliances Installation). Solid fuel heaters: To AS2918-1990 (Domestic solid fuel burning appliances Installation). Temperature Maximum temperature at ablution outlets: 50oC. A maximum temperature of 50oC is recommended by health authorities to reduce the risk of scalds. This can be achieved by adjusting thermostats, regulating flow e.g. with thermostatic mixing valves, or by using special taps. Isolating valves Provide isolation valves to water heaters. Cleaning On completion, flush the pipelines using water and leave them clean. RAINWATER TANKS General Type: Provide a proprietary reinforced concrete, plastic or coated steel tank with flat base and pitched roof for storage of rainwater Installation: To AS/NZS3500.1.2-1998 (National Plumbing and Drainage - Water supply Acceptable solutions). Coated steel tank: Fully support the tank above ground level. Material: Hot-dipped zinc-coated steel or aluminium/zinc-coated steel. Reinforced concrete or plastic tank: Trim and compact the ground and place a level bed of sand at least 50mm thick to support the tank. GAS Standard General: To AG601-1998 (Gas Installation Code). Buried pipes Warning tape: During backfilling, lay plastic warning tape above and for the full length of buried gas pipes. Type: Minimum 100mm wide, with GAS PIPE UNDER marked continuously. Commissioning On completion of installation and testing, turn on isolating and control valves and purge and charge the installation. ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL INSTALLATIONS GENERAL Extent of work: Cross reference Refer to the Site preparation section for service trenches. Standards Domestic electrical installations: To AS/NZS3018-1997 (Electrical installations - Domestic installations). AS3006-1982 (Adequate electrical installation in domestic premises) can be used for design purposes. Mechanical ventilation: To AS1668.2-1991 (The use of mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning in buildings - Mechanical ventilation for acceptable indoor-air quality). The BCA requires that where its requirements for natural ventilation are not satisfied, mechanical ventilation must be provided. Definition Meter box: contains the service authorities meters and control gear. Switchboards: has safety switch and circuit breakers for house Other work: low voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies, CCTV, audio etc. COMPONENTS Power Circuit breakers: To AS3947.2-1997 (Low voltage switchgear and control gear - Circuit-breakers). Switchboards: To AS3439.1-1993 (Low-voltage switchgear and control gear - Type-tested and partially type-tested assemblies) or AS3439.3-1995 (Low-voltage switchgear and control gear - Particular requirements for low-voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies intended to be installed in places where unskilled persons have access for their use - Distribution, as appropriate). Electrical accessories schedule ItemLocation/codeTypeDetailsSwitches and platesSocket outlets and plates Luminaires Standard: To AS3137-1992 (Approval and test specification - Luminaires (lighting fittings)). Lamps and luminaires schedule ItemLocation/codeTypeDetailsLampsLuminaires Electrical appliances schedule ItemLocation/codeTypeDetailsBuilt-in ovensCook tops/stoveRange hoodsFans - ceilingFans - exhaustTowel railsBar heatersWater heatersRoom heatersDoor chimeDishwasherMicrowaveWaste disposal unit Telecommunications cables Standard: To ACA TS008-1997 (Requirements for Authorised Cabling Products). Telecommunications accessories schedule ItemLocation/codeTypeDetailsTelephonesTelephone outlets and platesModem outlets and plates Television Antennae: To AS1417.1-1987 (Receiving antennas for radio and television in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 Ghz - Construction and installation) and AS1417.2-1991 (Receiving antennas for radio and television in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 Ghz - Performance). Antenna outlets and plates: > Audio Audio system: > Audio outlets and plates: > Miscellaneous Central vacuum system: > Intercom system: > Security system: > Smoke alarms Standard: To AS3786-1993 (Smoke alarms) hard wired into lighting circuit wiring. Smoke alarm type: >2 off Airconditioning units Evaporative air coolers: