ࡱ> q` Y^bjbjqPqP .::YVX X X X d LBC2!D X,X,X,X,3-3-3-BBBBBBB$tDhFrB$03-3-$0$0BX,X,B111$0X,X,B1$0B11r;T<X,! 0X *1^;AC0BC<NG1NG<<NG<3--1.t/#3-3-3-BB1 3-3-3-BC$0$0$0$0   Nuremberg Principles For the denaturalization of German Jews, see  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Laws" Nuremberg Laws. For the set of research ethics principles for human experimentation, see  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Code" Nuremberg Code. The Nuremberg Principles were a set of guidelines for determining what constitutes a  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/War_crime" war crime. The document was created by the International Law Commission of the United Nations to recognize the legal principles underlying the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Trials" Nuremberg Trials of  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nazism" Nazi party members following  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/World_War_II" World War II. Contents:  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Principles" \l "1." 1. The Principles  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Principles" \l "2." 2. The Principles' Power or Lack of Power  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Principles" \l "3." 3. Examples of the Principles Supported and Not Supported  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Principles" \l "4." 4. See also  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Principles" \l "5." 5. References  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Principles" \l "6." 6. Further reading  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Principles" \l "7." 7. Footnotes 1. The Principles 1. 1. Principle I Principle I states, "Any person who commits an act which constitutes a  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_criminal_law" crime under international law is responsible therefore and liable to punishment." 1. 2. Principle II Principle II states, "The fact that internal law does not impose a penalty for an act which constitutes a crime under international law does not relieve the person who committed the act from responsibility under international law." 1. 3. Principle III Principle III states, "The fact that a person who committed an act which constitutes a crime under international law acted as  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Head_of_State" Head of State or responsible government official does not relieve him from responsibility under international law." 1. 4. Principle IV Principle IV states, "The fact that a person acted pursuant to order of his Government or of a superior does not relieve him from responsibility under international law, provided a moral choice was in fact possible to him." In the common parlance, this principle could be paraphrased as follows: "It is not an acceptable excuse to say "I was just following my Superior's orders" " Previous to the time of the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Trials" Nuremberg Trials, this excuse was known in common parlance as " HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Superior_Orders" Superior Orders." But after the prominent, high profile event of the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Trials" Nuremberg Trials, that excuse is now referred to by many as " HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Defense" Nuremberg Defense" In recent times, a third term, " HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Lawful_orders" Lawful orders." has become common parlance for some people. All three terms are in use today: All have slightly different nuances of meaning, depending on the context in which they are used. See also:  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Defense" Nuremberg Defense,  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Superior_Orders" Superior Orders, and  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Lawful_orders" Lawful orders 1. 5. Principle V Principle V states, "Any person charged with a crime under international law has the right to a fair trial on the facts and law." 1. 6. Principle VI Principle VI states, "The crimes hereinafter set out are punishable as crimes under international law: (a)  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Crimes_against_peace" Crimes against peace: (i) Planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/War_of_aggression" war of aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances; (ii) Participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the acts mentioned under (i). (b)  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/War_Crimes" War Crimes: Violations of the laws or customs of war which include, but are not limited to, murder, ill-treatment or deportation of  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Slave_labor" slave labor or for any other purpose of the civilian population of or in occupied territory; murder or ill-treatment of  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Prisoners_of_war" prisoners of war or persons on the Seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity. (c)  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Crimes_against_humanity" Crimes against humanity: Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation and other inhumane acts done against any civilian population, or persecutions on political, racial, or religious grounds, when such acts are done or such persecutions are carried on in execution of or in connection with any crime against peace or any war crime." 1. 7. Principle VII Principle VII states, "Complicity in the commission of a crime against peace, a war crime, or a crime against humanity as set forth in Principle VI is a crime under international law." 2. The Principles' Power or Lack of Power In the period just prior to the June 26, 1945 signing of the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" Charter of the United Nations, the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Governments" Governments participating in its drafting were opposed to conferring on the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/United_Nations" United Nations  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Legislative_power" legislative power to enact binding  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Rules" rules of  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_law" international law. As a corollary, they also rejected proposals to confer on the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/United_Nations_General_Assembly" General Assembly the power to impose certain general conventions on States by some form of majority vote. There was, however, strong support for conferring on the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/United_Nations_General_Assembly" General Assembly the more limited powers of study and recommendation, which led to the adoption of Article 13 in  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Chapter_IV_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" \l "Articles_10.2C_11.2C_12.2C_13.2C_14.2C_15.2C_and_16" Chapter IV of the Charter. [1] It obliges the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/United_Nations_General_Assembly" United Nations General Assembly to initiate studies and to make recommendations that encourage the progressive development of  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_law" international law and its  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Codification_%28law%29" codification. The Nuremberg Principles were developed by UN