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Text body x /" List^J @2@Caption xx $CJ6^J aJ]&B&Index $^J 8 + #+@P GTimes New Roman5Symbol3&ArialGTimes New Roman;WingdingsEFScript MT Bold3&ArialODroid Sans Fallback?Lohit Hindi?Lohit HindiBh22<<<<'00AP Chemistry Test ReviewChampaign Community SchoolsHelenaOh+'0 X` AP Chemistry Test Review Helena BuzinNormalHelena2@G@@D)Z@D)Z՜.+,0M 0+Caolan80 28$4Xl$7b AP Chemistry Test Review Besides doing the multiple choice practice tests and free-response questions, you should know/review the following items& 1) Give all answers to 3 sig. figs. when in doubt and label the answer correctly. 2) how to calculate the empirical formula given % composition data& (Rhyme:  % to mass, mass to mole, divide by small, times  til whole. ) 3) how to determine the limiting reactant for a reaction 4) Re-memorize the list of strong acids and bases& HF is a weak acid! 5) Re-memorize the ions and their charges 6) Re-memorize the shapes of molecules: sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, sp3d2 7) be able to draw dot notations to determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar based on its symmetry 8) know the dot notations/shapes of these common molecules: H2O, CO2, NH3, BF3, O2, N2. 9) how to calculate the % composition by mass of a compound 10)  PTV PV=nRT MM=dRT/P (Remember the correct units needed for each variable!) 11) mole fraction & partial pressure calculations P1 =XPt 12) Graham s Law of diffusion& given on the AP Equation Sheet 13) q=mc"T 14) Hess s Law 15) "Hrxn= "Hf products  "Hf reactants& a pure element has no "Hf 16) Periodic trends: atomic radius of atoms vs. ionization energy vs. electron affinity 17) calculate formal charges 18) "Hrxn= energy of bonds broken  energy of bonds formed 19) sigma vs. pi bonds 20) bond order calculation 21) odd # of electrons or 12 or 16 electrons are paramagnetic 22) determining the intermolecular forces in a molecule& L.D. dip-dip, H-bonds 23) interpreting phase diagrams 24) "T= K*m*i 25) determining the Rate Law based on lab data 26) graphs of 0, 1st, and 2nd order rate laws& [A], ln[A], 1/[A] vs. time 26) Units on the rate constant, k 27) energy  hill diagrams& finding A.E., "H, effect of catalysts. 28) determine the intermediate or catalyst in a multi-step mechanism 29) Keq expressions& products/reactants& only (g) or (aq) appear! 30) Remember that K doesn t change unless the temperature changes! 31) Le Chatlier s principle& (+) or (-) heat; "P; "V; (+) or (-) reactants and products; inert gases have no effect. 32) Q>K& the reaction goes backwards to the reactants 33) for Ksp, Q>K means a precipitate will form (see topic #45) 34) Calculate K by doing ICE box problems 35) acid/base definitions& Bronsted-Lowry = acids donate protons; Lewis= acids accept e- pair 36) calculate pH, pOH, [H+], [OH"] 37) acid equilibrium problems& ICE box& remember pH can be used to find [H+]. 38) salt pH& example: Na2CO3 = slightly basic; Al(NO3)3 = slightly acidic 39) more O s in the oxy-acid means easier to lose the H+, therefore it is a stronger acid 40) salts made of metals in the d-block that have multiple charges are usually colorful solutions 41) common ion effect& less likely to ionize or dissolve 42) NaHCO3 is baking soda and releases CO2(g) in most reactions. 43) use H-H to solve buffer problems 44) acid base titrations MV=MV at equilibrium& be careful with Ba(OH)2 & you get 2[OH-] when in solution 45) AB2(s) A+(aq) + 2B-(aq) Ksp= [A][B]2 and Ksp = (x)(2x)2 when setting up an ICE box. 46) know the signs for "S, "G, and "H and when each of the values are zero 47) spontaneous reactions have ""G or + Ecell 48) "G = zero for pure elements in their standard state 49) LEO- ANO; CPR-GER& how to balance redox reactions and find ox. agents or red. agents 50) calculate Ecell and be able to use the Nernst equation if not at standard conditions. 51) Electrolysis only switches the sign of the cathode and anode. 52) calculate grams or time doing a conversion problem from amps and time and 96500 C/mole e- 53) organic names of  ane, -ene, -yne, alcohols (-ol), ketones (-one), etc. (See  quickie review sheet ) 54) draw an isomer& same formula, but a different arrangement of the atoms 55) types of radioactive particles and their symbols: a, b, g , protons, neutrons& (See  quickie review sheet ) 56) balance nuclear reactions& top and bottom # s must be balanced on each side of the equation. Other Stuff: 1) I suggest that you look over your AP Equations Sheet to re-familiarize yourself with what formulas and constants are given. 2) Look over the  Writing and Predicting Chemical Reactions review sheet. The more reactions you practice, the better you will do, and the faster you will get. My website has a link of tons of old chemical equations to complete from previous AP tests. 3) Look over the  Colors review sheet. There s an interactive quiz on my website that you can do for practice problems. 4) Use my website links for many more helpful hints and strategies to use. 2 &(.068  dfJLRT ("$@Bv  OJQJ6H*H*CJ$aJ$_ ,!.!8!x"z""L$P$$"%"&$&(&*&.&0&X&&V'n'()**+ 6>*5OJQJ5H*H* ^JOJQJ2& ( X 6 <fTj dhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdh$a$ pP.J<|dhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdrR\PhD 8!!Z"#dhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdh##P$"%%&T'V'+dhdhdhdhdhdhdhdh0/ =!"#$2P1h0p3P(20Root Entry F CompObjjOle 1Table5SummaryInformation($(WordDocument 28DocumentSummaryInformation8)H