To AS2913-1987 (Evaporative air-conditioning equipment). Package airconditioners: To AS1861.2-1991 (Air-conditioning units - Methods of assessing and rating performance - Refrigerated package air-conditioners). Room airconditioners: To AS/NZS3823.1.1-1998 (Performance of household electrical appliances Room airconditioners Non-ducted airconditioners and heat pumps Testing and rating for performance) Air-conditioning equipment schedule ItemLocation/codeTypeDetailsUnitsDuctwork Generally, no specification is required for domestic air-conditioning, heating and ventilation if manufacturers instructions are followed (see General requirements). INSTALLATION Consumer mains General: Provide a consumer mains and connect to the main service. Supply type: >underground service Phases: >two Multiphase supply may be required for ducted air-conditioning. Switchboards General: Provide control switchgear, circuit breakers and earth leakage protection devices (RCDs) on a wall-mounted switchboard enclosed in a case with a hinged door. Make provision for the authoritys equipment and have it installed. Electrical wiring General: Conceal cables and conduits, including underground cable or conduit entering the building, in a manner that will allow wiring replacement without structural work or the removal of cladding or lining. Do not penetrate damp-proof courses. Connection of fixed and stationary appliances: Provide connecting devices with socket outlet and flush blank plate. Electrical accessories General: Install flush-mounted accessories in wall boxes in masonry and in mounting brackets in stud walls. Telecommunications cabling Standards: To AUSTEL TS009-1997 (Installation Requirements for Customer Cabling (Wiring Rules)) and AS/NZS3086-1996 (Telecommunications installations - Integrated communications cabling systems for small office/home office premises). Wiring: Conceal cables and conduits, including underground cable or conduit entering the building, in a manner that will allow wiring replacement without structural work or the removal of cladding or lining. Do not penetrate damp-proof courses. Pre-wiring: Have pre-wiring of telephone, data, TV and telecommunications services carried out before installation of linings, paving and landscaping. Early telephone and television pre-wiring will save possible damage to finished work, particularly paving and landscape. An antenna may not be required if the owner is a pay TV subscriber. Connection of fixed and stationary appliances: Provide connecting devices with socket outlet and flush blank plate. Smoke alarms Standard: To AS1670.6-1997 (Fire detection, warning, control and intercom systems System design, installation, and commissioning Smoke alarms). Power: Connect to consumer mains power. Smoke detectors are not compulsory in all states and territories. Air-conditioning pipework insulation Protection against ultra-violet light and mechanical damage: Sheath external insulated pipework. Completion tests General: Test the electrical installation, smoke alarms, and the air-conditioning system. FENCES AND EXTERNAL WALLS GENERAL Cross reference Refer to the General requirements section for timber durability. Swimming pool fences are subject to statutory controls which vary from place to place. This section does not cover swimming pool fences, which must be designed to suit the lcoation and comply with local council requirements. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Galvanizing Galvanize mild steel components as follows: Threaded fasteners: To AS1214-1983 (Hot-dip galvanized coatings on threaded fasteners (ISO metric coarse thread series)). Other components: To AS1650-1989 (Hot-dipped galvanized coatings on ferrous articles). Concrete Standard: To AS1379-1997 (Specification and supply of concrete) or proprietary packaged mix. Steel panel fencing Self-drilling screws: To AS3566-1988 (Screws - Self-drilling - For the building and construction industries) corrosion resistant class 3. Steel framing: Zinc-coated or aluminium/zinc alloy coated steel to AS1397-1993 (Steel sheet and strip Hot-dipped zinc-coated or aluminium/zinc-coated)/Z450 or AZ150. Steel sheeting: Prepainted to AS/NZS2728-1997 (Prefinished/prepainted sheet metal products for interior/exterior