organs under that limited mandate. [2] Unlike treaty law,  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Customary_international_law" customary international law is not written. To prove that a certain  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Rule" rule is customary one has to show that it is reflected in state practice and that there exists a conviction in the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_community" international community that such practice is required as a matter of  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Law" law. (For example, the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Trials" Nuremberg Trials were a "practice" of the "international law" of the Nuremberg Principles; and that "practice" was supported by the international community.) In this context, "practice" relates to official state practice and therefore includes formal statements by states. A contrary practice by some states is possible. If this contrary practice is condemned by other states then the rule is confirmed. [3] In 1950, under  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/UN_General_Assembly" UN General Assembly Resolution 177 (II), paragraph (a), the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_Law_Commission" International Law Commission was directed to "formulate the principles of international law recognized in the Charter of the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Tribunal" Nuremberg Tribunal and in the judgment of the Tribunal." In the course of the consideration of this subject, the question arose as to whether or not the Commission should ascertain to what extent the principles contained in the Charter and judgment constituted principles of  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_law" international law. The conclusion was that since the Nuremberg Principles had been affirmed by the General Assembly, the task entrusted to the Commission was not to express any appreciation of these principles as principles of international law but merely to formulate them. The text above was adopted by the Commission at its second session. The Report of the Commission also contains commentaries on the principles (see Yearbook of the Intemational Law Commission, 1950, Vol. II, pp. 374-378). [4] 3. Examples of the Principles Supported and Not Supported For examples relating to Principle VI, see  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/List_of_war_crimes" List of war crimes. For examples relating to Principle IV, see  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Defense" Nuremberg Defense and  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Superior_Orders" Superior Orders. 3. 1. Canada Main article:  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Jeremy_Hinzman" Jeremy Hinzman Nuremberg Principle IV, and its reference to an individuals responsibility, was at issue in  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Canada" Canada in the case of Hinzman v. Canada.  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Jeremy_Hinzman" Jeremy Hinzman was a  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/U.S._Army" U.S. Army  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Deserter" deserter who claimed  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Refugee" refugee status in Canada as a  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Conscientious_objector" conscientious objector, one of  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/List_of_Iraq_War_Resisters" \l "Objectors_who_have_fled_to_Canada" many Iraq War resisters. Hinzman's lawyer,  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Jeffry_House" Jeffry House had previously raised the issue of the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Legality_of_the_Iraq_War" legality of the Iraq War as having a bearing on their case. The  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Federal_Court_%28Canada%29" Federal Court ruling was released on March 31, 2006, and denied the refugee status claim. [5] [6] In the decision, Justice  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Anne_Mactavish" Anne L. Mactavish addressed the issue of personal responsibility: An individual must be involved at the policy-making level to be culpable for a crime against peace ... the ordinary foot soldier is not expected to make his or her own personal assessment as to the legality of a conflict. Similarly, such an individual cannot be held criminally responsible for fighting in support of an illegal war, assuming that his or her personal war-time conduct is otherwise proper. [7] [8] On Nov 15, 2007, a Coram of the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" Supreme Court of Canada made of Justices  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Michel_Bastarache" Michel Bastarache,  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Rosalie_Abella" Rosalie Abella, and  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Louise_Charron" Louise Charron refused an application to have the Court hear the case on appeal, without giving reasons. [9] [10] 4. See also  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Command_responsibility" Command responsibility  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Crimes_against_humanity" Crimes against humanity  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Crime_against_peace" Crime against peace  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Geneva_Conventions" Geneva Conventions  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Good_Germans" Good Germans  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_Criminal_Court" International Criminal Court  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/London_Charter_of_the_International_Military_Tribunal" London Charter of the International Military Tribunal  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Defense" Nuremberg Defense (Principle IV)  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Code" Nuremberg Code  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Trials" Nuremberg Trials  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Superior_Orders" Superior Orders: Pre-Nuremberg history of Principle IV  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/War_crimes" War crimes 5. References  HYPERLINK "http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/390?OpenDocument" Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nrnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, 1950. on the website of the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" International Committee of the Red Cross ( HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/ICRC" ICRC)  HYPERLINK "http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft%20articles/7_1_1950.pdf" Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nrnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, 1950. on the website of the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/United_Nations" United Nations ( HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/UN" UN) 6. Further reading  HYPERLINK "http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/imtconst.htm" Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 1 Charter of the International Military Tribunal contained in the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Avalon_Project" Avalon Project archive at  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Yale_Law_School" Yale Law School  HYPERLINK "http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/imtconst.asp" Judgment : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity contained in the  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Avalon_Project" Avalon Project archive at  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Yale_Law_School" Yale Law School 7. Footnotes " HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/chapter4.shtml" Charter of the United Nations, Chapter IV: The General Assembly". United Nations. June 26, 1945.  