building applications Performance requirements). Height: >1800 Prefinish colour: >beige/cream Steel posts Galvanize to AS1650-1989 (Hot-dipped galvanized coatings on ferrous articles). Concrete posts Reinforce and precast from concrete to AS1379-1997 (Specification and supply of concrete). Timber fencing size table Provide timber members as follows: MemberPreservative treated softwood picket (mm)Preservative treated softwood paling/lap & cap (mm)Hardwood or cypress pine paling/lap & cap (mm)Maximum height120018001800End/corner gate posts90 x 90100 x 100125 x 125 or 100 x 100Intermediate posts90 x 90140 x 45 or 100 x 75125 x 50 or 100 x 75Maximum post spacing24002400/2700*2700Rails70 x 4075 x 50 or 100x 3875 x 50 or 100x 38Picket/paling size70 x 1975, 100 or 150 x 15*100 or 150 x 13*Capping-125 x 35100 x 50* three rail fences onlyTimber fencing Height: >1800 Material: >treated pine Type: >paling CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY Clearing Clear vegetation on the fence alignment. Grub out the stumps and roots of removed trees or shrubs and trim the grass to ground level, but do not remove the topsoil. Excavation Excavate footings so that they have vertical sides and a firm base. Minimum footing size Generally: 200 diameter x 600mm deep. In loose material: 250 diameter x 900mm deep. In rock: 250 diameter x 300mm deep. Line and level Erect posts vertically to follow the contours of the natural ground. Earth footings Place 100mm of gravel in the footing base under posts and backfill with earth around posts, compacting firmly by hand or machine in 150mm deep layers. Concrete footings Place mass concrete around posts and finish with a weathered top falling from the post to ground level. Steel panel fencing Ensure bottom rails have drain holes and are at least 50mm clear of the ground. Timber fencing General: Mortice posts, taper splice rails and nail twice in mortices. Set pickets and palings clear of the ground. Picket fence: Nail twice to each rail. Plain paling fence: Use 2 rails for fences up to 1.8m high. Close butt palings and nail twice to each rail. Lap and cap paling fence: Use 3 rails for fences up to 1.8m high with the top rail located to receive the capping. Close butt larger palings and nail twice to each rail. Fix smaller palings over joints and nail twice to each rail. Nail capping to the top rail. Preservative-treated softwood palings may need three rails for fences over 1.5m to prevent excessive twisting. Three rails should be specified if there is concern about this possibility. GATES General Construction: Construct gates as follows: Ledges and braces: To match fence rails. Pickets or palings: To match fencing. Hardware: Provide the following: Drop bolt and ferrule to each leaf of double gates. Latch to one leaf of double gates. Provision for locking by padlock. Hinges to ensure smooth operation. Hand access: Provide hand holes to give access from outside to reach locking provision. Size: >120 dia Type: >latch BRICK FENCES Standards Follow the guidance given in Clay Brick and Paver Institute Technical Notes 21A, 21B and 21C. Masonry units Type: > Manufacturer: > Size: > Colour: > Feature colour: > Mortar colour: > Mortar joints: > Construction generally Provide a structurally sound brickwork fence composed of footings; brickwork panels; and lateral support where necessary in the form of piers, posts or return walls. LANDSCAPING GENERAL Cross reference Refer to the General requirements section for timber durability. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Concrete Standard: To AS1379-1997 (Specification and supply of concrete) or proprietary packaged mix. PREPARATION Weed eradication Eradicate weeds using a non-residual glyphosate herbicide in any registered formulae, at the recommended maximum rate. Surplus spoil Remove surplus spoil from site. Do not burn vegetative material. SUBSOIL Ripping General: If practicable, rip parallel to the final contours. Do not rip when the subsoil is wet or plastic. Do not rip within the dripline of trees and shrubs to be retained. Ripping depths: Rip the subsoil to the following typical depths: Compacted subsoil: 300mm. Heavily compacted clay subsoil: 450mm. Cultivation Cultivate to a minimum depth of 100mm. Do not disturb services or tree roots; if necessary, cultivate these areas by hand. During cultivation, thoroughly mix in materials required to be incorporated into the subsoil. Remove stones exceeding 25mm, clods of earth exceeding 50mm, and weeds, rubbish or other deleterious material brought to the surface during cultivation. Trim the surface to the required design levels after cultivation. Additives General: Apply additives after ripping or cultivation and incorporate into the upper 100mm layer of the subsoil. Gypsum: Incorporate at the rate of 0.25kg/m2. TOPSOIL General Provide topsoil which is free from unwanted matter and is suitable for reuse on site as topsoil. Source If it is available, provide site topsoil. Placing topsoil Spread the topsoil on the prepared subsoil and grade evenly, making the necessary allowances so that: required finished levels and contours are achieved after light compaction; and grassed areas may be finished flush with adjacent hard surfaces such as kerbs, paths and mowing strips. Consolidation Compact lightly and uniformly in 150mm layers. Avoid differential subsidence and excess compaction and produce a finished topsoil surface which is: finished to design levels; smooth and free from stones or lumps of soil; graded to drain freely, without ponding, to catchment points; graded evenly into adjoining ground surfaces; and ready for planting. Topsoil depths Spread topsoil to the following typical depths: Planting areas: 225mm. Irrigated grassed areas generally: 150mm. Grass areas: 100mm. TURFING Turf Obtain turf from a specialist grower of cultivated turf. Provide turf of even thickness, free from weeds and other foreign matter. Supply Deliver the turf within 24 hours of cutting, and lay it within 36 hours of cutting. Prevent it from drying out between cutting and laying. Fertilising Mix fertiliser thoroughly into the topsoil before placing the turf. Laying Lay turf in stretcher pattern with the joints staggered and close butted; parallel with the long sides of level areas, and with contours on slopes; and to finish flush, after tamping, with adjacent finished surfaces of ground, paving edging, or grass seeded areas. Tamping Lightly tamp to an even surface immediately after laying. Do not use a roller. Watering Water immediately after laying until the topsoil is moistened to its full depth. PLANTING Excavation Excavate a plant hole for each plant large enough to accept the root ball plus 0.1m3 of backfilling with topsoil. Plants General: Provide plants which have large healthy root systems, with no evidence of root curl, restriction or damage; are vigorous, well established, free from disease and pests, of good form consistent with the species or variety; and are hardened off, not soft or forced, and suitable for planting in the natural climatic conditions prevailing at the site. Trees: Provide trees which, unless required to be multi-stemmed, have a single leading shoot. For specifying trees, refer to Ross Clarks Purchasing Landscape Trees - a guide to assessing tree quality, Construction Information Systems Australia Pty Ltd 1996. Labelling Label at least one plant of each species or variety in a batch using a durable, readable tag. Planting conditions Do not plant in unsuitable weather conditions such as extreme heat, cold, wind or rain. In other than sandy soils, suspend excavation when the soil is wet, or during frost periods. Watering Thoroughly water plants before planting and immediately after planting. Fertilising In planting beds and individual plantings, place fertiliser pellets around plants at the time of planting. MULCHING Mulch General: Provide mulch which is free of deleterious and extraneous matter such as stones, soil, weeds and sticks. Application: Place mulch clear of plant stems, and rake to an even surface flush with the surrounding finished levels. Depth: 75mm. STAKES AND TIES Stakes Material: Hardwood, straight, free from knots or twists, pointed at one end. Installation: Drive stakes into the ground at least one third of their length, avoiding damage to the root system. Stake sizes: For plants 1 to 2.5m high: Two 50 x 50 x 1800mm stakes per plant. For plants smaller than 1m high: One 38 x 38 x 1200mm stake per plant. Ties General: Provide ties fixed securely to the stakes, one tie at half the height of the main stem, others as necessary to stabilise the plant. Webbing: Provide 50mm hessian webbing stapled to the stake. SCHEDULE OF PLANT MATERIAL; Refer to landscape plan for design and schedule. PAVING AND ROADS GENERAL Cross reference Refer to the General requirements section for timber durability. Footpath crossing Provide a footpath and kerb crossing to local council requirements. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Mortar materials Sand: Use a fine aggregate with a low clay content selected for grading. Cement: To AS3972-1997 (Portland and blended cements), type GP. Mortar Mix proportions: 1:3 cement:sand. CONSTRUCTION GENERALLY Grading General: Grade paving to even falls to drain away from buildings to drainage outlets without ponding. Minimum fall for drainage: 1:100. BASE COURSE Preparation Prepare the subgrade to suit the thickness of the base course and paving. If necessary, loosen the ground to a depth of 200mm and adjust the moisture content before compaction. Compact the ground to a firm, even surface using at least 2 passes of a vibrating plate compactor or roller. Remove and replace soft areas. Base course material Provide crushed rock consisting of hard, dense, durable particles free from deleterious material, of nominal size 25mm, uniformly graded, with not more than 10% passing a 0.075mm sieve. Placing Spread and compact the base course to a firm, tight, close textured surface using at least 3 passes of a vibrating plate compactor or roller. Adjust the moisture content as needed to facilitate compaction. Base course minimum thickness table Comply with the following minimum thicknesses: Site classification to AS2870Unit pavingBituminous pavingAS&MAS&MFoot and bicycle traffic0050mm100mmLight domestic traffic occasionally up to 3 tonne gross075mm100mm150mm BITUMINOUS PAVING Hotmix paving Standard: Place and compact asphaltic concrete paving over the prepared base course to AS2734-1984 (Asphalt (hot-mixed) paving - Guide to good practice). Mix designation: AC7. Binder type: Class 170 bitumen. Minimum thickness: 25mm. Tack coating: Cut back bitumen or bitumen emulsion. UNIT PAVING Masonry and segmental pavers General: Provide paving units of clay, natural stone or concrete masonry, purpose-made for use as paving, or units made for bonded masonry construction but suitable for paving. Standard: To AS/NZS4455-1997 (Masonry units and segmental pavers). Minimum thickness: Foot and bicycle traffic: 40mm. Light domestic traffic occasionally up to 3 tonne gross: 50mm. Cutting units: Cut paving units to maintain sharp edges and accurate joints and margins. Manufacturer: >Boral Size: >230x110x50 Colour: >drift sand Laying unit paving General: Over the base course, lay the units on bedding sand screeded to a uniform thickness not exceeding 50mm, and to the required falls and levels. Do not disturb the screeded sand bedding before the units are laid. Provide a gap of 1-3mm wide between adjoining units. After laying, tamp the units using a vibrating plate compactor. Dry joints: Fill the joints flush with clean, fine sand or screened bedding sand passing a 1.2mm sieve, vibrate into the joints and then make 2 further passes of the vibrating plate compactor. Edge restraint Provide edge restraint where needed to support the sand bedding and maintain the paving shape. Bed units in mortar at least 40mm thick. IN SITU CONCRETE PAVING Concrete Standard: To AS1379-1997 (Specification and supply of concrete). Colour: >intergral drift sand Aggregate: >15 The requirements for in situ concrete may be varied if it is reinforced. AS3727-1993 (Guide to residential pavements) can be used for design purposes. Minimum thickness Foot and bicycle traffic: 75mm. Light domestic traffic occasionally up to 3 tonne gross: 100mm. Preparation Trim the ground to suit the required thickness of concrete and compact to a firm, even surface. Control joints Form tooled joints at maximum 2m spacing. Expansion joints Cast-in 10mm thick bitumen impregnated fibreboard joint filler at maximum 6m spacing. Abutment with building Where concrete paving more than 1.5m wide abuts the wall of a building, provide a strip of 10mm thick bitumen impregnated fibreboard