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/chapter4.shtml" http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/chapter4.shtml. Retrieved January 28, 2009.  HYPERLINK "http://www.un.org/law/ilc/" Drafting and implementation of Article 13, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United Nations  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" International Committee of the Red Cross ( HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/ICRC" ICRC)  HYPERLINK "http://www.icrc.org/eng/customary-law" Customary international humanitarian law  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" International Committee of the Red Cross ( HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/ICRC" ICRC)  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Principles" \l "References" References  HYPERLINK "http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/INTRO/390?OpenDocument" Introduction Mernagh, M. (2006-05-18). " HYPERLINK "http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2006-05-18/news_story5.php" AWOL GIs Dealt Legal Blow". Torontos Now Magazine.  HYPERLINK "http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2006-05-18/news_story5.php" http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2006-05-18/news_story5.php. Retrieved 2008-06-02. " HYPERLINK "http://reports.fja.gc.ca/eng/2006/2006fc420/2006fc420.html" Hinzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (F.C.), 2006 FC 420". Office of the Commisioner for Federal Judicial Affairs. pp. (see Held, Para. (1)).  HYPERLINK "http://reports.fja.gc.ca/eng/2006/2006fc420/2006fc420.html" http://reports.fja.gc.ca/eng/2006/2006fc420/2006fc420.html. Retrieved 2008-06-16. Mernagh, M. (2006-05-18). " HYPERLINK "http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2006-05-18/news_story5.php" AWOL GIs Dealt Legal Blow". Torontos Now Magazine.  HYPERLINK "http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2006-05-18/news_story5.php" http://www.nowtoronto.com/issues/2006-05-18/news_story5.php. Retrieved 2008-06-02.  HYPERLINK "http://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/en/2006/2006fc420/2006fc420.html" Hinzman v. Canada Federal Court decision. Paras (157) and (158). Accessed 2008-06-18 CBC News (2007-11-15). " HYPERLINK "http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/11/15/hinzman-decision.html" Top court refuses to hear cases of U.S. deserters". CBC News.  HYPERLINK "http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/11/15/hinzman-decision.html" http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/11/15/hinzman-decision.html. Retrieved 2008-06-02. " HYPERLINK "http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/bulletin/2007/07-11-16.bul/07-11-16.bul.html" Supreme Court of Canada - Decisions - Bulletin of November 16, 2007, (See Sections 32111 and 32112)".  HYPERLINK "http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/bulletin/2007/07-11-16.bul/07-11-16.bul.html" http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/bulletin/2007/07-11-16.bul/07-11-16.bul.html. [[|d]]  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_criminal_law" International criminal law HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Sources_of_international_law" Sources of international criminal law HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Customary_international_law" Customary international law  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Peremptory_norm" Peremptory norm  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Hague_Conventions_%281899_and_1907%29" Hague Conventions  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Geneva_Conventions" Geneva Conventions  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/London_Charter_of_the_International_Military_Tribunal" Nuremberg Charter Nuremberg Principles  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/United_Nations_Charter" United Nations Charter  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" Genocide Convention  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" Convention Against Torture  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" Rome Statute HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Crime_against_international_law" Crimes against international law HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Crime_against_humanity" Crime against humanity  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Crime_against_peace" Crime against peace  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Crime_of_apartheid" Crime of apartheid  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Genocide" Genocide  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Piracy" Piracy  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/History_of_slavery" Slave trade  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/War_crime" War crime  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/War_of_aggression" War of aggression HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_court" International courts HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Nuremberg_Trials" Nuremberg Trials  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" International Military Tribunal for the Far East  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Khabarovsk_War_Crime_Trials" Khabarovsk War Crime Trials  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Special_Panels_of_the_Dili_District_Court" Special Panels of the Dili District Court  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" Special Court for Sierra Leone  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Extraordinary_Chambers_in_the_Courts_of_Cambodia" Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon" Special Tribunal for Lebanon   HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/International_Criminal_Court" International Criminal Court HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/History_of_public_international_law" History HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/List_of_war_crimes" List of war crimes  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/List_of_convicted_war_criminals" List of convicted war criminalsRelated concepts HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Command_responsibility" Command responsibility  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Laws_of_war" Laws of war  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Universal_jurisdiction" Universal jurisdictionCategories:  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Category:Nazi_Germany" \o "Category:Nazi Germany" Nazi Germany,  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Category:Holocaust_trials" \o "Category:Holocaust trials" Holocaust trials,  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Category:International_criminal_law" \o "Category:International criminal law" International criminal law,  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Category:Nuremberg_Trials" \o "Category:Nuremberg Trials" Nuremberg Trials,  HYPERLINK "http://wapedia.mobi/en/Category:Nuremberg" \o "Category:Nuremberg" Nuremberg,  HYPERLINK 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