between the paving and the wall. Finishing methods Broom finishing: Wood float and broom to an even textured slip-resistant surface with steel tooled margins. On gradients steeper than 10%, roughen the surface by scoring. Exposed aggregate finish: Steel trowel to a smooth surface. After final set use clean water and brushes to remove the surface film of mortar until the aggregate is uniformly exposed without under cutting of the matrix. Sponge finish: After floating, produce an even textured sand finish by wiping the surface using a damp sponge. Stencil pattern: Use a proprietary system. Finish type: > Colour: > Pattern: > REFERENCED DOCUMENTS AS1214 Hot-dip galvanized coatings on threaded fasteners (ISO metric coarse thread series) AS1231 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Anodized coatings for architectural applications AS1250 The use of steel in structures AS1288 Glass in buildings - Selection and installation AS1366 Rigid cellular plastics sheets for thermal insulation AS1366.4 Rigid cellular polystyrene - Extruded (RC/PS-E) AS1379 Specification and supply of concrete AS1397 Steel sheet and strip - Hot-dipped zinc-coated or aluminium/zinc-coated AS1417 Receiving antennas for radio and television in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 Ghz AS 1470 Health and safety at work AS/NZS 1546 On-site domestic wastewater treatment units AS/NZS1546.1 Septic tanks AS1547 Disposal systems for effluent from domestic premises AS/NZS1554 Structural steel welding AS/NZS1554.1 Welding of steel structures AS1562 Design and installation of sheet roof and wall cladding AS1562.1 Metal AS/NZS1562.3 Plastic AS1604 Timber - Preservative-treated - Sawn and round AS1627 Metal finishing - Preparation and pre-treatment of surfaces AS1650 Hot-dipped galvanized coatings on ferrous articles AS1668 The use of mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning in buildings AS1668.2 Mechanical ventilation for acceptable indoor-air quality AS1670 Fire detection, warning, control and intercom systems System design, installation, and commissioning AS1670.6 Smoke alarms AS1672 Limes and limestones AS1672.1 Limes for building AS1684 National Timber Framing Code AS1691 Domestic oil-fired appliances - Installation AS1720 Timber structures AS1720.1 Design methods AS 1726 Geotechnical site investigation AS1789 Electroplated coatings - Zinc on iron or steel AS/NZS1859 Reconstituted wood-based panels AS/NZS1859.1 Particleboard AS/NZS1859.2 Medium density fibreboard (MDF) AS/NZS1859.3 Decorative overlaid wood panels AS/NZS1859.4 Hardboard AS1860 Installation of particleboard flooring AS1861 Air-conditioning units - Methods of assessing and rating performance AS1861.2 Refrigerated package air-conditioners AS1884 Floor coverings - Resilient sheet and tiles - Laying and maintenance practices AS1909 Installation of timber doorsets AS 2032 Code of practice for installation of UPVC pipe systems AS2047 Windows in buildings AS2047.1 Specification for materials and performance AS2047.2 Construction, installation and maintenance AS 2048 Code of practice for installation and maintenance of aluminium windows AS2049 Roof tiles AS2050 Installation of roofing tiles AS2159 Piling - Design and installation AS/NZS2179 Specification for rainwater goods, accessories and fasteners AS/NZS2179.1 Metal shape or sheet rainwater goods and metal accessories and fasteners AS/NZS2179.2 (Int) 1998 PVC rainwater goods and accessories AS2185 Fibrous plaster products AS/NZS2269 Plywood - Structural AS2311 The painting of buildings AS/NZS2312 Guide to the protection of iron and steel against exterior atmospheric corrosion AS2358 Adhesives - For fixing ceramic tiles AS/NZS2455 Textile floor coverings - Installation practice AS/NZS2455.1 General AS2461 Mineral wool thermal insulation - Loose fill AS2462 Cellulosic fibre thermal insulation AS/NZS2588 Gypsum plasterboard AS2589 Gypsum linings in residential and light commercial construction - Application and finishing AS/NZS2589.1 Gypsum plasterboard AS2592 Gypsum plaster for building purposes AS2601 The demolition of structures AS2688 Timber doors AS2689 Timber doorsets AS2699 Wall ties for masonry construction AS/NZS2728 Prefinished/prepainted sheet metal products for interior/exterior building applications Performance requirements AS2734 Asphalt (hot-mixed) paving - Guide to good practice AS/NZS2803 Doors - Security Screen AS/NZS2803.1 Hinged AS/NZS2803.2 Sliding AS/NZS2804 Installation of security screen doors AS/NZS2804.1 Hinged AS/NZS2804.2 Sliding AS2870 Residential slabs and footings - Construction AS/NZS2904 Damp-proof courses and flashings AS2908 Cellulose-cement products AS2908.2 Flat sheets AS2913 Evaporative air-conditioning equipment AS2918 Domestic solid fuel burning appliances - Installation AS/NZS2924 High pressure decorative laminates Sheets made from thermosetting resins AS/NZS2924.1 Classification and specifications AS/NZS3018 Electrical installations - Domestic installations AS/NZS3086 Telecommunications installations - Integrated communications cabling systems for small office/home office premises AS3137 Approval and test specification - Luminaires (lighting fittings) AS3439 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear AS3439.1 Type-tested and partially type-tested assemblies AS3439.3 Particular requirements for low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies intended to be installed in places where unskilled persons have access for their use - Distribution AS3500 National Plumbing and Drainage AS/NZS3500.1.2 Water supply Acceptable solutions AS/NZS3500.2.2 Sanitary plumbing and sanitary drainage - Acceptable solutions AS/NZS3500.3.2 Stormwater drainage Acceptable solutions AS/NZS3500.4.2 Hot water supply systems - Acceptable solutions AS3566 Screws - Self-drilling - For the building and construction industries AS3600 Concrete structures AS3623 Domestic metal framing AS3660 Protection of buildings from subterranean termites - Prevention, detection and treatment of infestation AS3660.1 New buildings AS3700 Masonry structures AS3715 Metal finishing - Thermoset powder coatings for architectural applications AS3740 Waterproofing of wet areas within residential buildings AS3742 Mineral wool thermal insulation - Batt and blanket AS3786 Smoke alarms AS3947 Low voltage switchgear and controlgear AS3947.2 Circuit-breakers AS3958 Ceramic tiles AS3958.1 Guide to the installation of ceramic tiles AS3958.2 Guide to the selection of a ceramic tiling system AS3959 Construction of buildings in bushfire prone areas AS3972 Portland and blended cements AS3999 Thermal insulation of dwellings - Bulk insulation - Installation requirements AS4100 Steel structures AS/NZS4200 Pliable building materials and underlays AS/NZS4200.1 Materials AS/NZS4200.2 Installation requirements AS/NZS4256 Plastic roof and wall cladding materials AS/NZS4256.3 Glass fibre reinforced polyester (GRP) AS/NZS4256.4 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) wall cladding boards AS/NZS4256.5 Polycarbonate AS/NZS4386 Domestic kitchen assemblies AS/NZS4386.1 Kitchen units AS4440 Installation of nailplated timber trusses AS/NZS4455 Masonry units and segmental pavers AS/NZS4456 Masonry units and segmental pavers Method of test AS/NZS4456.10 Method 10: Determining resistance to salt attack AS/NZS4506 Metal finishing Thermoset powder coatings AS/NZS4600 Cold-formed steel structures SAA HB33 Domestic open fire places SAA MP52 Manual of authorization procedures for plumbing and drainage products AG 601 Gas Installation Code AWRAP/A 202 Mandatory Woolmark Specifications for building insulation material ACA TS008 Requirements for Authorised Cabling Products AUSTEL TS009 Installation Requirements for Customer Cabling (Wiring Rules) CA 27 Code of recommended practice for internal plastering on solid backgrounds GPC-E-15 Full gloss enamel (buildings) GPC-E-15/3 Exterior quality GPC-E-15/4 For interior use GPC-L-26 Latex paint, interior and exterior (buildings) GPC-L-26/3 Flat or low gloss finish for exterior use GPC-L-26/5 Low gloss finish for interior use GPC-L-26/6 Washable flat finish for interior use GPC-L-27 Semi gloss interior latex paint (Buildings) GPC-L-28 Gloss exterior latex paint (buildings) GPC-C-29 Long life protective systems for steel GPC-C-29/16 Organic zinc rich coatings GPC-V-115 Ranch finish for exterior timber GPC-V-115/1 Lightly pigmented solvent bourne finish GPC-V-115/3 Heavily pigmented latex finish - 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